-LATE ARCHAIC VARIABILITY AND CHANGE ON THE SOUTHERN COLUMBIA PLATEAU:
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE PINE CREEK DRAINAGE
OF THE MIDDLE JOHN DAY RIVER,
WHEELER COUNTY, OREGON
Vol. 1
by
PAMELA ETHEL ENDZWEIG
A DISSERTATION
Presented to the Department of Anthropology
and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
June 1994
-
"Late Archaic Variability and Change on the Southern Colwnbia Plateau:
Archaeological Investigations in the Pine Creek Drainage of the Middle
John Day River, Wheeler County, Oregon," a dissertation prepared by
Pamela E. Endzweig in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Anthropology. This
dissertation has been approved and accepted by:
Dr. C. Melvin Aikens, Co-chair of the Examining Committee
Dr. Don E. Dwnond, Co-chair of the Examining Committee
~~)./tf'1J7 .
Date
ii
Committee in charge: Dr. C. Melvin Aikens, Co-chair
Dr. Don E. Dwnond, Co-chair
Dr. Ann Simonds
Dr. Patricia F. McDowell
----------------------------- ---
© 1994 Pamela E. Endzweig
iii
iv
An Abstract of the Dissertation of
Pamela Ethel Endzweig for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
in the Department of Anthropology to be taken June 1994
Title: LATE ARCHAIC VARIABILITY AND CHANGE ON THE SOUTHERN COLUMBIA
PLATEAU: ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE PINE CREEK
WHEELER COUNTY, OREGON
Dr. C. Melvin Aikens, Co- .
DRAINAGE OF THE MIDDLE JOHN DAY RIVER,
Approved:
A major concern of Columbia Plateau archaeology has been the
development of the ethnographic "Plateau pattern." Observed during
historic times, this lifeway focused on permanent riverine winter
villages and intensive use of anadromous fish, with ephemeral use of
interior tributaries and uplands for hunting and root gathering.
Constrained by a salvage-driven orientation, past archaeological
research on the Plateau has been biased towards major rivers, leaving
aboriginal lifeways in the interior to be interpreted on the basis of
ethnographic analogy, rather than archaeological evidence.
The present study utilizes museum collections from the Pine Creek
basin, a small tributary of the John Day River, to provide information
on prehistoric lifeways in a non-riverine Plateau setting. Cultural
assemblages and features from two sites, 35WH7 and 35WH14, were
described, classified, and analyzed with regard to temporal
> \
v
distribution, spatial and functional patterning, and regional ties. At
35WH14, evidence of semisubterranean pithouses containing a rich and
diverse cultural assemblage suggests long-term and repeated residential
occupation of this site by about 2600 B.P. This contrasts with the
ephemeral use predicted for the area by ethnographic accounts. Faunal
remains identified from 35WH7 and 35WH14 show a persistent emphasis on
deer, and little evidence for use of fish; this non-riverine economic
base represents a further departure from the ethnographic "Plateau
pattern."
At both 35WH14 and 35WH7, large pithouses are not evident in
components dating after 900 B.P., reflecting a shift to shorter sojourns
at these sites. Use of the Study Area as a whole persists, however, and
is marked by a proliferation of radiocarbon-dated occupations between
630 and 300 B.P.
Clustering of radiocarbon dates from ten sites in the Study Area
shows correlations with regional environmental changes. Both taphonomic
and cultural factors are discussed. Reduced human use of the area after
300 B.P. is reflected in an abrupt decline in radiocarbon-dated
occupations and the near-absence of Euroamerican trade goods. The role
of precontact introduced epidemics is considered.
Further consideration of spatial and temporal variability in Late
Archaic Plateau prehistory is urged.
vi
CURRICULUM VITA
NAME OF AUTHOR: Pamela Ethel Endzweig
PLACE OF BIRTH: Detroit, Michigan
DATE OF BIRTH: February 24, 1955
GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED:
University of Oregon
University of California, Berkeley
San Francisco State University
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
City College of San Francisco
DEGREES AWARDED:
Doctor of Philosophy in Anthropology, 1994, University of Oregon
Master of Arts in Anthropology, 1985, University of Oregon
Bachelor of Arts in Anthropology and Geography, 1979, University of
California, Berkeley
AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST:
Archaeology and Ethnology of North America
Hunters and Gatherers
Culture Contact and Change
Archaeological Method and Theory
Museology
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE:
Collections Manager, Oregon State Museum of Anthropology, 1984-
present
Project Director, Pine Creek Basin Archaeological Survey, 1990-1991
Archaeologist, Prineville District Bureau of Land Management,
1989 (summer)
vii
Crew Member, Heritage Research Associates, Eugene, 1986-1988
(summers)
Assistant Supervisor, Archaeological Field School, Department of
Anthropology, University of Oregon, 1983 (summer)
Graduate Teaching Fellow, Department of Anthropology, University of
Oregon, 1982-1983
Crew Member, Oregon State Museum of Anthropology, University of
Oregon, 1982 (summer)
Staff Archaeologist, Basin Research Associates, Inc., Hayward,
California, 1978-1981
Archaeological Specialist, California Department of Transportation,
Bishop, 1979 (summer)
Crew Member, Archaeological Research Facility, University of
California, Berkeley, 1977 (summer)
Crew Member, Center for Maritime Studies, University of Haifa,
Israel, 1975 (summer)
Lab Assistant, Bavarian State Historic Preservation Office,
Regensburg, Germany, 1974 (spring)
AWARDS AND HONORS:
Graduate Teaching Fellowship, Oregon State Museum of Anthropology,
University of Oregon, 1984-1989
Graduate Teaching Fellowship, Department of Anthropology,
University of Oregon, 1982-1983
GRANTS:
NSF Dissertation Improvement Grant, 1991-1993
Archaeological Survey and Planning Grant, Oregon State Historic
Preservation Office / National Park Service, 1990-1991
viii
PUBLICATIONS:
Endzweig, Pamela E.
1980 Natural Setting. In A Cultural Resource Overview of the
BLM Coleville. Bodie. Benton. and Owens Valley Planning
Units. California, by C.I. Busby, J.M. Findlay, and J.C.
Bard, pp. 3-36. Cultural Resources Publications,
Anthropology-History. Bureau of Land Management,
Bakersfield.
1981 Natural Setting. In A Cultural Resources Overview of the
Carson and Humboldt Sinks. Nevada, by J.C. Bard, C.I.
Busby, and J.M. Findlay, pp. 3-12. Cultural Resource
Series No.2. Bureau of Land Management, Carson City.
1985 35 GM 22: Culture Contact on the John Day River.
Unpublished Master's paper, Department of Anthropology,
University of Oregon, Eugene.
1987 Review of: Pottery of the Great Basin and Adjacent Areas,
edited by S.Griset (1986). Utah Professional Arch.
Council News: 5(1):10-11.
1989 Of Pots, Pipes, and People: Prehistoric Ceramics of
Oregon. In Contributions to the Archaeology of Oregon.
1986-1987, edited by Rick Minor, pp. 157-177. Occasional
Papers 4. Association of Oregon Archaeologists, Eugene.
1991a "Vast many canoes full of Indians ... were constantly along
side"--Chinookans of the Lower Columbia. Article on file,
Columbia River Bicentennial Commission, Oregon Historical
Center, Portland, Oregon.
1991b "In traffic they are keen. acute. and intelligent ... "--
Chinookans in the maritime fur trade. Article on file,
Columbia River Bicentennial Commission, Oregon Historical
Center, Portland, Oregon.
1991c Current Investigations in the Pine Creek Basin, North-
Central Oregon. Current Archaeological Happenings in
Oregon 16(1):4-8.
1992 Canyons and Crests: An Archaeological Survey of the Pine
Creek Basin. North-Central Oregon. Oregon State Museum of
Anthropology Report 92-2. University of Oregon, Eugene.
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Like most archaeological endeavors, this dissertation has been
made possible by the efforts of many, including numerous unnamed
students involved in the original field and lab work. lowe particular
thanks to Brian Gannon, who directed investigations at 35WH7 from 1968
to 1971, and arranged for curation of the collections at the Oregon
State Museum of Anthropology in Eugene. Brian's dedication to the
archaeology of the Clarno Basin, and his belief in its potential,
provided the opportunity for the present study. Additional thanks go to
Terry Mazany, Director of the 1981 investigations at 35WH14, for the
expedient transfer of all materials from this project to Eugene.
Joseph Jones provided continuity from the early OMSI excavations
to the present study. As former crew member, he discovered the dart
cache at 35WH7; as present Director of Hancock Field Station, he has
furnished invaluable information on local natural history, and
facilitated recent archaeological investigations in the area. My
sincere gratitude goes to him and his wife Connie, for their help.
Funding for faunal, macrobotanical, and x-ray fluorescence
analyses was provided by a Dissertation Improvement Grant from the
National Science Foundation (Grant No. BNS-9l06663). My thanks go to
the NSF, and to Joanne Mack, Nancy Stenholm, and Richard Hughes for the
respective analyses. Additional thanks go to John Fagan and Jo Reese of
xArchaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc., Portland, for blood
residue analysis, to Gregory J. Retallack and Gordon G. Goles of the
University of Oregon for geological identifications, and to Kathryn
Toepel and Rick Minor of Heritage Research Associates, Inc., Eugene, for
generously allowing me access to their library resources and production
facilities. I am, further, indebted to USFS archaeologists Don Hann and
Suzanne Crowley Thomas, and BLM archaeologist John Zancanella, for
making unpublished materials available for my study.
My heart-felt appreciation goes to my friends and colleagues,
including Bob Musil, Dennis Jenkins, Brian O'Neill, Scott Byram, and
Craig Skinner, for advice and insights on archaeological theory and
method. I owe particular thanks to Tom Connolly for sharing his
knowledge of Oregon archaeology, his analytical skills, and humor.
Additional thanks go to museum staff Johnnie Fenton, Theresa Gantz,
Cheryl Harper, and Carole Linderman, for data entry and lab processing,
and to Karen Tarter for her excellent renderings of figures 74 and 75b.
I wish to thank Ann Simonds and Pat McDowell for serving on my
committee; I greatly appreciated their insights, comments, and support.
To my co-chairs Mel Aikens and Don Dumond I owe special gratitude, for
their guidance and encouragement, and for their emphasis, in teaching
and research, on a combination of intellect, good scholarship, and
common sense. I have been privileged to be their student.
I owe a profound debt of gratitude to my parents, Abraham and
Bella Endzweig, for instilling in me the importance of education and an
interest in the past. My deepest thanks go to Albert (Chip) Oetting.
xi
Chip's intellectual insights and anthropological knowledge have aided in
clarifying my thoughts and sharpening my focus, while his thorough
editing, and help in producing many of the tables, maps, and graphics
contained in this manuscript, have contributed much to its final form.
His love, patience, and constant encouragement, have supported me
through the challenges and travails of this endeavor.
Chapter
1.
2.
3.
4.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
Background
The Present Study
Organization . . .
PHYSICAL SETTING . . . . .
Geology and Physiography
Climate
Vegetation
Wildlife .
Conclusion
CULTURAL SETTING
Introduction
Ethnography
ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
xii
Page
1
1
2
6
9
10
12
13
17
18
20
20
23
37
Regional Synthesis . . .
Archaeological Investigations in
River Drainage .
Archaeological Investigations in
Conclusion . .
the John Day
the Pine Creek Basin
37
45
66
78
5. EXCAVATIONS IN THE PINE CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN: 35WH7
Background .
Stratigraphy
Features . .
Radiocarbon Dates
Artifacts Collected
Conjoined Specimens
Miscellaneous Rocks and Minerals
Atlatl Dart Cache . . . . .
Rock Art .
Faunal Remains: Vertebrates
80
80
91
97
111
114
203
208
210
219
221
Chapter
6.
7.
8.
9.
APPENDIX
A.
Faunal Remains: Invertebrates
Macrobotanical Analysis
Summary and Interpretation . .
EXCAVATIONS IN THE PINE CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN: 35WH14
Background .
Stratigraphy
Features ..
Radiocarbon Dates
Artifacts Collected
Miscellaneous Rocks and Minerals
Faunal Remains: Vertebrates
Faunal Remains: Invertebrates
Macrobotanical Analysis
Discussion . . . . . . .
Summary and Comparisons
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF PINE CREEK
OBSIDIAN ARTIFACTS . . . . . . . . .
COMPARISONS: THE ETHNOGRAPHIC AND THE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS
The Pine Creek Basin .
The John Day and Deschutes Rivers
Summary . . . . .
VARIABILITY IN THE LATE ARCHAIC OF THE
SOUTHERN PLATEAU
Geographic Variability
Temporal Variability .
Proto-Historic Developments and the Question of
Epidemic Disease . . .
Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . .
DESCRIPTIVE ATTRIBUTES AND PROVENIENCES FOR
SELECTED ARTIFACT CLASSES, 35WH7 .....
xiii
Page
230
231
238
249
249
257
266
298.
301
395
400
413
415
421
433
450
461
461
473
481
482
482
489
509
515
518
F- --
APPENDIX
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
DESCRIPTIVE ATTRIBUTES AND PROVENIENCES FOR
SELECTED ARTIFACT CLASSES, 35WH14 ....
REPORTS ON THE FAUNAL ANALYSIS OF 35WH7 AND 35WH14 ,
BY JOANNE M. MACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
REPORTS ON THE MACROBOTANICAL ANALYSIS OF 35WH7
AND 35WH14 , BY NANCY A. STENHOLM ..
REPORT ON THE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF PINE CREEK
BASIN OBSIDIAN ARTIFACTS, BY RICHARD E. HUGHES ....
REPORT ON THE BLOOD RESIDUE ANALYSIS OF 35WH14 ,
BY SHIRLEY BARR WILLIAMS . . . . . . . . . . .
xiv
Page
531
550
557
579
590
REFERENCES CITED 594
xv
LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1. Radiocarbon Dates from the Pine Creek
Basin and Vicinity . . 72
13. Identified Faunal Remains at 35WH7
12. Wooden Artifacts from Cliff Cache, 35WH7
5. Radiocarbon Dates and Source Information, 35WH7
3. Area and Estimated Volume of Cultural Deposits
75
83
84
113
113 I~
115
123
126
157
206
212
223
232
236
243
254
267
Projectile Point Distribution by Raw Material
and Test Trench . . . . . . . .
Debitage Frequencies by Level Across
TT4 House Depression . . . . .
8.
9.
4. Summary of Excavation Units, 35WH7 .
6. Radiocarbon Dates and Calibrated Ages, 35WH7 .
7. Computed t-ratios for Paired Radiocarbon Dates
2. Descriptive Information for Sites and Isolates
in the Pine Creek Basin .
10. Horizontal Distribution of Projectile
Point Types by Area . . . .
18. Features at the Pine Creek Village Site (35WH14)
11. Conjoinab1e Artifacts Recovered at 35WH7
14. Macrobotanica1 Samples and Associations, 35WH7
16. Inventory of Artifacts by Unit, 35WH7
17. Summary of Excavation Units, 35WH14
15. Potential Uses of Plant Species Recovered at 35WH7
Table
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
Radiocarbon Dates and Source Information, 35WH14
Radiocarbon Dates and Calibrated Ages, 35WH14
Computed t-ratios for Paired Radiocarbon Dates
Distribution of Classifiable Projectile
Points by Raw Material, 35WH14 .
Distribution of Lithic Debitage by Level and
Excavation Block, 35WH14 . . . .
Distribution of Lithic Debitage by Excavation Block
and Raw Material, 35WH14 . . . ....
Identifiable Faunal Remains at 35WH14, by Block
and Level . . . . . . . .
Rare Taxa Recovered from Transect Sample, 35WH14
Potential Seasonal Indicators in the Identified
Fauna, 35WH14 . . . .
Macrobotanical Samples and Associations, 35WH14
Inventory of Artifacts by Excavation Block
and Level, 35WH14 .....
Density of Cultural Materials by Block
and Cultural Component . . . .
Specimens Submitted for X-Ray Fluorescence,
35WH7 and 35WH14 . . . . . . . . .
Pine Creek Basin Specimens Submitted for X-Ray
Fluorescence, excluding 35WH7 and 35WH14
Distribution of Obsidian Sources by Site .
Distribution of Obsidian Sources by Projectile
Point Types and other Tool Types . . . .
Distribution of Pithouse Sites by Township and River
xvi
Page
299
300 e
300
302
392
393
403
408
412
419
423
429
451
452
455
457
476
Table
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
Radiocarbon Dates and Associated Calibrated
Age Ranges, Middle John Day Region ....
Radiocarbon Dates and Associated Calibrated
Age Ranges, Upper John Day Region ....
Attributes and Dimensions of Classified Projectile
Points, 35WH7 . . . . . . . ...
Attributes of Conjoined Projectile Points, 35WH7
Attributes and Dimensions of Classified
Large Bifaces, 35WH7 .
Attributes and Dimensions of Conjoined
Large Bifaces, 35WH7 ...
Attributes of Drills, Microdrills, Perforators,
and Gravers, 35WH7 . . . . . ....
Attributes and Dimensions of Notches, 35WH7
Attributes and Dimensions of Formed Unifaces, 35WH7
Attributes and Dimensions of Classified
Projectile Points, 35WH14 .
Attributes and Dimensions of Classified
Large Bifaces, 35WH14 ....
Attributes and Dimensions of Drills, Microdrills,
Perforators, and Gravers, 35WH14 .....
Attributes and Dimensions of Notches, 35WH14
Attributes and Dimensions of Formed Unifaces, 35WH14
Attributes of Worked Bone and Antler, 35WH14 ....
xvii
Page
494
501
519
524
525
527
528
529
530
532
538
544
545
546
548
Figure
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
LIST OF FIGURES
Location of Study Area
Generalized Vegetation Zones, Pine Creek Basin
Territorial Boundaries in North-Central Oregon
as Given by Ethnographic Sources . . . . . .
Developmental Frameworks for the Columbia Plateau
Selected Archaeological Sites in the
John Day River Region
Site Plan, 35WH7
Generalized Profile
East Wall Profile, TT4D
West Wall Profile, TT1D
East Wall Profile, TT5AB
South Wall Profile, TT3DP
Feature 4/6, Planview
Distribution of Point-Provenienced
Artifacts, TTl and TBl .
TT4 House Floor, Planview
Average Flake Density (per m3 )
by Excavation Unit, 35WH7
Debitage Frequency by Elevation, TTl
Debitage Frequency by Depth Below Surface
Horizontal Distribution of Green Chert Flakes,
Plotted by SURFER Software . . . . . .
xviii
Page
3
14
24
39
46
82
92
93
94
95
96
99
101
108
118
120
120
122
Figure
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
Debitage Frequency by Level Across
TT5 House Depression . . . . . .
Frequency Distribution of Projectile Point
Neck Widths . . . . . . . . .
Expanding Stem Series Projectile Points, 35WH7
Pin Stems and Contracting Stem Series Projectile
Points, 35WH7 . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous Projectile Point Pypes, 35WH7
Projectile Points, SN5, 35WH7
Large Bifaces, Stages 2/2 and 3/3, 35WH7
Large Bifaces, Stages 4/4 and 5/5, and
Miscellaneous Drills and Perforators
Horizontal Distribution of Large Bifaces,
Plotted by SURFER Software
Notches and Gravers, 35WH7 .
Knives, Tear Drop-Shaped Scrapers, and Linear
Flake Tools, 35WH7 ..
Miscellaneous Formed Unifaces, 35WH7
Cobble Choppers and Cobble Flake Scraper, 35WH7
Pestles and Tabular Knife, 35WH7
Cobble Anvil and Girdled Stone, 35WH7
Worked Bone, Shell, and Drilled Siltstone, 35WH7
Horizontal Distribution of Conjoined Fragments
Pictographs, 35WH7
Major Features and Areas, 35WH7
xix
Page
123
128
130
137
140
147
164
167
170
175
178
179
188
192
197
200
205
220
239
Figure
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
Cumulative Frequency Graphs, 35WH7
Site Plan, 35WH14
Excavation Plan, 35WH14
West Wall Profile, Units A13-A48
East Wall Profile, Units A18, A25, and A32
East Wall Profile, Units A7 and A14
North Wall Profile, Unit Bl
East Wall Profile, Units B2-B38
North Wall profile, Units B20-B27
South Wall Profile, Units B20-B27
Horizontal Distribution of Artifacts, Level 2,
Plotted by SURFER Software
Horizontal Distribution of Artifacts, Level 6
Horizontal Distribution of Artifacts, Level 7
Horizontal Distribution of Artifacts, Level 9
Horizontal Distribution of Artifacts, Level 12
Planview of Basal Occupation Floor, House A
Feature 3, Planview and Profile
Feature 3, Oblique Rendering
Feature 8, Planview and Profile
Feature 1, Planview and Profile
Horizontal Distribution of Artifacts, Level 4
Planview of Basal Occupation Floor, House B
xx
Page
240
250
253
259
260
260
260
264
265
265
272
273
273
275
275
276
278
278
281
287
290
291
Figure
60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
73.
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
Frequency Distribution of Projectile Point
Neck Widths . . . .
Projectile Points, Expanding Stem Series,
CS1, and PS, 35WH14
Projectile Points, ES3 and ESn, 35WH14
Projectile Points, ES4 and ESI4, 35WH14
Miscellaneous Projectile Point Types, J5WH14
Bifaces, Reduction Stages 2/2 and 3/3, 35WH14
Bifaces, Reduction Stages 4/4 and 5/5, 35WH14
Drills and Perforators, 35WH14 ....
Multipurpose Tools, Notches, Gravers, and
Flaked Bipoint, 35WH14 .
Seam Quartz Knives and Formed Bifaces, 35WH14
Horizontal Distribution of Utilized Flakes
Distribution of Width-to-Height Ratios for Unexamined
Grinding Stones, 35WH14
Pestles, 35WH14
Pestle Preform and Abrader, 35WH14
Miscellaneous Ground Stone, 35WH14
Miscellaneous Ground Stone, 35WH14
Spatial Distribution of Grinding Stones
Cobble Tools, 35WH14
Worked Bone and Antler, 35WH14
Decorative and/or Unique Artifacts, 35WH14
xxi
Page
303
305
307
311
316
323
326
331
336
339
346
353
355
358
359
360
367
371
377
385
Figure
80.
81.
82.
83.
84.
85.
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93.
94.
95.
96.
97.
98.
Horizontal Distribution of Lithic Debitage, Level 11 ..
Distribution of Faunal Remains Recovered
from Transect Samples
Spatial Distribution of Unmodified Shell
Vertical Distribution of Artifacts by Block and Level
Distribution of Projectile Points by Block and Level .
Cumulative Frequency Graphs, by Component
and Artifact Type . . " .
Battleship Curves for Relative Proportions of Major
Projectile Point Types, by Component
Generalized Planview of Component A-I
Generalized Planview of Component B-1
Generalized Planview of Component A-II
Generalized Planview of Component B-II
Generalized Planview of Component A-III
Generalized Planview of Component B-III
Generalized Temporal Sequence, 35WH7 and 35WH14
Source Locations for Pine Creek Basin Obsidian
Artifacts
Relative Contribution of Obsidian Sources by Site,
Pine Creek Basin
Tenino Sites Along the Lower John Day and
Deschutes Rivers
Tenino Large Game Hunting Areas
Tenino Root-Gathering Areas
xxii
Page
395
406
414
425
425
430
432
435
435
439
439
442
442
447
454
456
474
477
479
Figure
99. Calibrated Radiocarbon Dates, Pine Creek Basin
and Vicinity . . . . . . . . . .
xxiii
Page
493
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Background
An ongoing problem in reconstructing the adaptive strategies of
prehistoric southern Columbia Plateau peoples on the basis of
subsistence and settlement patterns has been the reservoir-oriented
focus of archaeological research in the region. Investigations have
centered on the major river valleys, leaving the uplands to be
interpreted on the basis of ethnographic analogy, rather than
archaeological evidence. Ethnographic accounts based on informants'
memories from the second half of the 19th century show a focus of
village life along the Columbia and Snake rivers, with a rather
ephemeral seasonal use of interior tributaries and uplands for hunting
and the gathering of roots and berries. This pattern is documented
during historic times for the John Day Tenino, who occupied the lower
watershed of the John Day River, a major southern tributary of the
Columbia (Murdock 1958, 1980; Suphan 1974).
The archaeological record, however, suggests a pattern not
predicted by current ethnographic interpretations. Of particular
relevance is the surface identification of numerous habitation sites
1
....
2
along the lower reaches of the John Day (Polk 1976) and Deschutes (Hibbs
et al. 1976) rivers. Work in the drainage basin of Pine Creek, an
eastern tributary to the John Day River, has similarly revealed some 90
sites representing considerable functional diversity (Atherton and Houck
1976; Endzweig 1992). Together, these findings support the impression
of a considerably more intensive prehistoric use of the "hinterlands"
than was the case during the historic period. An understanding of the
function of sites away from the major river valleys is essential to the
treatment of broader processual issues regarding the prehistory of the
southern Plateau. It is particularly crucial to the resolution of
questions regarding the development of permanent winter villages and
intensive use of root crops and anadromous fish.
The Present Study
The Pine Creek drainage basin of north-central Oregon is located
in the southwestern portion of the southern Columbia Plateau (Figure 1),
at the boundary between the Blue Mountains Province and the Deschutes-
Umatilla Plateau (Baldwin 1976). The climate is semi-arid, with hot dry
summers and moderately cold wet winters. Biotically, the area spans
both Upper Sonoran and Transition life zones, with vegetation
characterized by shrub-steppe and steppe communities (Franklin and
Dyrness 1973).
From 1968 through 1981, the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry
(OMSI), Portland, conducted fieldwork in the Pine Creek basin. During
3Location of the Study Area
1
N
20 tm
E3
10o
Location Map
r-
0
==r::=:jlO==3:=::S'O mi.I: I 1
E3
Figure 1. Location of Study Area .
....
L4
the course of this program, which was run as a field school for high
school students, four sites were excavated intensively. In addition, at
least 57 sites were recorded, including rockshelters, housepit sites,
lithic scatters, talus pits/cremations, quarries, and pictographs
(Atherton and Houck 1976). The work undertaken by OMSI has been
summarized in a series of unpublished descriptive reports (Gannon 1968,
1970, 1972, 1975, 1978, 1979; Johnson 1972; Atherton and Houck 1976;
Knapp 1979; Mazany 1980), but in-depth data analyses and cultural
syntheses were never completed. In 1987, the collections from OMSI's
investigations were transferred to the Oregon State Museum of
Anthropology at the University of Oregon for curation. The potential of
the material for further study was evident and a portion of it was
selected to become the core of the present dissertation.
The two least thoroughly reported sites excavated by OMSI, 35WH7
and 35WH14, were chosen for analysis. 35WH14, also known as the Pine
Creek Village Site, was the only large habitation site recorded in the
drainage basin, and had produced the earliest radiocarbon dates on
subsurface remains from the OMSI investigations (2450 ± 40 and 2580 ± 40
B.P.). Site 35WH7, also known as Cove Creek 2, appeared to represent a
different site type, namely an open site situated against a sheltering
cliff. Its earliest subsurface dates overlap with the most recent
radiocarbon-dated feature of 35WH14, and occupation continued to late
prehistoric times. A cache of dart shafts recovered from a rock crevice
overlooking the site is, in addition, broadly contemporaneous with the
early occupation at 35WH14, providing an added temporal focus. It was
5hoped that these two sites would, in combination, provide a relatively
continuous picture of Late Archaic occupation in the Pine Creek basin
while offering the opportunity to sample two functionally distinct site
types.
Preliminary inspection of artifacts from 35WH14 at the
commencement of this study revealed a richness and diversity of
materials that seemed inconsistent with the type of ephemeral occupation
suggested by the ethnographic record, indicating instead the sort of
assemblage to be expected from a long-term or permanent residential
base, i.e. a winter village. A major objective of this study, was,
therefore, the elucidation of site function, subsistence, and
seasonality, utilizing information on artifacts and features, as well as
faunal and botanical remains. As fieldwork had not been directed
specifically towards this end, the results have sometimes been less than
satisfactory, and this is discussed in the text where relevant.
Chronology is addressed, in particular, in connection with the peculiar
clustering of radiocarbon dates in both the Study Area and adjoining
regions, and possible correlations with extra-regional cultural
developments and environmental change are examined. While cultural
affiliation is not a major focus of this study, external relationships
are explored through stylistic analysis of certain artifact types,
through source identification of "exotic" raw materials such as obsidian
and marine shell, and through non-artifactual features such as rock art,
which are characterized by ties to broader regional design styles.
6A different, and perhaps the most challenging, methodological
aspect of the present analysis has been the archaeological study of
existing museum collections, which would otherwise, as put by an
anonymous National Science Foundation reviewer, "spend the next century
gathering dust on the shelves .... " The tremendous information potential
of such collections has been observed, as has their generally under-
utilized and often ignored status (e.g. Cantwell et al. 1981; Miller
1985). Only the continued study of curated collections can justify and
necessitate their care and conservation in this age of spiraling
curation costs and under-funded museums.
Working with the present material has not always been easy, and a
good measure of creativity has often been necessary to reconstruct not
only the activities of prehistoric occupants but also those of
archaeologists in the field. Some questions could not be addressed, and
it is likely that some information has been misread or overlooked. It
is the author's belief, however, that the broader conclusions of this
study are nonetheless valid.
Organization
The present study is laid out in nine chapters. After the
Introduction (Chapter 1), Chapter 2 describes the natural setting of the
Study Area. This discussion includes general background on geology and
physiography, climate, vegetation, and wildlife. Chapter 3 summarizes
the cultural setting. A brief historical outline is followed by a more
7extensive synthesis of ethnographic information, based on published
regional ethnographies, as well as unpublished local material obtained
during the course of the present research. Both Sahaptin and Northern
Paiute use of the area are discussed, addressing, in particular,
questions of settlement, subsistence, and social organization. Chapter
4 presents the archaeological context for the following analyses.
Proceeding from the general to the specific, this chapter reviews
southern Plateau prehistory, highlighting major regional cultural
developments. This broad-brush synthesis is followed by an overview of
archaeological research in the John Day River drainage, much of it based
on small-scale cultural resource management (CRM) reports of limited
distribution. The archaeological background concludes with a summary of
previous archaeological investigations in the Pine Creek basin,
including excavations undertaken by OMSI, and archaeological surface
reconnaissance (the Pine Creek Archaeological Survey) conducted by the
author prior to the present study.
Chapters 5 and 6 present, respectively, the major data analyses
and interpretation conclusions for excavated sites 35WH7 and 35WH14.
Chapter 7 contains results from the x-ray fluorescence analysis of 90
obsidian specimens from the Pine Creek basin and discusses implications
for source use over space and time. Chapter 8 compares archaeological
and ethnographic records and addresses apparent incongruities between
the two, first for the Pine Creek basin, then for the lower John Day and
Deschutes rivers. Site assemblages and distributions are related to the
available resource base. Building on the previous discussions, Chapter
89 explores the question of Late Archaic spatial and temporal variability
across the southern Plateau. The application of a single "Plateau
pattern," formulated on the basis of ethnographic accounts, to the Late
Archaic of the southern Columbia Plateau, is rejected and the importance
of considering local conditions in order to assess the applicability of
broad, regional generalizations is underlined.
9CHAPTER 2
PHYSICAL SETTING
The Pine Creek drainage of north-central Oregon is located in the
southwestern portion of the southern Columbia Plateau, at the boundary
between the Blue Mountains and the Deschutes-Umatilla Plateau
physiographic provinces (Baldwin 1976). It drains into the John Day
River, which, in turn, flows northward to the Columbia River. As
recently described,
The Deschutes-Umatilla Plateau Province is a broad upland
plain formed by floods of molten basalt overlain with wind-
deposited loess. In contrast, the Blue Mountains Province
is a diverse assemblage of older sedimentary, volcanic, and
metamorphic rock which was uplifted, tilted and faulted to
form rugged hills and meanders (State of Oregon Water Re-
sources Department 1986:23).
The transitional physiographic location of Pine Creek afforded its
native human inhabitants access to steeply dissected mountains and
canyons, as well as gently rolling tablelands. Available resources are,
as a result, similarly diverse. The following overview provides an
environmental baseline for human occupation of the Study Area, including
background on local geology and physiography, and present climate,
vegetation, and wildlife. These topics are taken up again in future
chapters, in particular as they relate to questions of prehistoric
settlement and subsistence in the Pine Creek basin and the southern
10
Plateau as a whole. Portions of this discussion are based on Endzweig
1992, Chapter 2.
Geology and Physiography
The Study Area lies within the Clarno Basin, a broad dissected
lowland of approximately 207 square miles, developed on old tuffs and
partially surrounded by highlands of lava (Taylor 1960:1). Centered on
the east-west trending course of Pine Creek, the Study Area ranges in
elevation from about 398 m (1,305 feet) at the John Day River to 1416 m
(4,647 feet) at Twin Buttes near its eastern end.
Due to the paleontological significance of the region, its
Tertiary geology has been studied in great depth (Taylor 1960; Baldwin
1976; Hanson 1977; Manchester 1977; Walker 1977). Less is known about
the area's Quaternary past.
Three major Tertiary formations are exposed in a series of
"tiers," which roughly parallel Pine Creek. The entire southern portion
of the drainage basin, along with an area of approximately equal width
along the north side of Pine Creek, is made up of Eocene to early
Oligocene Clarno Formation. Represented by rhyolite, andesite, basalt
flows, breccia, multicolored tuffs, and waterlaid sedimentary rock, its
"ridges and summits are sharp and angular, canyons are generally narrow,
and valley sides are irregular" (Taylor 1960:144).
In the northwestern corner of the Study Area, the basin known as
the "Cove" is made up primarily of the younger John Day Formation,
11
overlain in spots by Quaternary landslide and debris flow deposits. Of
late Oligocene and early Miocene age, this less resistent formation
consists primarily of waterlaid ashes or tuffs, along with welded tuffs
and basalts, and is recognized by its redddish, green, and buff to
cream-colored members.
On the north, the drainage basin is rimmed by Columbia River
basalts which make up Iron Mountain and the adjacent uplands. Extrusion
of the Columbia River basalt group took place in middle to late Miocene
times, depositing between 15 and 25 sheets of lava to a depth of 1,000
to 2,000 feet (Taylor 1960:164).
Quaternary deposits in the area include Pleistocene terrace rem-
nants along and above the John Day River, and patterned ground attribut-
ed to Pleistocene periglacial freeze-thaw activity (Taylor 1960:140). A
"discontinuous and inconspicuous covering of very fine, light brown,
silty soil" associated with these stone features is tentatively inter-
preted as a thin deposit of Pleistocene loess (Taylor 1960:142).
Holocene deposits include recent alluvium of Pine Creek and the
John Day River. Pockets of Holocene volcanic ash are conspicuous along
many of the drainages in the Study Area. As of 1960 their source was
unknown (Taylor 1960:143), but they may be attributable to the eruption
of Mt. Mazama some 6,800 years ago.
12
Climate
The Study Area is characterized by a semi-arid climate with hot
summers, cold but not severe winters, and low annual precipitation.
Average July temperatures range from l8-20°C in the east to 20-22°C in
the west, while January temperatures average between 0° and -2°C (Loy
1976:130-131). Mean daily temperature ranges are 9-l2°C for January and
2l-24°C for July (Loy 1976:132). Because of its location in the
rainshadow of the Cascades, the Study Area receives little precipita-
tion, averaging 200-500 mm annually, with totals rising from west to
east with increasing elevation. Fossil receives an annual total of
363.6 mm (Roberts 1989:392), most of which falls between October and
June (Houck and Atherton 1977:32).
Paleoenvironmental reconstructions have been undertaken for
adjoining regions on the basis of pollen records, sequences of
floodplain development, and glacial histories, and limited information
on climatic change is available from woodrat middens in the Study Area
itself. These studies are discussed in detail in Chapter 9.
Together, this research supports the general sequence of a mesic early
postglacial, followed by increasing aridity during the mid-Holocene, and
a return to somewhat cooler and wetter conditions within the last 4,000
to 5,000 years, punctuated by periodic droughts. These trends are
broadly equivalent to the Anathermal-Altithermal-Medithermal division
proposed by Antevs (1948) and generally probably also apply to the Study
Area. Local variability, the imprecision in dating both cultural and
13
paleoenvironmental change (Madsen 1982:103), and the effects of non-
climatic events, such as volcanic eruptions, must, however, be accounted
for when specific correlations and causal relationships between humans
and their environment are proposed. The role of environmental factors
in prehistoric culture change is discussed in the final chapter of this
study.
Vegetation
The vegetation of the Pacific Northwest has been divided into
zones on the basis of their potential (climax) communities or climax-
dominant species (Franklin and Dyrness 1973:46). Each implies an area
of "essentially uniform macroclimate." The Pine Creek Basin is charac-
terized from west to east by successive belts of Shrub-Steppe (perennial
grassland with big sagebrush), Steppe (perennial grassland without
sagebrush), and Pinus ponderosa (Franklin and Dyrness 1973:44-45).
Within these zones, topography and sUQstrate interact with climatic
variables and various kinds of disturbance to create a mosaic of
communities, the diversity of which is masked by broader zonal
classifications. As Bailey (1936:14) has remarked, "The colored map is
at best but a feeble guide to the actual areas which are far more
detailed and graphic when spread before one in the garb of their native
plant and animal life." The distribution map shown in Figure 2, albeit
coarse-grained and incomplete, reflects this variability.
Shrub-Steppe Zone ~"~"''''L.
,-",,,'~ .....,---,
,. ~;v ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, \
-' "~.~.i '\ Steppe Zone
-~ \ \\ \,
\ "(~ ,.,.---.......... _-" ....,I! '"- ..... ""
I,
,"
,,'I
-~/
","
I
I
,'---,, ,
I ' ...,
\
" ..'lit
..
CJ Grassland
~;::.;;J Juniper
li~~~~t~rrJ Ponderosa
Pinus ponderosa Zone
I
o 5~
, I , I • !
o 5km
, I , I , ,
approximate boundary of vegetation
zones from Franklin and Dyrness 1973
from: Forest Type Map of Wheeler County (USFS 1953)
Figure 2. Generalized vegetation zones, Pine Creek basin. t-'.p-
15
As defined by Franklin and Dyrness, Steppe and Shrub-Steppe occupy
the basins in the rainshadow east of the Cascades, and are characterized
by bunchgrasses (e.g. Agropyron spicatum, Festuca idahoensis, Poa
sandbergii [spiked wheatgrass, Idaho fescue, Sandberg bluegrass]) and
sagebrushes (Artemisia tridentata, ~ arbuscula, and ~ rigida [big
sagebrush, low sagebrush, and stiff sagebrush]) (Franklin and Dyrness
1973:51). They note that overgrazing has wrought major changes in these
environments, causing the replacement of the less tolerant native
bunchgrasses by more hardy introduced species, such as Bromus tectorum,
Poa pratensis, and Elymus caput-medusae (cheatgrass, Kentucky bluegrass,
and medusahead grass), a pattern also observed in the Study Area (see
also Chapter 3).
Primary species (other than those listed above) observed during
the Pine Creek Archaeological Survey (see Chapter 4) within the Steppe
and Shrub-Steppe zones include Achillea millefolium (yarrow), Lupinus
sp. (lupine), Eriogonum spp. (buckwheats), Purshia tridentata
(bitterbrush), Sphaeralcea sp. (globe-mallow), Oenothera caespitosa
(desert evening primrose), Allium sp. (wild onion), Aster sp. (aster),
Chrysothamnus nauseosus (rabbitbrush), Tragopogon dubius (yellow
salsify), Balsamorhiza sp. (balsamroot), Cirsium vulgare (common
thistle), Cercocarpus ledifolius (mountain mahogany), Bromus
brizaeformis (rattlesnake grass), Sitanion hystrix (squirreltail grass),
and Calochortus macrocarpus (mariposa lily). Cacti were noted on a
single slope in the southwestern portion of the Study Area. The
completion of fieldwork between mid-July and the end of August, at which
16
time many plants have dried up and are difficult for the non-specialist
to recognize and identify, may account for the almost complete absence
of observed biscuitroots (Lomatium spp.).
Ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) is limited to the more mesic and
higher easternmost portion of the drainage basin, where it forms a
mosaic with Shrub-Steppe and Steppe communities (Franklin and Dyrness
1973:183). In addition to many of the species listed above, plants
observed in this zone include Rosa sp. (wildrose), Collomia sp. (collo-
mia), Aguilegia sp. (Columbine), Apocynum sp. (dogbane), Pseudotsuga
menziesii (Douglas fir), and Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen).
Juniperus occidentalis (western juniper), while outside of its zonal
range to the south of the Crooked River, and excluded from the Columbia
Province Steppe and Shrub-Steppe of Franklin and Dyrness (1973), is
widespread across the Study Area (Figure 2). It is found in varying
proportions with sagebrush and bunchgrasses and their associated plant
communities.
Although they make up only a small part of the total vegetation,
riparian communities are critical components in this semi-arid region.
Narrow strips of riparian vegetation fringe perennial streams, providing
nutrients, shade, and protecting cover for a variety of wildlife, as
well as slowing stream evaporation and bank erosion. It has been noted
(State of Oregon Water Resources Department 1986:15) that "75% of the
terrestrial species known to occur in the Blue Mountains are either
directly dependent on riparian habitats or use them more than any other
habitat." Riparian species observed during the survey include Salix sp.
17
(willow), Populus tremuloides (quaking aspen), a variety of berries,
mint (variety unknown), Urtica sp. (nettle), Rorippa nasturtium
aquaticum (watercress), and Mimulus sp. (monkey flower). Species
recorded around springs and seeps include Juncus sp. (rushes), Equisetum
sp. (horsetail fern), Carex sp. (sedges), Solidago sp. (goldenrod), and
Rumex sp. (sorrel or dock), among others.
Wildlife
The fauna of the Pine Creek Basin is generally representative of
the Upper Sonoran lifezone, grading into the semiarid Transition zone
with the appearance of ponderosa pine at its eastern end (Bailey 1936).
Artiodactyls present in the area include pronghorn (Antilocapra
americana), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and elk (Cervus
canadensis). The region is also within the former range of bighorn
sheep (Ovis canadensis) (Bailey 1936:65). Carnivores include cougar
(Felis concolor), bobcat (Lynx rufus), coyote (Canis latrans), raccoon
(Procyon lotor), weasel (Mustela frenata), spotted and striped skunk
(Mephitis mephitis and Spilogale putorius), river otter (Lutra
canadensis), and badger (Taxidea taxus). Other mammals include
jackrabbit (Lepus sp.), cottontail (Syyilagus nuttallii), ground
squirrel (Spermophilus sp.), marmot (Marmota flaviventris), beaver
(Castor canadensis), porcupine (Erethizon dorsatum), muskrat (Ondatra
zibethica), bushy-tailed woodrat (Neotoma cinerea), and shrew (Sorex
18
va~rans). Bats and a variety of small rodents may also be encountered
(Janes 1977; Riggs 1968).
A variety of birds have been reported for the Clarno Basin and
adjacent Antelope Valley. These include 94 non-predatory species, 62 of
which are said to breed in the area. The Clarno Basin, in addition,
supports eight resident raptor species (Janes 1977). Amphibians include
three species of frog, two toads, five lizard species, western skink,
and eight species of snake (Riggs 1977). Anadromous fish found in the
John Day River include steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), coho
salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus
tshawytscha) (see Chapter 9), though their numbers have been severely
reduced by mining, grazing, and irrigation (Fulton 1968, 1970). A
number of resident fish are also present (Loy 1976:160-161).
Conclusion
The preceding overview attests to the diversity of resources which
were available to prehistoric inhabitants of the Study Area. The
proximity of multiple environmental zones, conditioned by physiographic
variability, affords access to plants and animals from steppe
grasslands, pine forests, riparian communities, and the nearby John Day
River. Sedimentary and igneous parent rock provide raw materials for
tools and pigments, as well as crevices and overhangs which were used
for storage and shelter. Further expansion of the local catchment was
achieved through trade and travel, as reflected in the presence of non-
local obsidian and other "exotic" materials. A consideration of the
available resource base is essential for the understanding of
prehistoric human occupation of the Pine Creek basin and will be
returned to in future chapters.
19
20
CHAPTER 3
CULTURAL SETTING
Introduction
Although the mouth of the John Day River was described as early as
1805 by Lewis and Clark, and its upper reaches were traversed by
trappers like Peter Skene Ogden beginning in the l820s (Elliott 1909),
Euroamerican settlement of the river was not begun in earnest until the
l860s. Even then, most of the activity centered on the mining districts
of the upper John Day, to which early communities farther north played a
supporting role in farming, ranching, and logging.
The discovery of gold in the Blue Mountains in 1861, the blazing
of new roads, and a number of federal land policies, including the
Homestead Act of 1862, served to transform the area overnight. Other
reasons for the influx of settlers included the publicity sparked by
such explorations as Fremont's in 1845, diminishing availability of
farmlands west of the Cascades, the winter of 1861-62, which brought
heavy snows and flooding to the Willamette Valley, the end of the Civil
Portions of this chapter are based on Endzweig 1992, Chapter 3.
-21
War with its attendant displacements, and construction of a trans-
continental railroad (Beckham 1987; Nedry 1952). By the height of the
mining boom in 1883 (Nielsen et al. 1985), Canyon City boasted a
population of 5,000 (Toepel et al. 1980), with 150 new miners arriving
from The Dalles each day (Nielsen et al. 1985), often over what was to
become the Dalles Military Road. The lure of gold brought thousands to
the camps, their "trains winding up the hillside like huge serpents"
(Nedry 1952:242).
The pressure on the native population in this land of limited
water and fragile ecology must have been considerable and it is no small
wonder that clashes between Euroamerican settlers and Native Americans
became increasingly common throughout the l860s (Huntington 1865, 1887).
In July of 1864, Camp Watson was established some 20 miles southeast of
Mitchell to protect the road between The Dalles and Canyon City. Along
with Camp Lincoln, Camp Logan, Camp Dahlgren, Camp Maury, and Camp
Gibbs, it served as a base for relentless military campaigns against
Northern Paiute raiders. Camp Watson was decommissioned in 1869, two
years after the death of Walpapi Paiute "Chief" Paulina signaled the end
of the Indian wars in central Oregon (Beckham 1987; Brogan 1977; Shane
1950). The Bannock War of 1878, representing the last major Native
American uprising in the region, appears to have bypassed the immediate
Study Area (Wells 1975).
In 1867, the arrival of the Clarno family near the mouth of Pine
Creek with 350 head of cattle (A. Campbell 1990) marked the beginning of
Euroamerican settlement in the Study Area. It also initiated the
22
intensive grazing that would characterize the region throughout the
coming years. With the exception of a few merchants, bankers,
"professionals," and lumbermen, virtually all newcomers to the Pine
Creek and adjacent Butte Creek valleys engaged in cattle, sheep, or
horse ranching (Buhl 1975b; Reinhart 1975). By 1901, buyers are said to
have traveled hundreds of miles to view Andrew Clarno's stock, which
ranged "over a thousand hills," or for "20 miles in every direction" (A.
Campbell 1990:32, 54).
It is difficult to estimate the degree of environmental change
wrought by grazing on the landscape and vegetation of this area.
Reminiscences of the early days repeatedly refer to bunchgrass "as high
as a horseman/s stirrups" (Buhl 1975a). By 1905, Wheeler County grazing
lands supported 200,000 sheep, 15,000 cattle, and 8,000 horses, in spite
of periodic severe losses due to harsh winters, floods, scabies, and
predators (Buhl 1975a:86). According to A. Campbell (Campbell 1990:26-
5), a study from the 1970s showed that it took 2,000 acres of open
rangeland to support 10 cows with their calves. When Andrew Clarno
arrived, only 125 acres would have been required. It is necessary to
keep these changes in mind when extrapolating to the land use in the
prehistoric past. As has been pointed out:
The biotic components of landscapes, especially, are sensi-
tive to minor adjustments in water, temperature, and the
selective pressures of animals and men. Reduction or inten-
sification of any of these factors may result in substantial
modification in the species composition of native communi-
ties, the disappearance of certain species or even of entire
associations, and the proliferation of species previously
rare or absent (Corson 1979).
23
Ethnography
The Question of Boundaries
The ethnographic record suggests that the Study Area was at the
boundary between Tenino in the north and Northern Paiute in the south
(Figure 3). The area may periodically also have been used by the
Umatilla (Ray 1936). The upper John Day region is known to have been
utilized by Cayuse, Nez Perces, and Walla Walla, as well as those groups
already mentioned, and Umatilla and Cayuse shared the Tenino fisheries
along the Columbia River near the mouth of the John Day (Suphan 1974).
These apparent inconsistencies in territorial ascription need not be
seen as inadequacies of the ethnographic record. They may, rather,
reflect the typical Plateau pattern of mutual "cross-utilization" of
resources (Walker 1967).
Extensive interaction between Plateau peoples has been noted for
social, economic, and religious spheres of life, and encompassed
intergroup exchange, a variety of cooperative alliances or task group-
ings (Anastasio 1975), larger-scale ceremonial integration (Brunton
1968), and intermarriage. Communication was facilitated by mutual
intelligibility of Sahaptin dialects, and Sahaptin multilingualism
(Rigsby 1965:38, 62-65). Rights of exclusive use pertained only to
fishing stations in the immediate vicinity of a village (Suphan 1974:33-
25), and even this may be a result of commercial fish exploitation after
Euroamerican contact (Walker 1967:i5). Hunting and gathering areas away
24
- - • Tenino territory by 1820 (Murdock 1938)
••••••••• Umatilla & Cayule boundariel (Ray 1938)
KEY
_ Northern Palule dlltrlbutlon (Stewart 1939)
•
•• e••••
PAIUTE
.
.
..
...... ........... ~
NORTHERN
Figure 3. Territorial boundaries in north-central Oregon as given by
ethnographic sources (after Suphan 1974). "A" refers to
"disputed territory of Paiute, used by Tenino for hunting;"
"B" denotes area which was "originally Paiute territory,
from which the Paiute were displaced by Tenino" in post
1810-20 period according to Murdock (1938). From Toepel,
Willingham, and Minor (1980:33).
from the village were "considered free and open to all friendly peoples
caring to exploit them" (Suphan 1974:35). With regard to territorial
definition, therefore, "it is not surprising to learn that a concept of
boundary and trespass was entirely lacking in these cultures [Wasco and
Tenino]. save perhaps with regard to the village site itself" (Suphan
1974:35).
25
The delineation of boundaries and their projection into the
prehistoric past are complicated by the likelihood that they have
changed over time. Systematic ethnographic fieldwork was not conducted
in the area until the early 20th century, well after the introduction of
Euroamerican diseases, horses, and firearms forever altered the lives of
Plateau peoples. Major epidemics erupted in the l770s and at the
beginning of the 19th century, leading to a population loss of possibly
45% from smallpox alone, even before the arrival of Lewis and Clark
(Boyd 1985). Recent research has raised the possibility that introduced
diseases may have affected the Columbia Plateau even earlier, before the
first face-to-face contacts between Native populations and Euroamericans
(S. Campbell 1990). The social and physical dislocations of a
population decline of this magnitude could have been considerable (cf.
Ramenofsky 1987). As Campbell has suggested with regard to the Northern
Columbia Plateau,
even if radical change in social content did not occur, it
is highly likely that population decline in the early 16th
century resulted in a redistribution of population and
possibly changes in the subsistence focus. Some important
social and economic activities may have required minimum
group sizes and had strongly preferred locations, thus
population movements would have occurred in response to
changed population densities (S. Campbell 1990:187-188).
The near-absence of Euroamerican trade goods from sites excavated
in the Study Area, as well as a decline in radiocarbon-dated occupations
between two and three hundred years ago, are suggestive of a late
prehistoric or protohistoric settlement shift in the region. The high
density of archaeological sites recorded along the John Day River as
contrasted with its limited treatment in ethnographic and historic
...
26
accounts supports the impression of a population reorganization,
although the lack of fieldwork in this area hampers temporal placement
of these occupations.
The fluidity of territorial boundaries and the potential
disjunction between prehistoric and historic Plateau lifeways should be
kept in mind when the ethnographic record is used to explore archaeolog-
ical questions.
Tenino Subsistence and Social Organization
In pre-reservation times, the Sahaptin-speaking Tenino (also
referred to as Wayampam, e.g. Ray 1936) are said to have comprised four
dialectically distinct local groups or sub-tribes: the Dalles Tenino or
Tenino proper, the Tygh, the Wayam or Deschutes Tenino, and the John Day
Tenino. Each of these was centered on a pair of villages,
one occupied in the winter months (November to March) and
located at a protected interior site where water and wood
for fuel were available, the other inhabited during the
warmer months and located at a site on the Columbia River or
one of its tributaries where salmon fishing was especially
productive (Murdock 1980:129).
Each village had a recognized headman who was often succeeded by
his eldest son, though succession was not necessarily hereditary. The
headman's office was advisory and judicial in nature (Suphan 1974:27),
his power dependent solely upon the respect he achieved by generosity,
kindness, and wisdom. Authority was additionally diffused by intermedi-
aries such as "spokesmen," "whippers," shamans, and task-specific
leaders (Hunn 1990:216-217). Local groups, which typically consisted of
27
winter and summer villages (Murdock 1980:129), were autonomous. Larger
groupings were, as Ray has emphasized, ethnic, social, or linguistic
units, but never political entities (Ray 1939:9).
The John Day Tenino are said to have occupied twin winter villages
on opposite banks of the lower John Day River and two summer villages to
the east along the south bank of the Columbia. Another village site was
located near present-day Arlington (Murdock 1980; Rigsby 1965:52-53).
Their number was estimated at 150 in 1854 (Thompson 1855). Suphan
(1974:55) comments on the rarity of references to this group or its
village sites in historical sources. Murdock (1980:133) places two
reoccupied sites along the east bank of the John Day River upstream in
the vicinity of Cottonwood Canyon and at the mouth of Butte Creek.
Temporary camps are indicated near the mouth of Rock Creek and north of
Butte Creek. Two major sites are also located west of the John Day
River on a line between Butte Creek and Shaniko. Several sites not
indicated on Murdock's map have been reported by Ray (Suphan
1974:Petitioner's Exhibit #403). These include two sites located in the
vicinity of Clarno, one along Pine Creek, and one even farther east, as
well as three sites farther south, on Cherry Creek, the John Day River,
and Bridge Creek, respectively. The four more permanent sites located
by Murdock were utilized by the John Day Tenino in spring, summer, and
autumn, in the course of root- and berry-gathering and hunting (Murdock
1980:135). The three southern sites recorded by Ray, similarly,
provided chokecherries, game, and roots. Red ochre was, in addition,
obtained at the Bridge Creek site (Petitioner's Exhibit 403A, Docket
28
#198, Indian Claims Commission records, National Archives and Records
Administration). The four remaining sites identified by Ray are
discussed below.
The Indian Claims Commission in 1960 outlined the territory
"exclusively used, occupied and held under original Indian title" by the
John Day Tenino as follows (however, see discussion above regarding
exclusivity of use):
Commencing on the Columbia River at the townsite of Grant,
Oregon, or if it be south of the Columbia River, then to a
point due north of Grant, Oregon, and running thence up said
river to the mouth of Blalock Canyon; thence south up said
Canyon to its terminus and then by a straight line to the
townsite of Rock Creek; thence by a straight line southerly
to the mouth of Cove Creek; thence to the mouth of Currant
Creek; thence northwest to the headwaters on Long Hollow
Creek; thence west and northerly to a point 6 miles due east
of Grass Vally, Oregon, thence northerly to DeMoss, Oregon,
thence northwest to Grant, Oregon, or if that townsite be
south of the Columbia River then to a point on said river
due north of Grant, Oregon, which is the place of the begin-
ning (Suphan 1974:210).
Regarding the John Day River, Suphan (1974:56-57) concluded that
other than the fact that two Tenino villages were at its
mouth and that the inhabitants of these settlements used the
lower valley for hunting about as far as Clarno (Murdock
[1938], p. 396) nothing more is known of the manner in which
the Tenino used this portion of the river. That the upper
course of the John Day (beyond Clarno) figured but little in
Tenino economy seems evident from examining historical
sources ....
It should be noted that a small group of John Day Tenino resided at
Clarno until 1878, even after other Tenino had settled on the Warm
Springs Reservation (Suphan 1974:207).
Like other Plateau people, the Tenino followed a seasonal round
carefully scheduled to take advantage of spatial and temporal variation
29
in quantity and quality of resources. Men engaged in hunting and
fishing, and manufactured most of the necessary equipment, while women
gathered roots and berries, processed food, and cared for the younger
children (Murdock 1980:138; Hunn 1990:206). Shortages were mitigated by
sharing and gift-giving, as well as by trade at such centers as The
Dalles. The historic subsistence round is described as follows by
Murdock (1958:300-301):
From November to March the Tenino occupied their
winter villages, where each extended family had two houses -
an oval or elliptical, semi-subterranean, earth covered
lodge used for sleeping and a rectangular frame dwelling
with mat-covered walls and roof used for cooking and daytime
affairs. The winter was spent in the manufacture of
artifacts, in stream fishing and fuel gathering, and in
hunting and trapping.
Late in March the Tenino dismantled their winter
dwellings and removed to their summer villages, where each
extended family erected a rectangular shed of poles and mats
with a flat rather than gabled roof. Half of this structure
was used for drying salmon, the other half as living
quarters. Special parties ritually gathered roots and
caught salmon for an important first-fruits ceremony in
early April. Neither salmon nor roots could be eaten until
after these rites had been performed.
Following the spring festival, about half the families
of a village departed for a series of expeditions into the
interior, where the women gathered roots and the men hunted.
They lived in temporary camps of mat-covered tipis. The
rest of the population remained in the summer village,
catching and drying salmon. In July all returned to the
villages for another first-fruits ceremony, this one featur-
ing berries and venison ritually obtained by a special party
of six men and six women.
After the summer festival the Tenino again divided,
part remaining in the villages to continue the salmon
fishing and to trade, while the rest visited the mountains
to gather berries and nuts, with incidental hunting. In
September, at the conclusion of the berry season, parties
set out on long hunting expeditions up the Deschutes or John
Day River, camping in tipis. The women smoked the meat
30
which the men caught and gathered late-ripening roots and
berries. In October a special party collected tule reeds
for mats. The drying sheds were now dismantled, and the
people moved to their winter villages, reconditioning their
semi-subterranean dwellings to initiate a new seasonal
round.
Recent personal accounts such as that given by James Selam, a John
Day River Tenino from tawas at Blalock, to Eugene Hunn (1990:119-134),
document a seasonal round of 600 to 1000 miles -- on foot, horseback,
and by horse and wagon -- that extended from "Indian Heaven" between Mt.
Adams and Mt. St. Helens, to the Blue Mountains in the south.
Northern Paiute Subsistence and Social Organization
Ethnographic and historic reconstructions point to Clarno not only
as the southern limit of the Tenino "primary subsistence zone" (Suphan
1974:76), but also as the northern range of the Northern Paiute, a
Numic-speaking people with broader affinities to the Great Basin.
According to a Deer-Eater Paiute, "their fishing sites were strung along
the Deschutes as far as Sherar's Bridge, on the Metolius, and along the
John Day upstream from Clarno" (Suphan 1974:64). Testimony by a second
Paiute informant supports this placement:
The Paiute hunted along the John Day River, at Canyon City,
at Prineville, over to Mt. Jefferson, and throughout the
reservation sector. Fishing was done along the Deschutes,
Metolius and John Day rivers. Paiute root grounds were
chiefly at Shaniko and out along the John Day in spots
extending to Canyon City; this sector was jointly exploited
with the Tenino (Suphan 1974:65).
Ethnographic maps limiting Paiute range south of the Study Area are
thought to reflect their displacement by southward-expanding Tenino
--
31
during the early to middle 19th century (contrary to the now generally
discredited Teit-Berreman hypothesis; cf. Ray et al. 1938).
In their discussion of Northern Paiute bands, Stewart (1939) and
Blyth (1938) place the Hunipuit6ka (hunibui-, or root-eaters, also known
as Walpapi) or Hu'nipwitika, respectively, closest to the Study Area.
According to Stewart (1939:Table 1), there were 98 Hunibui-Eaters at
Klamath in 1870 and 76 at Warm Springs in 1870. As applied here,
Northern Paiute bands should be conceived of as loosely affiliated
"semi-annually united clusters of individual families ... who seasonally
occupied a horne tract or district" (Fowler and Liljeblad 1986:436).
They are roughly equivalent to the "regional band" as defined by Helm
(1965, 1968). These groupings, twenty-one of which Stewart recognized
for the Northern Paiute of the western Great Basin; were often
identified with a local food-source; thus the "Root-Eaters" of the Study
Area, and the "Seed-Eaters" to their south. Hunibui-Eater territory
extended over 7,000 square miles, making this the second largest of all
Northern Paiute districts. Boundaries were loosely defined, and
membership flexible.
The main socio-economic face-to-face units within this larger
grouping were individual households or "camps," and "camp groups"
(Helm's "local band") of changing size and composition. Residence units
were cross-cut by a person's bilateral kindred, "an informal linkage of
primary relatives where ties could be activiated if need be" (Fowler and
Liljeblad 1986:446). Political control resided first and foremost in
the family. Beyond this, local camp groups also had headmen who were
.....
-
32
selected by consensus. Serving in an advisory role only, they were
"focal points for group discussion of matters of mutual concern" (Fowler
and Liljeblad 1986:450). Temporary leaders were selected for specific
tasks, e.g. antelope or rabbit drives, dances, and battles (Fowler and
Liljeblad 1986:451).
Like the Tenino, the Northern Paiute moved with the seasons to
exploit resources as they became available. While the seasonal round
for this general region is best documented for the Harney Valley Paiute
(Whiting 1950:17-19; Couture 1978:27-31), it was probably comparable for
Paiute peoples occupying the Study Area father north.
Winter saw groups of families settled in permanent camps around
Canyon City, the town of John Day, and the John Day River valley to the
west (Blyth 1938:403). Here people lived in domed or conical structures
of willow poles, covered with tule or grass mats or bundles, and sunk in
the ground 4-6 inches. Such structures generally measured 8-14 feet in
diameter and 6-10 feet in height (Stewart 1941; Whiting 1950:93-94 gives
a diameter of 10-12 feet).
In early May, winter sites were abandoned and families assembled
at root-gathering areas, where women dug edible roots and prepared them
for storage, and men readied their traps for the salmon runs. This was
a time for socializing, information exchange, and trade. When fishing
ended, families dispersed to hunt game and gather seeds and roots as
they ripened. During the warm months of the year, people usually lived
in cooler brush windbreaks or shades (Fowler and Liljeblad 1986:443),
sometimes circular with a diameter of ten feet and a height of four to
rb
33
five feet, sometimes flat-roofed and mat- or brush-covered. Domed
sweathouses which were made of a willow frame topped with grass and
earth or skins, or canvas, and could a accommodate up to four people,
were also built, as were menstrual huts and birth houses. Caves were
sometimes used as temporary dwellings (Stewart 1941:380). According to
Fowler and Liljeblad (1986:443),
Houses seem not to have been closely spaced in a "village"
pattern in any area within the region. Rather, winter camps
and houses of two or three related families were dispersed
in favored camping spots, so as not to put undue pressure on
fuel or ~ater supplies. Figures on the size of typical
winter camps are infrequently recorded, but something on the
order of 50 persons at a good site was typical. Summer
camps were smaller, reflecting separate foraging rounds for
related families.
In mid-July, families once again congregated, this time near
Harney to gather crickets. Families then dispersed for the rest of the
summer in search of groundhogs, seeds, and berries, while generally
hunting. In early fall, sometimes, Hunibui-Eaters joined other groups
near Malheur Lake to harvest waada seeds. This was another time for
festivities, as well as communal antelope and rabbit drives. By early
November, families once again began to to collect their cached foods and
settle into their winter villages.
The Pine Creek Basin
Other than the already-cited reference to Clarno as the northern
boundary of fishing for Northern Paiute (Suphan 1974:64), nothing is
known about the utilization of this area by Numic-speaking peoples.
34
Limited information is, however, available on its use by Sahaptin-
speaking Tenino. A map presented by Verne Ray to the Indian Claims
Commission regarding former territories and village locations of Warm
Springs Indian groups (Suphan 1974:Petitioner's Exhibit 403) shows four
sites, identified as numbers 26 through 29, which appear to be located
in the vicinity of Pine Creek. Information on these localities, which
is not published in the Commission Findings, was obtained by the author
from the National Archives and Records Administration (Petitioner's
Exhibit 403A, Docket #198, Indian Claims Commission records). The four
sites, all of which are attributed to the Wayampam (the term used by Ray
prior to 1938 in reference to Tenino, cf. Ray 1938:385), are described
as follows (punctuation has been copied from the original records):
26. Smz'ux: Located on the bench west of the John Day River,
above present Clarno, was this hunting village.
Chokecherries were gathered here, also.
27. Katsamtunzka'was: This village at the mouth of Pine
Creek was used for diversified hunting and chokecherry
gathering.
28. Pla'cplacpa: On Pine Creek, near Cove Creek, this vil-
lage was a place where white clay, for household and indus-
trial use, was gathered and where roots were dug and deer
hunted.
29. Sawi'tki: Of major importance was this village at the
foot of the wooded area of the Blue Mountains. Roots were
gathered and antelope were hunted to the east in the moun-
tains. Two or three other permanent sites were maintained
in the hills to the east, those being closer to the actual
hunting operation. They were occupied throughout the hunt-
ing season.
Eyewitness accounts by local residents document continued seasonal
use of the area well into the 20th. century (Gannon 1975:n.p.):
35
In a personal communication, Charles Conlee has recounted
that Indians were still moving through the area as recently
as the 1940's. They would usually camp along Pine Creek or
up in the timbered areas during the summer and fall, moving
on to the Columbia River for the winter. In the spring,
they would migrate west to the "flatlands" (Deschutes River
area?), then back into the Clarno Basin, thereby completing
the circuit. Several groups, however, also passed through
the area in the spring. The trading and breaking of horses
was apparently the main livelihood among the men. The women
would acquire deer skins from local ranchers in trade for a
pair (or pairs) of gloves made from them and returned the
following year. Sometimes these and other leather goods
were sold at nominal prices. The women would also gather
sheep wool from the fences, which they would utilize in
weaving. The diet consisted chiefly of deer and the meat of
smaller mammals (including rodents) which, along with
"Indian Root," were made into a stew. "Cous" (Lomatium) was
also gathered and ground into flour, and probably pressed
into cakes. Habitations consisted of "tipis" with canvas
coverings replacing the hides of earlier times, and erected
over shallow depressions in the ground.
A hand-written note from December 19, 1975, which was found among OMSI
project records (project files, Oregon Sate Museum of Anthropology), and
presumably refers to an interview with the same informant, places a
somewhat greater emphasis on a spring presence in the drainage:
Charlie told me that they would [come] through mainly in the
spring time. They would gather "Indian root" (a long
'tuber') and cook by boiling. They also gathered "cous"
which was ground to flour and 'baked', etc. They would
winter and fish on the Columbia River in the winter --
presumably at Celilo. Also in the spring, wool was collect-
ed around the Clarno area, after lambing. Charlie said they
would be allover the place. During the fallon the Colum-
bia River, was the time when many 'tribes' got together to
fish and smoke meat (for the winter). Charlie wasn't sure
where they went in the summer, but presumably "on the
Columbia" (?).
Charlie told me some Indians he met, when he
the woman was cooking eel woven on a stick.
smelled and looked like bacon (good).
was young ...
Charlie said it
36
Conclusion
This brief summary suggests that the Study Area was used in a
similar fashion by both southern Columbia Plateau and northern Great
Basin peoples during historic times, although seemingly with greater
regularity by Plateau groups. Its roots, berries, and game were shared
by Tenino and Northern Paiute, and possibly occasionally by neighboring
groups as well. There appears to have been less local emphasis on
salmon fishing by the Tenino, possibly because of scheduling conflicts,
and probably due to more productive fisheries downstream. During the
historic period, at least, the Study Area was seasonally utilized by
people who wintered in permanent villages and camps outside its
boundaries. It is clear that the Pine Creek Basin was in no way a
closed system at this date. Whether this pattern held true during
prehistoric times is a question which will be further addressed in later
chapters of this study.
37
CHAPTER 4
ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND
The present chapter is divided into four parts. First, a general
overview of Plateau and Northern Great Basin prehistory is presented in
order to provide a regional explanatory framework for local events. The
second part reviews archaeological investigations in the John Day River
drainage. Most of this discussion has been abstracted from unpublished
CRM reports of limited distribution and is intended to provide a local
context for further discussions as well as to expand the available
database for the area. This is followed by a more detailed overview of
Pine Creek basin prehistory, including a synopsis of prior fieldwork
conducted by the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry and a synthesis
of archaeological surface reconnaissance undertaken at the inception of
the present study. Portions of this discussion draw on Endzweig 1992,
Chapter 3.
Regional Synthesis
The prehistory of North America has been conceptualized as a
sequence of general integrative stages (Willey and Phillips 1958), which
are distinguished by characteristic adaptive strategies, and represented
38
by local phases, patterns, periods, horizons, and traditions. The
present broad-brush review of Columbia Plateau and Northern Great Basin
prehistory, like recent syntheses which incorporate the Study Area
(Toepel, Minor, and Willingham 1980; Minor et al. 1987; Lebow et al.
1990), retains the customary divisions of Paleo-Indian and Archaic.
Selected areal chronological sequences are represented in Figure 4.
Paleo-Indian (11500-11000 B.P.)
The Paleo-Indian occupations of the Great Basin and Columbia
Plateau are represented by the Western Clovis, "a Clovis-age cultural
tradition uniquely adapted to Far Western environments" (Willig and
Aikens 1988:3). In the Northern Great Basin, Western Clovis follows the
lone, allegedly pre-Clovis assemblage at Fort Rock Cave, which is
radiocarbon-dated to 13200 B.P. (Bedwell 1970, 1973). Lasting from
roughly 11500 to 11000 B.P., Western Clovis is associated with the
terminal stage of the Pleistocene era. It is characterized by fluted
points and a technology comparable to Clovis-Llano complexes defined on
the Plains and in the Southwestern United States. Because of the
scarcity of Clovis finds from the Columbia Plateau (see citations,
Willig and Aikens 1988:Table 4), it is at this point not possible to
characterize a Clovis adaptive strategy for the region. A more general-
ized, broad-spectrum adaptation than the specialized big-game-hunting
rButler Daugherty Swanson Nelson Browman Leonhardy Ames, Green Dumond Campbell Wilde
DATE 1959 1962 1962 1969 & Munsell & Rice &Pfoertner & Minor 1985 1985
(B.P.) 1969 1970 1981 1983
Full Historic Historic Cayuse VI&Vll VIll Numipu HatwailV Quinton
1,000 Coyote h~Late Late V VII Creek 6A
2000- Harder WildcatFrenchman
Springs 5
3000- VIDevel~r- Hudnut
men IV
4
4,000 Tucannon
Middle Hatwaiill
5,000 3BIV&V
Vantage ill Kartar6,000 Canyon
3ATransitional
Cascade
7,000
II ill
Hatwaill
8,000-
Philippi 2
9,000- Early
II Hatwai I
Early I Windust
10,000-
11,000- 1
I
12,000
Figure 4. Developmental frameworks for the Columbia Plateau (adapted from Toepel et al. 1980). v.:>
\0
..."...
r
i
,
---~----
40
lifeway traditionally described for the Plains and Southwest seems at
this point more likely (Willig and Aikens 1988:26-27).
Archaic (11000 B.P. to Euroamerican Contact)
The Archaic, in keeping with usage by Jennings (1955, 1964),
Caldwell (1958), and Cleland (1976), denotes a gradual diversification
of economic, social, and technological spheres of life, and the develop-
ment of distinctive cultural traditions as a result of specialized
adaptations to locally available resources (Minor et al. 1987:37).
Throughout the Archaic, evidence of human presence becomes increasingly
visible, suggesting growing population sizes, densities, and decreasing
ranges. The Archaic is divided into Early (11000-7500 B.P.), Middle
(7500-2500 B.P.), and Late Archaic (2500 B.P. to historic contact) for
the purpose of this discussion. The Middle Archaic is subdivided into
Early and Late phases (7500-4000 B.P. and 4000-2500 B.P., respectively).
The best-known southern Columbia Plateau manifestation of the
Early Archaic is represented by the Windust Phase, first defined in
excavations along the Lower Snake River (Leonhardy and Rice 1970; Rice
1972). Its homologue at the Wildcat Canyon Site, near the mouth of the
John Day River, is the Philippi Phase (Dumond and Minor 1983). Both
phases are regional expressions of the Western Stemmed Tradition which
encompasses a variety of complexes characterized by large stemmed
projectile points (Willig and Aikens 1988). Wllile it has sometimes been
classified as Paleo-Indian (e.g. Minor et al. 1987), based on temporal
L,
•
41
or technological criteria, it is here considered as part of the Archaic
on the basis of its presumed adaptive continuity with succeeding
manifestations (cf. Lebow et al. 1990).
Ames (1988a) has used site distributions, assemblage structure,
and technological analysis to address questions of mobility and subsis-
tence in the Pioneer Period (Windust and the succeeding Cascade Phase).
He concludes that Early Archaic peoples were broad-spectrum foragers who
generally favored the more mesic environments of the Plateau. Their
technology was, with the exception of projectile points and bone
implements, expedient and maintainable (Bleed 1986) and geared towards
maximum flexibility. According to Ames, all sites are characterized by
a set of "basic" extractive, manufacturing, and processing tools (Ames
1988a; also Schalk and Cleveland 1983). Sites are said to "display a
clear hierarchy from least diverse streamside occupation to a most
diverse rockshelter occupation" (Ames 1988a:354). Populations are
thought to have been small and dispersed.
In the Northern Great Basin, the local expression of the Western
Stemmed Tradition is often referred to as the "Western Pluvial Lakes
Tradition" (Bedwell 1973). Recent work however, indicates a broader
subsistence base than implied by this designation. The existence of
sites and artifacts from this period in dry basin areas, as well as
uplands (Musil 1984), and the identification of traditionally "Archaic"
subsistence pursuits such as large-scale rabbit drives at this early
date (Oetting 1993b) attest to a broad-spectrum utilization of
resources.
L42
The division between Early and Middle Archaic, placed here at 7500
B.P., is marked by environmental and cultural change (cf. Ames 1988a).
The Early Middle Archaic (7500-4000 B.P.) encompasses the climax of mid-
Holocene aridity observed throughout the Intermontane West as well as
the eruption of Mt. Mazama. It is represented on the Columbia Plateau
by the Cascade Phase of the Lower Snake River (Leonhardy and Rice 1970)
and the Canyon Phase at the already-mentioned Wildcat Canyon Site
(Dumond and Minor 1983). Diagnostic artifacts are foliate "Cascade
points" and edge-ground cobbles, along with large, side-notched
projectile points (Leonhardy and Rice 1970:11-14). The subsequent
Tucannon Phase of the Lower Snake River is broadly, though not
precisely, coextensive with the Late Middle Archaic, and is represented
by a variety of broad-necked stemmed, corner- and side-notched
projectile point types. The onset of the Late Middle Archaic marks the
transition to the cooler and wetter conditions of the Medithermal as
defined by Antevs (1948).
A high frequency of processing tools in relation to weapons, with
grinding stones becoming increasingly common, is postulated for the
Early Middle Archaic (Ames 1988b:5-6) of the Columbia Plateau.
Intensification of root exploitation is suggested for areas like the
Calispell Valley, where camas was utilized regularly by about 5500 B.P.
(Thoms 1989). In the Late Middle Archaic (4000-2500 B.P.) and Late
Archaic (2500 B.P. to Euroamerican contact), fishing gear and projectile
points become more common. The appearance of pithouses by 4000-5000
B.P. along the upper Middle Columbia (Campbell 1985; Chatters 1984) and
i~ \br
43
the lower Snake River (Ames and Marshall 1980; Brauner 1976) suggests a
decrease in mobility and "settling in " of local populations.
While the Middle Archaic marks the inception of pithouse
construction, it is not until sometime in the Late Archaic that the so-
called "Ethnographic Pattern" (Swanson 1962), "Plateau Pattern" (Warren
1968), or "Winter Village Pattern" (Nelson 1969, 1973) is thought to
have become established. As recorded by the first Euroamericans to pass
through the region, this was a semi-sedentary lifeway which involved
winter occupation of permanent riverine villages coupled with a more
dispersed pattern of spring, summer, and fall hunting, gathering, and
fishing which was pursued by much of the population in the adjacent
uplands. This topic will be addressed in greater detail in Chapter 9.
Subsistence organization becomes increasingly logistical (as defined by
Binford 1980), and exploitation of anadromous fish, expanded during the
last millennium of the Middle Archaic, is further intensified thoughout
the Plateau (Leonhardy and Rice 1970; Campbell 1985; Schalk 1987). A
dramatic increase in the numbers of housepits is attributed to shorter
periods of occupation (Ames 1988b). Concurrently, increased
superposition of floors is attributed to decreased mobility on a supra-
annual scale (Chatters 1989). The earliest evidence for house
construction in the Pine Creek drainage coincides with the inception of
the Late Archaic.
Changes in Plateau village structure after ca. 1500 B.P. "include
a larger number of houses per community, a slight increase in average
dwelling size, the inclusion of large communal structures, and a larger
...... !
44
number of features most likely representing attendant structures" (Galm
1990:4). Galm also identifies more extensive use of non-riverine
uplands as characteristic of his "Late Period" (equivalent to the
present Late Archaic). In addition to these changes in settlement and
subsistence, the Late Archaic is charaterized by the expansion of long-
distance trade including marine shells, obsidian, nephrite, soapstone,
and steatite (Galm 1990:6). The increased presence of narrow-necked
projectile points reflects the spread of bow and arrow after its
introduction during the Late Middle Archaic. Euroamerican contact marks
the termination of the Late Archaic.
In the Northern Great Basin, the aridity of the Altithermal has
been associated with a dispersed and mobile population comparable to the
"Desert Culture" described by Jennings (1957, 1964). The drying of
pluvial lakes and reduction of marshes necessitates a diversified
subsistence base that makes increasing use of upland resources (Toepel,
Minor, and Willingham 1980:71-74). Improved conditions during the
Medithermal correspond to the inception of relatively permanent
habitation around the lakes and marshes of the Lake Abert-Chewaucan
Marsh Basin (Oetting 1989), the Fort Rock Basin (Bedwell 1973), the
Harney Basin (Musil 1992; Oetting 1990a, 1990b, 1992), and the Warner
Valley (Weide 1968). It has been suggested that larger populations in
the lowlands led to even greater use of adjacent uplands (Jenkins and
Connolly 1990). Connolly and Jenkins point further to a correlation
between decreased use of lowland basins during a warmer and dryer
interval between 2000 and 1500 B.P., followed by another peak in use
bz
45
between 1500 and 900 B.P. A subsequent drying trend coincides with a
repeated decline in radiocarbon-dated occupations in the respective
basins, though some areas may have seen continued occupation until the
displacement of resident Penutian-speaking populations by Northern
Paiute 120-300 years ago (Oetting 1989:327). The arrival of Numic-
speaking Northern Paiute sometime after one thousand years ago (Miller
1986 and references; however, cf. Grayson 1993:268 ff.) makes up the
last chapter in the prehistory of the Northern Great Basin and sets the
stage for the historic period.
Archaeological Investigations in the John Day River Drainage
For the purpose of this discussion, the John Day River is
separated into upper and lower portions, with the division placed at
Clarno near the mouth of Pine Creek. The lower portion of the John Day
River thus defined flows north to the Columbia River through the
Deschutes-Umatilla Plateau. The upper John Day River comprises the
upper portions of the mainstem, as well as its North, Middle, and South
forks, and drains the Blue Mountains. Selected archaeological sites in
the John Day River region are shown in Figure 5.
Archaeology of the Lower John Day River
From 1967 through 1981, the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry
(OMSI), Portland, conducted a program of archaeological fieldwork in the
46
Mitchell Cave •
Ochoco
Mountains
• Hough SUe
Selected Archaeological Sites
in the John Day River Region
o
Location Map
40 km
John Day River
Sirawberry
Mountains
•35GR75IJ
Figure 5. Selected archaeological sites in the John Day River region.
.......\
47
Pine Creek Basin. In the course of this program, which was run as a
field school for high school students, five sites were excavated
intensively, including a rockshelter (35WH2), two housepit sites (35WH2l
and 35WH14, also respectively known as Jones Canyon-2 and the Pine Creek
Village Site), and two open sites (35WH13 and 35WH7, also known as
Indian Canyon-2 and Cove Creek-2). In addition, at least fifty-seven
sites were identified in the Pine Creek drainage and adjacent areas,
including rockshelters, housepit sites, lithic scatters, talus
pits/cremations, quarries, and pictographs (Atherton and Houck 1976).
Excavated sites range in age from 2580 ± 40 B.P. to 300 ± 75 B.P. The
virtual absence in them of Euroamerican materials testifies to their
exclusively prehistoric nature. The work undertaken by OMSI has been
summarized in a series of unpublished descriptive reports (Gannon 1968,
1970, 1972, 1975, 1978, 1979; Johnson 1972; Atherton and Houck 1976;
Knapp 1979; Mazany 1980). In-depth data analyses of sites 35WH7 and
35WH14 form the core of this dissertation.
Other than OMSI's work, the Study Area has to date seen little
systematic fieldwork and study. Alex D. Krieger was the first
professional archaeologist to report on the area (Krieger 1938). After
touring sites and collections near the mouth of the John Day River,
Krieger visited three rockshelters (two of them with pictographs), a
housepit site, a pictograph site and possible burials in the Rock Creek
area. Twenty-three depressions were counted at the pithouse site (Rock
Creek #3), ranging from 10-27 feet in diameter and from 1-3.5 feet in
depth. An isolated group of four small pits of 5-6 feet in diameter
48
east of the larger grouping is interpreted as menstrual seclusion huts
(Krieger 1938:9). This description represents one of the few
archaeological accounts of a housepit site located in a tributary canyon
of the John Day River.
After a sojourn in the Spray-Service Creek area (see Upper John
Day River), Krieger investigated what is now known as Butte Creek Cave
(35WH1) near the town of Fossil. Three grass- and rock-lined pits
measuring about seven feet in diameter were observed in the cave, with
closer investigations producing a variety of perishable artifacts,
including a large twined basketry tray, sewed tule matting, cordage,
rope, and worked wood. Additional materials from Butte Creek Cave were
viewed in a private collection, including a bison horn cup, four
mountain sheep horns, an antler digging stick handle, as well as "a good
variety of points and blades" (Krieger 1938: 12 -13) .
Krieger's archaeological account of the lower John Day drainage
concludes with his description of two caves in the Pine Hollow or Pine
Canyon area on the left bank of the river. Pictographs and a burial
were observed in one of these, Pine Hollow #1, as well as three pits
which were initially considered large enough to be housepits, though
Krieger seems to have subsequently decided that they were probably "only
sleeping pits made to cut off some of the force of the winter winds"
(Krieger 1938:18). The depressions measured from 8-14 feet in diameter
and between 2 and 2.5 feet in depth. All were lined with grass, and
several boulder metates had been piled between two of the depressions.
b49
Luther S. Cressman visited the John Day region eight years later
in 1946 to investigate the possibility of a southward movement of Paleo-
Indians from the Columbia River to the Great Basin via a John Day River
corridor. While his reconnaissance contributed little towards the
resolution of this particular problem, it did result in further
excavations at Butte Creek Cave which produced a human burial in
association with a rabbitskin blanket or cape, wolverine fur, feather-
wrapped string, a large Catlow Twine basketry plaque, and a dog burial
(Cressman 1950). The latter was subsequently dated to 400 ± 150 B.P.
(Chatters 1968). Cultural affinities to the rest of the Columbia
Plateau were proposed on the basis of certain triangular scrapers and
physical characteris~ics of the burial, while other traits suggested
connections to the Southwestern United States (burial style, rabbitskin
cape, and feather-wrapped cord) and the Northern Great Basin (Catlow
Twine style basketry) (Cressman 1950:378-382).
In the following two decades, work along the John Day focused near
the mouth of the river where the University of Oregon, under contract
with the National Park Service, conducted an extensive salvage program
in connection with the construction of the John Day Dam. Following the
initial survey of the reservoir area under the Smithsonian Institution's
River Basin Surveys program (Shiner 1950), 33 sites threatened by the
proposed dam construction were tested or excavated over the course of
eleven field seasons prior to the filling of the pool in 1968 (Toepel,
Willingham, and Minor 1980:94-104). The most important of these, the
Wildcat Canyon Site (35GM9), produced a cultural record spanning at
•50
least 8000 years, and more than 450 cultural features, including
housepits and other occupation surfaces, human and dog burials, hearths,
ovens, and thirteen deep prehistoric wells excavated to provide access
to ground water during the arid Altithermal (Dumond and Minor 1983).
Artifacts include a wide range of chipped and ground stone, as well as
worked bone and shell. Because of the importance of this site in
establishing a chronology for the lower John Day River and its immediate
relevance to the present investigation, this study will be now treated
in somewhat greater detail.
On the basis of stratigraphic relationships, an extensive array of
radiocarbon dates, and a large sample of projectile points, Dumond and
Minor propose a temporal sequence of four phases with characteristic
artifact assemblages, features, and subsistence activities. Pre-Mazama
occupation at the site is represented by the Philippi Phase, dated to
between 9000 and 7500 B.P., and considered to be homologous with the
Windust Phase of the Lower Snake River (Leonhardy and Rice 1970). Food
resources utilized include artiodactyls and some plant foods (Dumond and
Minor 1983:155-157). The Canyon Phase, a homologue of the Cascade Phase
as identified along the Lower Snake River, is dated to about 6500-5000
B.P. Postulated subsistence activitites include the hunting of
artiodactyls, gathering, and milling (Dumond and Minor 1983:157-158).
The Wildcat Phase (2500-1000 B.P.) follows the Canyon Phase after an
occupational decline or hiatus of 2500 years.
o
A cemetery is assigned to
the early subphase of the Wildcat Phase (2500-2000 B.P.), while all
evidence of dwellings appears to be associated with its middle subphase
51
(2000-1500 B.P.). Both winter and summer houses are inferred for; the
site. Foods include bison, deer, mountain sheep, mountain goat,
freshwater shellfish, and fish, as well as possibly dogs (Dumond and
Minor 1983:158-162). Block and slab milling stones, as well as pestles
also suggest the preparation of plant foods. A shift in cultural
orientation from the Snake River downstream towards the Lower Columbia
River is postulated for the Quinton Phase, which begins at about A.p.
1000 and is thought to terminate with the appearance of substantial
Euroamerican influence. Subsistence activities include the hunting of
bison, deer, and mountain sheep, as well as probably elk and mountain
goat. Fishing is in evidence along with with gathering and milling
(Dumond and Minor 1983:162-163).
While Euroamerican trade goods are all but absent at 35GM9, they
represent a major proportion of the assemblage at 35GM22, located on the
right bank of the John Day River about 1.5 miles upstream from its
confluence with the Columbia. Two housepits of a total of between eight
and ten were excavated at this site in 1960 in conjunction with the John
Day Reservoir salvage project. A mix of Native American and
Euroamerican artifacts, including, among others, such cross-cultural
analogs as shell disc beads and shell buttons, a leather shoe and a
leather legging, an abalone shell pendant and a locket, and a linoleum-
covered house floor, suggests closely spaced occupations in the 1860's
or 1870's and is thought to reflect the social changes experienced by
native peoples at this time (Endzweig 1985).
52
The 1970s saw renewed efforts along the lower course of the John
Day River. An archaeological survey, covering a 10-20% sample of the
lower 160 miles of the river, was conducted in 1975 by the Bureau of
Land Management (Polk 1976). This investigation recorded 76 prehistoric
sites, including rockshelters, open sites, a quarry, and sites with rock
features (talus pits and rock piles) and rock art. Of particular
interest was the identification of 47 habitation sites with more than
200 housepits. Other work included a small survey of the proposed John
Day Fossil Beds National Monument (Davis 1977), and the testing of site
35GM25 at the mouth of Thirtymile Creek in conjunction with a Pacific
Gas Transmission Co. pipeline relocation project (Cole 1973). During
the former undertaking, a pictograph site and an isolated hopper mortar
base were found. The testing at 35GM25 produced 59 tools (flaked stone,
cobble tools, and hammerstones), five of which were classifiable
projectile points. These were felt to date to between 500 B.C. and A.D.
600, based on comparisons with points from other sites in the general
area.
It was not until the 1980s that archaeological work was carried
out in the region with an explicit problem orientation and research
design. A survey of the Narrows area of the lower John Day, in 1982,
located nine previously unrecorded sites and tested nineteen (Wilde et
al. 1983). An age range of 7000 B.P. to late prehistoric times was
suggested for those sites from which temporally sensitive projectile
points and/or datable charcoal samples were recovered. Based on the
absence of housepits, it was proposed that the residential sites were
53
occupied during the spring and summer months by people who spent their
winters at the Wildcat Canyon site, at least during the Wildcat Phase
(2500-1000 B.P.), when pithouses appear at Wildcat Canyon. It was
further suggested that this seasonal relationship may have been
established prior to this date. After 1000 years ago, both areas were
apparently utilized during the summer, possibly by ancestral Tenino
(Wilde et al. 1983). More extensive excavation in 1984 at the Morris
Site (35GM9l), one of the sites recorded at the Narrows, confirmed a
spring to fall occupation based on faunal and macrobotanical remains.
It failed, however, to provide the desired evidence for intensification
of salmon fishing, which was felt by the authors to be causally linked
to the development and spread of pithouse villages in the region (Schalk
1987).
Archaeological fieldwork conducted during the present decade,
finally, includes test excavations at site 35GMl19 in the upper canyon
of Hay Creek west of the town of Condon (Oetting 1993a), and testing and
data recovery undertaken in conjunction with contruction of a gas
pipeline which will cross the John Day River in the vicinity of
Thirtyrnile Creek (Jackson et al. 1990; Moratto et al. 1991).
Investigations at 35GMl19 revealed a dense prehistoric component of up
to one meter in depth which produced 151 tools, including projectile
points, bifaces, used flakes, cores, an incised carnivore canine, and
several pieces of polished bone, as well as cobble tools and ground
stone. A radiocarbon date of 820 ± 70 B.P., recovered on a composite
sample of charcoal, together with the exclusively narrow-necked
-54
projectile point assemblage, supports a Late Archaic age assignment for
this single-component site. It is interpreted as a "short-term camp,
used as a temporary residential base for hunting and acquiring foods but
not for extended stays" (Oetting 1993a:iii). Evaluation and analysis of
pipeline excavations are ongoing and are expected to contribute further
information on this relatively unknown part of the southern Plateau
(Moratto et al. 1990, 1991).
Investigations on the lower John Day River have been intermittent
and generally either haphazard or salvage-driven. This has resulted in
a rather patchy picture of the prehistory of this region. The more
comprehensive studies of the last two decades suggest its potential,
however, and indicate considerable time depth as well as a relatively
high density and diversity of sites. Of particular interest is ample
evidence of habitation sites well upstream from the Columbia River.
This picture differs substantially from that for the upper reaches of
the John Day.
Archaeology of the Upper John Day River
Even less systematic archaeological research has been undertaken
in the dissected Blue Mountain uplands upstream from the Study Area.
Fieldwork, with few exceptions, consists of testing and mitigation
projects conducted by federal and state agencies in compliance with
cultural resource protection laws. Circulation of results is limited.
The number of prehistoric archaeological sites recorded in this region
+,,1
•
55
is, however, indicative of its untapped potential. An inventory of
sites on lands administered by the Prineville BUM District (which also
includes a number of sites situated on adjacent, non-BUM lands), for
example, records 90 sites along the middle mainstem of the John Day
River (south from and excluding the present Study Area and extending to
the confluence of the North Fork and mainstem), compared to 88
archaeological sites reported from the Lower John Day (Lebow et al.
1990:Table 4.4). Site counts drop dramatically farther upstream,
however, with only eight sites recorded for the upper mainstem, and the
North, Middle, and South forks. This decline is probably a function of
decreased lands under BUM administration, as suggested by counts of 284
aboriginal sites from the Paulina District of the Ochoco National Forest
(west of the South Fork of the John Day) (Oetting 1986b:Table A-2), and
767 from the Malheur National Forest to its east (Steggell 1982:12).
A qualitative difference in aboriginal use of this region is
indicated by a change in distribution of site types. While "open
sites," defined as "sites with features, such as housepits or rock
rings" (Lebow et al. 1990:90), make up 48.9% of BUM sites on the Lower
John Day, the proportion decreases to 5.6% on the middle mainstem. No
sites of this type are recorded on BUM lands in the upper reaches of the
river (Lebow et al. 1990:Table 4.4). Of the 456 prehistoric sites
recorded in the Ochoco Mountains of the Ochoco National Forest, only
four, or less than one percent, represent habitation sites (Minor et al.
1987:Table 6-1). A generally ephemeral use of these uplands is
supported by subsurface investigations in the area, as will be seen
Ihl. _
•
56
below. The following summary is far from comprehensive and discussion
of CRM projects conducted during the 1980's and 1990's is by necessity
biased towards the districts of the agency archaeologists who generously
shared reports and research results for this study. The information
does, however, provide some insights into prehistoric use of the area
and is therefore included in this review. Except for investigations by
Cressman and Krieger in the first half of the century, all information
presented in the following summary is drawn from studies conducted in
the 1980s and 1990s. The discussion therefore proceeds progressively
farther upstream, rather than chronologically, as in the previous
section.
The earliest professional investigations upstream from Clarno
include Luther Cressman's rock art research in the Picture Gorge,
Dayville, and Prairie City area (Cressman 1937), and Alex Krieger's
archaeological reconnaissance of north-central Oregon, mentioned earlier
in the review of lower John Day River studies (Krieger 1938). Krieger
reports an examination of three sites in the Spray-Service Creek area
which he refers to as Snabel 1, 2, and 3, after the local landowner.
Snabel 1 appears to have been an open site, which produced girdled
sinkers and pestles, as well as a variety of "points and blades,"
prompting Krieger to comment on an increase in obsidian over sites on
the Columbia River (Krieger 1938:11). Snabe12 and 3 are both described
as pithouse sites, the former represented by four or five depressions
measuring ten to fifteen feet in diameter, the second by three
depressions for which no dimensions are given, except that they are
57
considered to be "all quite small" (Krieger 1938:11). Nine scrapers and
nine arrrowpoint fragments were collected from Snabel 3, while two
metates were observed but not retrieved.
Krieger's observation that "It is doubtful that much could be
gotten from this area with further work .... " (Krieger 1938:11), appears
not to have dissuaded Luther Cressman, who returned to the Snabel Ranch
in 1946 to excavate two housepits (it is not clear whether at one of the
sites described by Krieger) (Cressman 1950:382). Cressman's reaction to
the local resources was, however, similarly unenthusiastic, when they
"produced little or no material of value" (Cressman 1950:382). Some
information is given on the housepits, however, one of which contained
three large flat stones or possibly metates which Cressman thought may
have served as post supports in the soft tuff deposits of the site,
while one pit exhibited "several charred fragments of poles two to three
inches in diameter" (Cressman 1950:382). Cressman noted that there were
other housepits in the area which might provide information on local
dwellings, but further work was not undertaken. Further investigations
along terraces of the John Day River, the South Fork of the John Day,
and Bridge Creek west of Mitchell produced negative results (Cressman
1950:385).
Survey and testing in the Cherry Creek and Muddy Creek drainages,
west of the John Day River and southwest of Pine Creek, were conducted
in 1984 and 1985 by the Prineville District Bureau of Land Management in
conjunction with a proposed land exchange (Crowley Thomas 1986). No
formal report has been published covering the second year's work, which
~--
-
58
proved to be by far the more productive of the two. Perhaps the most
significant finding was the presence of five housepit sites among the 35
sites located during this phase of the project. Radiocarbon dates on
charred wood from the floors range from 1550 ± 130 B.P. to 190 ± 60 B.P.
(Crowley Thomas 1986).
Testing and data recovery were undertaken at Mitchell Cave
(35WH122) in preparation for a highway realignment project (Jenkins
1988; Connolly et al. 1993). Located along a small unnamed tributary to
Keyes Creek, itself a tributary to Bridge Creek which drains into the
mainstem of the John Day River, the site is interpreted as a specialized
hunting camp. Radiocarbon dates of 140 ± 70 B.P., 280 ± 90 B.P., 1020 ±
100 B.P., 1430 ± 90 B.P., and 1430 ± 120 B.P. represent two major
cultural components (from 1500 to 1300 or possibly 1000 years ago, and
after 300 to 400 years ago). Projectile points, the most commonly
recovered tool type, are thought to have been brought to the site in
finished form (Connolly and Jenkins 1993:130). Other artifacts include
drills, knives, choppers, and cores, boulder anvils, mauls, and a
possible abrader or rubbing stone. Stone and shell pendants, and shell,
stone, and bone beads complement the otherwise utilitarian assemblage.
Artiodactyls dominate the faunal remains, however jackrabbits,
cottontails, pocket gophers, ground squirrels, and woodrats also suggest
the use of smaller mammals. A cultural affiliation with Columbia
Plateau peoples to the north is postulated (Connolly and Jenkins
1993: 130-131) .
-59
Reid and Gallison (1992) report on the testing of the Crane Flats
Site, a lithic scatter situated on the north slope of the Greenhorn
Mountain range in the drainage of the North Fork of the John Day River.
The presence of two cultural components is indicated by two Rosegate
series projectile points assigned by the authors to approximately A.D.
600-1300, as well as a cooking hearth radiocarbon-dated to 2360 ± 90
B.P. A second hearth is thought to have functioned in the heat-treating
of chert. Distinct reduction technologies are identified for locally
available CCS and exotic obsidians, a similar pattern to that observed
below by Flenniken et al. (1992). Five obsidian specimens submitted for
x-ray fluorescence analysis are sourced to Dooley Mountain, ca. 65 km
southeast of the site. This appears to indicate a reorientation from
obsidian sources represented at other sites in the upper John Day
region, most of which are located farther south and west (see also
Chapter 7). Reid and Gallison observe an increase in numbers of
radiocarbon-dated upland camps in the interstade between the two most
recent Neoglacial advances, suggesting that temperature and
precipitation may have conditioned occupation of these areas (Reid and
Gallison 1992:32).
The Cannon Site, at the confluence of Long Creek, a tributary to
the Middle Fork of the John Day River, and an unnamed tributary, is
situated at an elevation of 3500 feet, some 2000 feet lower than most of
the sites discussed so far. Tested as part of a Grant County Talented
and Gifted Program (Jaehnig 1985), the site remains the only habitation
site investigated in the area. A minimum of 13 house depressions are
o.J I
60
reported, ranging from three to seven meters in diameter and from 0.10-
0.83 m in depth. Portions of three depressions were excavated, and
produced 75 formed tools, including 51 projectile points, as well as
drills, scrapers, biface fragments, and a few bone items of worked bone.
No ground stone is reported, though this could be a function of the
limited area excavated (ten 1 x 1 m units). While no radiocarbon dates
were obtained from the site, most projectile points are thought to
represent Columbia Plateau types dated to within the last 2000 years. A
second, earlier component predating 4000 B.P. is tentatively associated
with a paleosol underlying the house floors. Multiple floors do not
appear to be present. Further inferences regarding the use of the
Cannon site are limited, but current information does suggest that
occupation of the area was not limited to the temporary camps which make
up the majority of sites investigated in the upper John Day drainage so
far.
Test excavations at Big Baldy #1, 5 km east of the Middle Fork of
the John Day, encountered a hearth with a modern C14 date, as well as a
variety of projectile point types, bifaces, unifaces, and ground stone,
including mano fragments and a pestle. Repeated and infrequent
temporary occupations involving tool production and maintenance,
processing of plant foods and game are postulated, beginning after 10000
B.P. and lasting into the last 2000 years (Morris and Goheen 1981).
Testing of 35GR1507 near the confluence of Cottonwood Creek and
the South Fork of the John Day River produced evidence of two spatially
discrete components. One is represented by a scatter of flaked and
.w, _ I
•
61
ground stone tools and a well-preserved hearth radiocarbon-dated to 1030
± 70 B.P. The second component, radiocarbon-dated to 4370 ± 70 B.P., is
manifested by a concentration of diverse cultural materials, including a
grinding slab, projectile points, cores, abraders, and edge-modified
flakes, and is thought to represent an occupation surface, possibly a
house floor (Byram 1993).
Data recovery at four sites in the drainage of Wind Creek, an
ephemeral tributary of the South Fork of the John Day River, produced a
variety of cultural materials and an impressive suite of radiocarbon
dates, ranging from 4030 ± 190 B.P. to 880 ± 80, with most, however,
falling between roughly 1700 and 3000 B.P. (Armitage and Burge 1986).
Artifacts include projectile points, bifaces, unifaces, and cobble
tools, as well as an assortment of ground stone tools including pestles,
manos, possible shaft straighteners, and 34 grinding stones. Three
temporal components are postulated, extending from 4000 B.P. to 2800
B.P., 2800 B.P. to 2400 B.P., and from 2400 B.P. to historic times, as
evidenced by a glass seed bead and a rolled copper bead. Activities at
sites 35GR159 and 35GR147 are thought to have focused on bifacial
reduction with secondary subsistence-related activities, while at
35GR148 and 35GR162, a "fuller range of activities is represented as
demonstrated by a larger number of tool types, with a strong focus on
plant processing, especially at 35GR162" (Armitage and Burge 1988:8).
Nine nearby sites in the vicinity of Beaverdam Creek, technically
in the Crooked River drainage, show a complementary pattern, with both
hunting-related tools and manos and metates. The Beaverdam Creek sites
pi
-
62
are interpreted as "short-term camps or day-use locations" which are
thought to have been occupied by integrated family groups (Erlandson and
Moss 1984:5). Radiocarbon dates place occupation of 35CR29, the focus
of investigations, within the last 2500 years (1910 ± 80 B.P., 1950 ± 60
B.P., 2490 ± 70 B.P.). A late prehistoric age is also postulated for
the remaining sites, though it is suggested that larger projectile point
types may represent earlier occupations.
Archaeological testing and evaluation of the Rough Site (35CR6l6),
on the Big Summit Ranger District of the Ochoco National Forest (also
near the headwaters of the Crooked River) produced a diverse assemblage
including hopper mortar bases, two matching portions of a pestle,
girdled hammerstones, an incised and worked piece of basalt that may
represent a pipe fragment, bifaces, projectile points, unifaces, and
flake debitage. While a radiocarbon date of 7355 ± 65 B.P. was returned
from near the surface of a paleosol, the existence of a pre-Mazama
cultural component is considered unlikely by the authors (Flenniken et
al. 1992:35), although a slightly bimodal distribution of obsidian
hydration rind thicknesses suggests the existence of more than one
temporal component. A second date, of 3430 ± 200 B.P., is probably
associated with a cultural occupation. Obsidian analyzed from the site
by x-ray fluorescence was sourced to Quartz Mountain, Glass Butte,
Cougar Mountain, and five unknown sources. The site is interpreted as a
"high elevation residential base camp [used] to exploit local floral
resources" (Flenniken et al. 1992:ii).
63
Data recovery was undertaken at the Trailhead Site (35GR573) and
the Spring Site (35GR572) on the south slope of the Aldrich Mountains
because of proposed trailhead development by the Malheur National
Forest. Two flaked stone tool fragments and lithic debitage were
recovered from the Trailhead Site (along with a composite charcoal
sample radiocarbon-dated to 210 ± 50 B.P.), while excavations at the
Spring Site produced projectile points, a knife, several biface
/
fragments, and expedient grinding stones. A large hearth measuring
about two meters in diameter may have functioned in heat-treating CCS.
Radiocarbon dates from the Spring Site include 960 ± 60 B.P., 1480 ± 60
B.P., 1560 ± 60 B.P., 1780 ± 90 B.P., and 2260 ± 90 B.P. (Baldwin 1993).
Twenty-four obsidian artifacts submitted for x-ray fluorescence were
sourced to obsidian sources in the vicinity of Seneca (Hughes 1994).
Analysis of obsidian flakes from 35GR750 in the southern
Strawberry Mountains, near the confluence of Canyon Creek and the John
Day River, included hydration, x-ray fluorescence, and technological
study (Jaehnig 1989). While no radiocarbon dates have been obtained
from the site, and no temporally diagnostic artifacts were present,
hydration measurements suggested to the author a relatively recent age
(within the last 2500 years). The obsidian recovered was tentatively
associated with nodules collected from the adjacent stream bed.
Technological analyses suggested that "prehistoric site occupants were
engaged in reducing raw material to blanks and preforms. It appears
that more secondary reduction, primarily the manufacture of blanks
and/or preforms from cores and flake blanks, took place than primary
r:~
r,
reduction (Jaehnig 1989:ii). A similar analysis of lithics from site
64
A46l-083 in the Bear Valley District of the Malheur National Forest
indicated maintenance of hunting tools (as evidenced by the presence of
broken and exhausted dart points), as well as the reduction of flake
blanks into dart points. A Late Archaic use of the site is suggested by
technological analyses and hydration (Flenniken et al. 1988).
A cultural resources survey of Grant County lands north of the
Aldrich and Strawberry mountain ranges, finally, was conducted by
Eastern Oregon State College in 1980 through 1982 for the Malheur
National Forest and Oregon Range and Related Resources Evaluation Area
Project (Patterson et al. 1982). A total of 451 management practice
areas were investigated with special attention to high probability areas
including springs, streams, and rock outcrops. Thirty-five prehistoric
archaeological sites were recorded, including ten open lithic scatters,
three plant processing sites located on dry ground immediately above
small wet meadows (Patterson et al. 1982:52), twenty isolated finds, two
cambium-peeled trees, one possible petroglyph site and one rock cairn
(multiple feature types occurring at individual sites account for the
numerical discrepancy). Of the eleven sites subjected to limited test
excavation, only three produced subsurface deposits, which were,
however, confined to waste flakes within the upper 30 cm. None were
considered to be significant in terms of National Register eligibility.
A pattern of low-density use is postulated, with the majority of sites
representing hunting-related activities (Patterson et al. 1982:51).
L •
65
Most of the studies reviewed above suggest a short-term and
transitory, albeit probably repeated use of the upper John Day River
area. The Cannon Site, with thirteen house depressions, is an
exception, and suggests that the full range of site types remains yet to
be discovered. Hunting-related activities are most often observed,
represented by projectile points and a variety of bifacial and unifacial
tools. Increasingly popular technological analyses point towards a
prevalence of curated tool kits, including finished projectile points,
and blanks which could be further reduced as needed. Obsidian is most
common, although locally available raw materials may be utilized in the
production of expedient tools, and at least two sites may show evidence
of heat treatment of local cherts. Grinding stones, while not
ubiquitous, are not uncommon, and probably reflect processing of plant
resources, although they may also have been used in the processing of
small game and the crushing of longbones for marrow extraction. The
question of cultural affiliation remains inconclusive, with projectile
points assigned to Great Basin or Columbia Plateau stylistic types
according to the expertise of the analyst, although some exceptions have
been mentioned. Radiocarbon dates, while not available for all sites,
suggest intensified use within the last 2500 years, which account for 24
(80%) of the 30 available dates.
Il _
66
Archaeological Investigations in the Pine Creek Basin
In light of the limited distribution of reports documenting
previous archaeological work in the Pine Creek basin, excavations
undertaken by personnel from the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry
and Oregon State University between 1967 and 1980 are summarized with
emphasis on questions of relevance to the present study. This is
followed by a synopsis of the Pine Creek Archaeological Survey, a
surface reconnaissance conducted by the author prior to the present
analysis, reported elsewhere in detail (Endzweig 1992).
Excavations
35WH13
Site 35WH13, or Indian Canyon-II, is located at the head of Indian
Canyon about 4 km north of Pine Creek and 4 km east of the John Day
River. It is situated adjacent to a 10 m high cliff of ash-flow tuff
(Gannon 1975) on the western terrace of an ephemeral stream which is
thought to have been spring-fed and perennial prior to the impact of
grazing at the turn of this century (Mazany 1980:5). Excavation of this
site was begun in 1970 under the direction of Brian Gannon, and
continued every year through 1980 except 1972. Fieldwork was directed
by Andy Knapp and Terry Mazany during the final years of excavation
(Knapp 1979; Mazany 1980). Approximately 172 m2 of deposits were
67
excavated to an average depth of about one meter during the course of
the proj ect.
Two major components were identified at the site, comprised of
seven occupation layers. The lower component produced radiocarbon ages
of 1545 ± 100 B.P. and 1460 ± 100 B.P. A date of 1020 B.P. marks the
transition to the upper component which, in turn, is associated with
dates of 570 ± 80 B.P. and 335 ± 90 B.P. A change in subsistence is
thought to have taken place between the two major periods of site use.
The lower component is characterized by a large number of millingstones,
leading to its interpretation as an intensive, communal, seed processing
location (Mazany 1980:10).
Red or yellow staining was observed on the grinding facets of 26%
of the 110 millingstones recorded at Indian Canyon-II (N=29). This
characteristic is, in particular, associated with the lower levels of
the site (Mazany 1980:15). Based on this circumstance, Mazany
postulates the "presence of festive or ceremonial activities
accompanying the communal food processing" (Mazany 1980:15), which is
cited as additional support for use of the site by a larger group than
merely individual families. The true function(s) of the remaining
grinding stones is not known. While Mazany sees them as evidence for
seed-processing, Gannon, citing a 1977 oral communication by James
Selam, a contemporary John Day Tenino man, alternatively suggests that
they may have primarily served in pulverizing roots, berries, and
possibly meat (Gannon 1978:n.p.). This may be supported by the large
proportion of split long-bone fragments at the site.
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In the upper component, on the other hand, millingstones are less
prevalent. Instead, concentrations of cobbles are cornmon, many of which
incorporate scavenged complete and broken millingstones. These features
are interpreted as the remains of cobble-filled pit ovens. An
additional characteristic of the upper component is an increase in
animal bone. Mazany postulates a shift to a "more balanced economy,"
featuring both hunting and gathering (1980:10). A segregation of
activities is proposed, reflected by a clustering of pit ovens in the
north and milling stones in the southern portion of the site.
Faunal remains recovered from Indian Canyon-II include deer,
coyote, woodrat, jackrabbit, brushrabbit, bobcat, beaver, porcupine, as
well as minor quantities of freshwater mussel (Gannon 1977). Artifacts
are dominated by a variety of lithic tools, including projectile points,
scrapers, knives, "blanks," drills, cores, a few bone tools, and more
than 3,000 utilized flakes (Gannon 1978:n.p., Mazany 1980:16).
The latest occupation of 35WH13 is marked by the presence of
Desert Side-Notched points, which occur "in localized parts of the
site," or as "a discrete component at the site" (Gannon 1975:n.p.), and
a "mildly barrel-shaped" blue glass bead which was recovered together
with 15 tubular bone beads resembling the glass bead in size and shape
(Gannon 1978:n.p.). An association with nearby Feature 47, a hearth
radiocarbon-dated at 335 ± 90 B.P. is suggested. Two rolled copper
beads are mentioned, but their provenience is felt to be uncertain
(although at least one appears to have been found in close proximity to
three Desert-Side-Notched points and the already-mentioned glass and
f'
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bone beads (project files, Oregon State Museum of Anthropology). An
unpublished radiocarbon date of 0 ± 80 B.P. (GaK-3865) from a burned
twig or limb in the same general area appears to have been rejected.
Site 35WH2, also known as Pentacost Shelter, or Cove Creek-l, is
located 30 m west of intermittent Cove Creek, about 2.5 km north of Pine
Creek and 4 miles east of Clarno. The site is 11 m long and 1.5 to 2 m
wide, and is situated at the base of an eight to ten meter high cliff of
welded tuff (Riggs 1968). Because of this, it is designated as a
rockshelter by Riggs although it might, alternatively, be referred to as
a sheltered open site. The site was excavated in 1967 and 1968 by Jim
Riggs, at that time a student at Oregon State University. As of May
1969, 19 m3 of fill had been removed (project files, Oregon State Museum
of Anthropology).
\
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Artifacts recovered from 35WH2 include a large amount of flake
debitage, along with projectile points, bifaces, knives, cores, used and
worked flakes, scrapers, drills, choppers, grinding stones, a category
identified as "microblades," three pieces of incised shale, and a few
bone artifacts. A large number of "gravers and burins" make up 23%
(N=75) of what appears to be the 1967 tool inventory (excluding unworked
flakes) (Riggs 1968). Faunal remains are identified as deer, coyote,
woodrat, jackrabbit, brushrabbit, gopher, ground squirrel, large bird,
and fish. Features recorded include a large "aggregation of manos and
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metates," and a hearth encountered approximately 2 m below the present
ground surface near the base of the deposits (Riggs 1968, Appendix). A
few small pictographs of red ochre, were, in addition, present on the
cliff wall, as was evidence of the recent, illicit removal of others.
Deposits at 35WH2 were found to be culturally continuous (Riggs 1968:4).
No radiocarbon dates appear to have been obtained from this site, but a
sample of projectile points illustrated in Riggs' 1968 report is
consistent with styles observed at 35WH7 farther up Cove Creek (this
study), suggesting a relatively late, although exclusively prehistoric,
occupation.
35WH21
Site 35WH2l is located in Jones Canyon, on the western edge of an
intermittent stream channel that drains southward into Pine Creek.
Situated approximately 1 km north of Pine Creek, the site was recognized
by the presence of two house depressions, five meters in diameter and 18
m apart. These were the focus of OMSI fieldwork during the summers of
1971, 1972, 1975, and 1976 (Atherton and Houck 1976; Gannon 1972, 1978),
which resulted in the excavation of 52 one-by-one meter units to a
maximum depth of 1.2 m, or a combined volume of 35.25 m3 • Work at
35WH2l was subsequently abandoned in favor of 35WH13, which was more
immediately threatened by vandalism.
Several distinct living floors were identified in both house
depressions based on the coincidence of burned structural members and
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thatch, milling stones, and concentrations of other types of artifacts.
None of the floors were completely exposed, however. In Housepit 1, the
southern of the two depressions, a floor was exposed at a depth of
approximately 75 cm and radiocarbon-dated to 360 ± 80 B.P. and 300 ± 75
B.P. A date of 140 ± 75 B.P. from Housepit 1 was considered to be
contaminated and therefore rejected. In Housepit 2, one floor was
identified within 10 cm of the ground surface, and a second at
approximately 1 m depth. Dates of approximately 390 ± 65 B.P. and 875 ±
115 B.P. were returned on charcoal from the lower floor (project files,
Oregon State Museum of Anthropology). Artifacts recovered include
projectile points, bifaces, knives, drills, gravers, cores, core tools,
and scrapers, as well as a large amount of lithic debris. Animal bone
was not identified in the published reports.
The Pine Creek Archaeological Survey
Previous archaeological fieldwork in the Study Area has been
conducted on a largely intuitive basis. Sites have been identified as a
result of local word-of-mouth and in the course of forays up selected
canyons. The only radiocarbon-dated sites are located along Cove Creek,
Indian Canyon, Jones Canyon, and Pine Creek. These range in age from
2580 ± 40 B.P. to 300 ± 75 B.P. (Table 1). At the inception of the
present study, it was not clear whether the relative recency of these
occupations was a function of cultural factors or of the investigative
bias towards canyon bottoms, areas that may have been subject to
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geomorphic processes obscuring an earlier archaeological record. A
systematic survey was therefore undertaken in July of 1990 by the Oregon
State Museum of Anthropology, funded by a matching grant from the Oregon
State Historic Preservation Office and directed by the present author.
The results of the survey have been reported elsewhere (Endzweig 1992)
and are only briefly summarized in the present context.
In the Pine Creek Archaeological Survey (PCAS), a stratified
random sampling strategy was employed in order to provide more
representative coverage of the drainage basin. By examining parcels
dispersed throughout each of the six represented townships, sample units
both north and south of Pine Creek, and at varying distances upstream
from the John Day River, were included. To avoid the drainage-based
focus of prior work, the sample was, in addition, stratified by distance
to permanent water. It was hoped that this approach would provide both
new site information, as well as a baseline against which the
distribution of previously reported sites could be evaluated. Survey
design and methodology have been detailed elsewhere (Endzweig 1992) and
will not be discussed here. A synopsis of findings is presented to set
I,
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the stage for further discussions.
A total of 23 eighty-acre parcels, comprising 4% of the Pine Creek
basin's 43,233 acres, was surveyed during the course of this project.
Twenty-four previously unrecorded sites were identified, including
lithic scatters, lithic and ground stone scatters, quarries, and at
least one habitation site with five small house depressions. Eight
cairns and ten artifact isolates were, in addition, noted. Table 2
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summarizes descriptive information for all sites and isolates currently
recorded within the Pine Creek drainage.
The large proportion of sites (63%) and isolates and cairns (37%)
recorded along the divide between the Pine Creek and Butte Creek basins
clearly attests to the value of a systematic approach to archaeological
reconnaissance in the Study Area. This is particularly evident in light
of the resulting discovery of two sites exhibiting Early Archaic
components. These are the earliest sites presently known from the
region. Both are located on the basalt tableland separating the basins
of Pine Creek and Butte Creek and both are centered on the same unnamed
spring, with one site (35WH166) located to its north and one (35WH168)
to its east. In addition to their proximity to the spring, both sites
are located within 100 m of the upper reaches of the west fork of Butte
Creek. Temporal assignment of material at both sites to the Early
Archaic and Early Middle Archaic is based on diagnostic projectile point
styles and the presence of edge-faceted cobbles. Volcanic ash exposed
in animal burrows together with cultural materials at 35WH168, in
addition, exhibits a refractive index consistent with Mazama ash (Will
Scott, USGS Cascade Volcano Observatory, personal communication, May
1991). While not exceedingly large (5,000 and 6,400 m2 ), these sites
exhibit high densities of cultural materials and a substantial range of
tool types, including both flaked and ground stone implements, perhaps a
reflection of their long history of prehistoric occupation (Early to
Late Archaic).
r -----.----- - SGiI---- --l
Table 2. Descriptive Information for Sites and Isolates in the Pine Creek Basin1
Temp. Perm. Site Elev. Slope Aspect Prim. Veg. Dist. Water Area Cult. Obs. Call. Age Recorder Status
Number Number Type Landfm. Water Type Mat.
C5-1 35WHl57 QUA 1960 30-40 N-NW RIDGE SSJ 200 PS 750 C - - ? PCAS A
C29-1 35WH158 QUA 1920 30-40 NW RIDGE SSJ 150 PC 1000 C - - ? PCAS A
C71-1 35WH159 LS 2960 0-5 NW RIDGE SSJ 200 IS 2500 B - - ? PCAS A
C71-2 35WH160 LS 2720 0-20 SW-W RIDGE SJ 30 IS 2100 B - - ? PCAS A
C71-3 35WH161 LS 2740 0 -- HILL SSJ 25 IS 1000 C + - ? PCAS A
C106-1 35WH162 LS 3760 5-10 S TABLELD SSJ 80 SPR 6400 C + + ? PCAS ·A
C106-2 35WH163 LS 3740 0 -- TABLELD SS 200 SEEP 1800 B - - ? PCAS A
C106-3 35WH164 LGS 3730 0 -- TABLELD SSJ 0 SEEP 14000 D + + C PCAS A
C106-4 35WH165 LS 3710 5-10 E TABLELD SSJ 0 SEEP 7000 C - + C? PCAS A
C106-5 35WH166 LGS 3700 10 NE-E TABLELD SSJR 0 SEEP 6400 D + + ABC PCAS A
C106-6 35WH167 LGS 3720 0 -- TABLELD S 0 SEEP 2500 C + + C PCAS A
C106-7 35WH168 LGS 3680 0 -- TABLELD SSJR 30 SPR 5000 D + + ABCD PCAS A
C106-8 35WH169 LGS 3720 0-5 W TABLELD SS 100 SEEP 1350 C - ? PCAS A
C107-1 35WH170 LS 3840 5-10 W TABLELD SJ 80 SEEP 2100 B - - ? PCAS A
E30-1 35WHl71 BLS 3770 0-10 NW HILL SS 350 SPR 800 B + + C PCAS A
E44-1 35WHl72 H 3800 0 -- HILL S 135 SPR 2800 B + + C PCAS A
E44-2' 35WH173 LGS 3760 0-10 S RIDGE S 150 SPR 3000 B - + ? PCAS A
E44-3 35WH174 LS 3740 10 SE HILL SR 0 SPR 2500 C - + BC PCAS A
E44-EX 35WH175 LS 3770 0-5 SE HILL SS 350 SPR 300 A - - ? PCAS A
F52-1 35WH176 QUA 3740 10 SW CANYON SSJ 170 IS 10200 C - - ? PCAS A
F97-1 35WHl77 QUA 4340 10-15 SW HILL SSJ 650 IS 900 C - - ? PCAS A
Fl27-1 35WH178 QUA 4160 20-30 S RIDGE SSJ 250 IS 1000 C - ? PCAS A
Fl27-2 35WH179 QUA 4170 10-30 SE RIDGE SSJP 250 IS 7500 D - - ? PCAS A
C71-4IF IF 2730 0-15 NNE HILL SSJ 20 IS - A - - ? PCAS A
C106-IFl IF 3640 0 -- TABLELD R 3 PS - A - + ? PCAS A
C106-IF2 IF 3680 0 -- TABLELD SJ 15 PS - A - + ? PeAS A
C107-IFl IF 3740 5 NE TABLELD SS 50 IS - A - + ? PCAS A
E6-IFl IF 3285 2-5 NNW HILL SJ 200 IS - A - + ? PCAS A
E30-IFl IF 3860 10 S RIDGE S 250 IS - A - + BC? PCAS A
E44-IFl IF 3860 10 W HILL S 200 SPR - A - + C PCAS A
F44-IFl IF 3640 30 S CANYON SJ 200 IS - A - ? PCAS A
-
F72-IFl IF 3860 20 WSW RIDGE SSJ 120 IS - A - - ? PCAS A
D14-IF1 CRN 3170 0 -- RIDGE S 500 IS - - - - ? PCAS A
D14-IF2EX CRN 3046 0 -- RIDGE SJ 350 IS - - - - ? PCAS A
E30-IF2 35WH183 CRN 4050 0 -- RIDGE S 550 SPR - - - - ? PCAS A
E30-IF3 35WH184 CRN 4050 0 -- RIDGE S 450 SPR - - - - ? PCAS A
E44-IF2EX 35WH185 CRN 4060 0 -- RIDGE SSJ 250 SPR - - - - ? PCAS A
D10-IF1EX CRN 2560 0 -- RIDGE S 200 PS - - - - ? PCAS A
C107-IF2EX 35WH181 CRN 4010 0 -- TABLELD S 500 SPR - - - - ? PeAS A
C107-IF3EX 35WH182 CRN 4010 0 -- TABLELD S 500 SPR - - - - ? PCAS A
42IF IF 2920 0 SE HILL SSJ 200 IS - - - - C PeAS A -...JLn
Table 2. (Continued)
_.~
~
Temp.
Number
C-EX1
CC-4
C94-IF1EX
CC-1
CC-2
IC-2
JC-2
Perm.
Number
35WH18o
35WH9
35WH46
35WH2
35WH3
35WH4
35WH5
35WH6
35WH7
35WH12
35WH13
35WH14
35WH15
35WH16
35WH17
35WH18
35WH19
35WH2o
35WH21
35WH22
35WH23
35WH36
35WH4o
35WH41
35WH42
35WH44
Site
Type
LS
RSP
LS
H
RSP
RSP
RS
LGS
RSP
LSP
LS?
LGS
H
RS
TP
QUA
LS?
H
H
H
H
RSP
RS
P
H
IF
Elev.
2920
1780
2400
2880
2000
1800
2400
2320
3400
2080
2200
2060
2200
2400
2820
2940
2920
3040
3600
2720
1480
2840
1520
Slope
o
o
o
5-10
o
o
0-5
o
Aspect
SW
SE
SE
S-SE
E
SW
NW
W
SE
S-E
S
SE
SW
S
S
SW-S
Prim.
Landfm.
HILL
CANYON
CANYON
CANYON
CANYON
CANYON
HILL
FLAT
HILL
CANYON
CANYON
CANYON
CANYON
CANYON
CANYON
CANYON
CLIFF
CANYON
CANYON
HILL
CANYON
Veg.
SSJ
SSJ
SSJ
SSJ
SS
SSJ
SS
*
SSJ
SSJ
JS
SSJ
SSJ
SSJ
SSJ
SS
Dist.
Water
100
70
10
o
20
120
200
o
450
o
o
200
?
?
200
750
100
80
40
Water
Type
IS
PS
IS
IS
PS
IS
PS
SPR
IS
PS
IS
IS
PC
IS
IS
IS
IS
IS
PS
PC
IS
PC
Area
1500
90
SO
525
ISO
135
27
12150
83
300
300
2800
?
?
?
400
1225
Cult.
Mat.
C
A
A
C
Obs.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
. ?
+
+
Coll.
+
+
+
?
?
+
+
+
?
?
+
?
?
+
Age
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
?
?
BC
Recorder
PCAS
OMSI
PCAS
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OMSI
OSU
OMSI
OSU
Status
A
A
A
A
B
B
B
B
B
B
C
B
B
C
C
C
C
C
B
B
B
C
C
B
B
A
B
1. Site Types: QUA=Quarry; LS=lithic scatter; LGS=lithic and ground stone scatter; B=burial; H=habitation site; IF=isolated find;
CRN=cairn; RS=rockshelter; P=pictograph; TP=talus pit.
Elevation: measured in feet. Slope: measured in degrees. Dist. water: measured in meters. Area: measured in square meters.
Vegetation: SS=shrub-steppe; S=steppe; J=juniper; R=riparian; P=ponderosa; *="elderberry thicket."
Water type: PS=permanent stream; Pe=Pine Creek; IS=intermittent stream; SPR=spring.
Cultural materials on surface: A=<lO; B=lO-99; C=loo-50o; D=5oo-10oo; E=>lOoo.
Obsidian: present or absent.
Collection: material has or has not been collected.
~: A=Early Archaic; B=Middle Archaic; C=Late Archaic; D=Historic; ?=preceding assignment questionable.
Recorder: PeAS=Pine Creek Archaeological Survey (Endzweig 1992); OMSI=Oregon Museum of Science and Industry; OSU=Oregon State University.
Status: A=site form present, site field-checked by PCAS; B=site form present, no PeAS field check; C=no site form.
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The rarity of early sites like these and their location are
consistent with Ames' expectations of low population density and a focus
on "more mesic edaphic microenvironments , " based on other "Pioneer
Period" (Windust and Cascade) sites on the southern Plateau (Ames 1988).
Ames proposes a subsistence round which includes seasonal occupation of
upland areas and presents a plausible scenario for the two sites in the
Study Area (Ames 1988:355):
During summer and fall, upland areas with both plant and
animal resources were more appealing than the canyon bot-
toms. Thus, major aggregations might form around the root
grounds, which had access into uplands containing deer and
elk.
In addition to the above location, possible Middle Archaic
components were observed at two sites and one isolate. They are located
in two environmental settings: the uplands in the northeastern portion
of the basin, again along the watershed between Pine Creek and Butte
Creek; and to the west in the hills at the foot of the escarpment of
Iron Mountain. The sites are situated between 0 and 40 m from the
nearest water (an intermittent stream and a spring), while the isolate
is 250 m from the nearest water source. Elevations range from 2,840 to
3,860 feet. These occupations support the impression of low density
already noted for this time period, and a focus on what are, at least
presently, mesic settings.
Late Archaic components were identified at 10 sites and two
isolates recorded by the PCAS, as well as at several sites located
during OMSI's work. They are represented at elevations ranging from
just above 2000 feet to over 3800 feet, and in settings including ridge
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tops and canyon bottoms. Sites are still situated relatively close to
water (200 m and less). A variety of site types are represented,
including lithic and lithic/ground stone scatters, rockshelters, a
burial, and habitation sites with house depressions. In general, survey
findings support the apparent Late Archaic intensification of occupation
indicated by radiocarbon dates from excavated sites in the Pine Creek
Basin and its vicinity (Table 1).
Conclusion
A major focus of archaeological inquiry on the southern Columbia
Plateau, as elsewhere in North America, has been the development, during
the Archaic, of semi-sedentary life from a more mobile Paleo-Indian
adaptation. By the inception of the Late Archaic at 2500 B.P.,
permanent riverine villages are found throughout the Plateau and a
lifeway is in place which, on the surface, resembles the ethnographic
pattern documented in the observations and memories of Indian peoples
and early Euroamerican explorers. The preceding review of John Day
River archaeology suggests cultural developments which are consistent
with those of the greater region. The existence of larger permanent
communities at the mouth of the river is exemplified by the cemetery at
the Wildcat Canyon Site, dated at 2500 B.P. to 2000 B.P. Intensified
use of the upper John Day region is also suggested by a focus of
radiocarbon-dated occupations within the last 2500 years, although there
is at present little evidence of the kind of long-term occupation
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characterized by sites farther downstream. As will be shown in Chapter
6, substantial pithouses were also in use in the Pine Creek basin at
this date. By historic times, however, no permanent Native American
villages are reported in the area, and Euroamerican artifacts which
typically reflect late occupations are rare in the archaeological
record. It is the Late Archaic utilization of the Pine Creek basin
which will be the subject of the following chapters.
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CHAPTER 5
EXCAVATIONS IN THE PINE CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN: 35WH7
Background
In the summer of 1967, the Oregon Museum of Science and Industry
established an archaeological training program for high school-aged
students based out of Hancock Field Station (OMSI's natural history
camp, formerly known as Camp Hancock). In its first year, the program
was directed by Jim Riggs, then a student at Oregon State University.
Excavations were conducted at 35WH2, also known as Pentacost Shelter,
with an additional goal being the archaeological exploration of the
surrounding area. 35WH7, situated on the west bank of ephemeral Cove
Creek about half a mile north of 35WH2 at an elevation of about 2080
feet (644 m), was recorded during the course of this reconnaissance.
Lying in the shadow of a sixty foot long, southeast-facing cliff, the
site was noted in particular for its pictographs and evidence of "three
recent (since April, 1967) potholes totalling approximately two square
meters of fill" (Riggs 1968). Cultural debris, which consisted of "an
abundance of charcoal, some animal bone, and many chert flakes" was
observed to a depth of one meter in the largest pothole and cultural
deposits were thought to extend even deeper (Riggs 1968). Excavation
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81
was recommended in light of the ongoing vandalism of the site. Riggs'
concerns appear to have been shared, and excavation of 35WH7 commenced
in June of 1968 under the direction of Brian Gannon, who would guide the
project until its conclusion in 1970. The following overview presents a
summary of fieldwork during the three years of excavation.
General Field Methodology
Excavation units were laid out along a grid with axes extending
from (true) north to south (x-axis) and east to west (y-axis) (Figure
6). The placement of the 0 x-axis across the middle of the site
accounts for the assignment of both positive and negative x-coordinates.
Standard unit size was generally 1 m x 1 m but squares deviate from this
pattern in the extreme east and west around around major potholes,
probably due to their irregular dimensions. Groups of units were
generally combined into six Test Trenches. Except for Test Pit 1 (TP1) ,
Test Pit 2 (TP2), and Test Balk 1 (TB1) , each square is designated by
"TT," with a numeral indicating its trench affiliation, and a capital
letter identifying the specific unit. Approximately 44.30 m3 of
deposits were removed (Table 3). Excavation units and their locations
are listed in Table 4.
Excavations were conducted in twenty-centimeter levels referenced
to an arbitrary datum of 10.00 meters; however level breaks were often
offset by 10 em, complicating the correlation of adjacent units.
Artifacts were plotted in situ where possible and sediments were
82
20
2N
/q.'
2Q 25
2C 2R 2T
3E
7!J 5C TP2 20
.111
4,\ 48 4C 41) 4E 2E
- - - Ox grid line
4F 411 4J ,
17y
40 41 grid Iinc
~2L ___ -4x grid line
38
,
I
24y
grid lin,=
JC
30 I--I+---l
35WH7
Cove Creek 2
o
o 5 meters
- _....
contour interval is 0.10 m
,i,
Figure 6. Site plan, 35WH7.
r"III J:
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Table 3. Area and Estimated Volume of Excavated Cultural Deposits
TT1/TBl TT2/TP1/TP2 TT3 TT4 TT5 TT6 TT7
8.88
11.62
19.00
9.55
8.31 10.00
8.68 10.00
3.00
3.05
2.00
0.60
1. 00
0.80
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screened. On the basis of the size of flakes recovered, a quarter-inch
mesh size is inferred, although this is not specified in fieldnotes or
reports. In some cases, associations of artifacts or cultural
constructs such as firepits were recorded as features, however feature
forms were also frequently filled out at stratum breaks and level
breaks. Records were additionally kept on excavations record forms and
in the crew's field notebooks. Profiles were drawn of selected
sidewalls.
Summary of Fieldwork
1968 Field Season
Initial work in 1968 focused on the largest pothole, located in
the northeast corner of the site under what was referred to as a cliff
overhang. Excavation was extended eastward from here to form one-meter-
wide Test Trench 1, with units designated TT1P, TT1A, and TT1B from west
to east (Figure 6). It should be noted that the fieldnotes reflect some
initial discrepancies regarding unit designations and boundaries in this
area of the site, particularly with regard to units adjacent to TT1P.
Table 4. Summary of Excavation Units, 35WH7
Square X-coord./m Y-coord./m Beginning Level/m Years
TT1A 9.0-10.0 11. 0-12.6 9.70-9.50 (L-1) 68/69
TT1B 9.0-10.0 10.0-11.0 9.30-9.10 (L-3) 68
TT1C 6.7-7.8 13.0-14.0 9.30-9.20 (L-1) 69
TTlD 7.0-8.0 14.0-15.0 9.30-9.10 (L-1) 69
TTlF 7.0-8.4/8.8 12.0-13.0 9.45-9.25 (L-1) 70
TT1P 8.8-10.0 12.6-14.0 8.70-8.50 (L-6) 68/69
TT2A 4.5-5.5 17.0-18.0 9.30-9.10 (L-1) 68/69
TT2B 3.5-4.5 17.0-18.0 9.30-9.10 (L-1) 68/69
TT2C 2.5-3.5 17.0-18.0 9.30-9,10 (L-1) 68
TT2D 1.0-2.5 17.0-18.0 9.30-9.10 (L-1) 68
TT2E 0.0-1.0 17.0-18.0 9.10-8.90 (L-2) 69
TT2F 4.5-5.5 16.0-17.0 9.30-9.10 (L-1) 69
TT2G 4.5-5.5 15.0-16.0 9.30-9.10 (L-1) 69
TT2H 5.5-7,0 15.0-16.0 9.30-9.10 (L-1) 69
TT2K -2 to -3 17.0-18.0 8.90-8.70 (L-3) 69
TT2L -3 to -4 17.0-18.0 9.10-8.90 (L-2 ) 69
TT2N -5 to -6 17.0-18.0 8.70-8.50 (L-4) 69
TT20 -6 to -7 17.0-18.0 8.61-8.50" (L-4) 69
TT2Q 3.5-4.5 15.0-16.0 9.10-8.90 (L-1) 70
TT2R 2.5-3.5 16.0-17.0 9.10-8.90 (L-1) 70
TT2S 3.5-4.5 16.0-17.0 9.10-8.90 (L-1) 70
TT2T 2.5-3.5 15.0-17.0 9.10-8.70 (L-1) 70
TT3A 2.5-3.5/3.7 23.0-24,0 8.90-8.70 (L-1) 68/69
TT3B 1.5-2.5 23.0-24.0 8.95-8.70"(L-1) 68/69
TT3C 0.0-1.5 23.0-24.0 8.90-8.70 (L-1) 68/69
TT3D 3.2-4.0 21. 0-22.2 9.01-8.70"(L-1) 69
TT3E 1.5-2.5 22.0-23.0 8.95-8.70"(L-1) 69
TT3F 2.5-3.2 22.0-23.0 8.90-8.70 (L-1) 69
TT3G 2.0-3.0 24.0-25.0 8.90-8.70 (L-1) 69/70
TT3H 1. 0-1. 5 22.0-23.0 8.90-8.70 (L-1) 70
TT3P 3.2-3.8/4.0 22.0-23.0 8.90-8.70 (L-1) 68/69
TT4A 0.0-1.0 22.0-23.0 9.00-8.80 (L-1) 68/69
TT4B 0.0-1.0 21. 0-22.0 9.00-8.80 (L-1) 68/70
TT4C 0.0-1.0 20.0-21. 0 9.00-8.80 (L-1) 68/69
TT4D 0.0-1.0 19.0-20.0 9.00-8.80 (L-1) 68/69
TT4E 0.0-1.0 18.0-19.0 8.90-8.70 (L-1) 69
TT4F o to -1 21. 0-22.0 9.00-8.80 (L-1) 69
TT4G -1 to -2 21. 0-22.0 9.00-8.80 (L-1) 69
TT4H o to -1 20.0-21.0 8.90-8.70 (L-1) 69/70
TT41 -1 to -2 20.0-21. 0 8.90-8.70 (L-1) 70
TT4J o to -1 19.0-20.0 8.90-8.70 (L-1) 70
TT5A 3.0-4.0 20.0-21. 0 9.10-8.90 (L-1) 69
TT5B 2.0-3.0 20.0-21. 0 9.10-8.90 (L-1) 69
TT5C 1.0-2.0 20.0-21. 0 8.90-8.70 (L-2) 70
TT6A 0 to -1 10.0-11.0 9.03-8.90"(L-2) 69
TT6B 0 to -1 9.0-10.0 9.00-8.90" (L-2) 69
'j TT7B 1.0-2.0 21.0-22.0 9.00-8.80
(L-1) 70
TP1 3.0-4.0 18.5-19.5 9.15-9.10"(L-1) 69
:1
, TP2 1.0-2.0 18.0-19.0 9.02-8.90" (L-2) 70
TB1 7.8-8.8 13.0-13.9 9.30-9.10 (L-3) 69
'" underlying levels 0.20 m each
84
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85
Boundaries indicated in the present analysis reflect the best attainable
fit between site maps, interim reports, and fieldnotes.
Within the first few days of fieldwork, the existence of a firepit
or possibly "two fire-pits ... in association with each other" (Gannon
1968:2) was indicated by the presence of ash, charcoal, and fire-cracked
rock about 50 cm below the surface. Charcoal submitted for radiocarbon-
dating subsequently returned dates of 468 ± 80 B.P. and 580 ± 120 B.P.
(Gak-2l76 and 2726).
In addition to the exploration at the eastern end of the site,
excavation was begun in Test Trenches 2, 3, and 4 in the central and
western areas. Little of note was encountered in the units of TT2,
though fieldworkers did comment on the presence of an ash lens, some
possibly fire-broken rock, and spots of burned soil in Level 2 (9.10-
9.30 m) of units TT2A, 2B, and 2C. Highlights reported from TT3 were,
in particular, a concentration of metates and manos found primarily in
levels 2 and 3 of TT3A and TT3B (recorded as Features 7, 8, 10 and 12).
Based on the spatial segregation of hearth(s) and grinding stones,
Gannon (1968:2) postulated "two areas of cultural concentration: one
associated with the overhang on the eastern end and one associated with
the western end."
Finally, four units were excavated along the 0 x-axis in east-
west-trending TT4. While Gannon does not discuss these units in his
1968 report, several comments are in order based on project fieldnotes.
First, fire-cracked rock was present in TT4B starting at the base of
Level 2, accompanied by "a little charcoal" and an increase in animal
!
. I,
86
bone, some of which was burnt. A concentration of rock as well as
animal bone was also observed in Level 2 of TT4G and Levels 2 and 3 of
adjacent TT4D, respectively, and contributed to the conclusion,
regarding TT4G, that this unit "may well be the center of a pit house or
something similar" (fieldnotes, B. Gannon, August 9, 1968).
A major finding of the 1968 season was nine wooden dart shafts,
which were recovered from a crack in the cliff face about nine meters
above the site. By the beginning of the following field season, one of
the shafts had been dated at 2380 ± 100 B.P. (Gak-2l77).
1969 Field Season
The bulk of excavations at 35WH7 was undertaken in 1969. Work
continued in the trenches initiated during the previous year, which were
expanded to provide a comprehensive picture of the deposits.
In Test Trench 1, units A and P were excavated to sterile river
gravels, which were encountered at 7.70 m, Level 10, and 7.45 m, Level
12, respectively. Unit TTIG was begun and terminated in Level 6, while
TTID and TBI were begun and excavated to Level 8. A radiocarbon date of
350 ± 90 B.P. was obtained from Level 3 of TTIG on charcoal thought to
be associated with the previously dated hearth from TTIA.
Farther to the west, in Test Trench 2, units A and B appear to
'i have been terminated at Level 7, while units TT2F, G, and H were taken
'j
down to Level 6 (8.10 m). No features were noted in Test Trench 2, and
cultural deposits were shallow, with artifacts and debris restricted to
"J
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87
the upper three levels, in contrast to the deeper deposits in TTl. To
the south, TT2 was extended by squares E, K, L, N, and O. As along the
rest of the l7-l8y axis, cultural deposits were found to be shallow,
with even lower counts of both tools and debris.
In Test Trench 3, work continued on units A, B, and P, and four
adjacent new squares were begun, comprising 3D, E, F, and G. As in the
previous year, this area continued to produce a high proportion of the
site's grinding stones. In general, a large amount of cultural material
was encountered, with TT3E referred to as "probably one of the richest
pits in the site" (fieldnotes, B. Gannon, August 5, 1969). Charcoal was
collected from a lens in Level 2 of this square and returned a date of
1160 ± 90 B.P. later the following year (Gak-2728). Units in TT3 were
terminated as they reached sterile or near sterile, between levels 5 and
7.
As in 1968, excavations were conducted in Test Trench 4. Work
continued in units A, B, C, and D, and was extended to include E
adjacent to the east and F, G, and H to the south. Fire-cracked rock,
already noted during the previous field season, was observed in 4B
extending to Level 5, in Level 3 of 4C, Level 4 of 4D, and in Level 2 of
4F, usually associated with animal bone. In both TT4B and TT4H,
excavators commented on high frequencies of green "jasper" flakes,
possibly suggesting an additional activity in this area. All excavated
units in TT4A were closed out by the end of 1969 when sterile or almost
sterile deposits were reached, usually after six or seven levels.
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88
Additional excavations during the 1969 field season took place in
TT5A, 5B, TP1, and TP2, situated between test trenches 2 and 3. No
major new conclusions were drawn on the basis of these explorations, but
high debris counts in Test Trench 5 in contrast to TPl and TP2 supported
the impression of horizontal differentiation across the site with at
least one dividing line somewhere between 19 and 20y. TT6A and 6B,
placed 6 m east of the main excavation block and 9 m south of TTl
produced shallower cultural deposits than the rest of the site.
Although debris counts in these two squares were relatively low, several
tools were recovered from each of the two squares over the duration of
the project. Work was, however, discontinued in this part of the site
after the 1969 field season.
In addition to the dart fragments recovered from the cliff crevice
above the site in 1968, four more were found in 1969, bringing the total
to fifteen. A specimen submitted for radiocarbon dating in 1969
returned a date of 2230 ± 90 B.P. (Gak-2725), supporting the antiquity
of the shafts.
1970 Field Season
Work at 35WH7 was completed during a brief two-week session in the
summer of 1970. At the eastern end of the site, TT1F was excavated.
Like adjacent TT1A, this unit produced ash, charcoal, and burned and
unburned bone, presumably part of the previously recorded and radiocar-
bon-dated hearth feature. Test Trench 2 was enlarged by a 2 m x 2 m
I'
I,
"
•
89
block of units, TT2Q, R, 5, and T. In TT2Q, R, and T, two levels each
were excavated; in 25, only one. As in the rest of TT2, cultural
deposits proved shallow, and debris counts were low.
Farther west, TT4 was expanded by units I and J. While TT4I
appears to have produced nothing of note to the field crew, 4J revealed
part of a pit feature which continued into TT4H and which contained
animal bone, charcoal, fired cobbles and a metate (see Features). A
sample of charcoal was radiocarbon-dated at 470 ± 90 B.P. (Gak-3309).
Finally, a series of pits was opened along lx, comprising, from
west to east, TT3H, TT7B, and TTSC, with excavation of TP2 continuing
from the previous year. No features were noted, but a particularly high
density of green chert flakes was commented upon in TTSC, reminiscent of
earlier observations of green "jasper" flakes for TT4B, 4H, SA, and SB.
Discussion
A final "preliminary report" from 1970 (Gannon 1970) presented a
summary of work at 3SWH7 and tentative conclusions regarding the nature
of the site. During the three field seasons, excavations had produced
approximately 1000 tools of a variety of types, though predominantly of
flaked and ground stone. The former included projectile points,
gravers, cores, and blades. Gannon (1970:10) concluded that 3SWH7
"seems to have been a seasonal camp site inhabited by aboriginal
Americans practicing a migratory hunting and gathering economy."
Projectile points, while not systematically analyzed, appeared
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reminiscent of Columbia River styles, while pictograph motifs were
thought to resemble rock art from the Middle Columbia and the Willamette
Valley. Radiocarbon dates suggested more than one component, however
Stratum B, the "cultural stratum," showed no apparent vertical
segregation. Apparent differences in the distribution and concentration
of artifacts suggested a horizontal partitioning of the site, "with the
oldest surficial occupation being located a the western end" (Gannon
1970:11). Gannon's conclusions will be further addressed during the
course of the present analysis.
The Present Analysis
All artifacts discussed in the following sections have been
examined, reclassified, measured, and analyzed by the present
investigator. Some items classified as tools by OMSI personnel have
been rejected as non-cultural; in turn, more than 500 formed/utilized
tools encompassing most classes represented at the site were pulled from
the lithic debris during the present study, catalogued, and analyzed
with the rest of the collection. Proveniences recorded in the original
artifact catalog have been checked against excavation notes and
discrepancies corrected by reference to all available records. Because
the fieldwork was conducted as a training project for high school
students, field documentation is somewhat more uneven in quality than
would otherwise perhaps be the case. This circumstance, and the lack of
the author's firsthand experience during excavations at the site,
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91
contribute to some interpretive difficulties, and undoubtedly, errors.
It is hoped, however, that these are not sufficient to compromise the
validity of the final conclusions.
Stratigraphy
Four basic stratigraphic units (A-D) were defined at 35WH7 by the
end of 1968 (Gannon 1968:2); Stratum E was added in 1970. The following
description from Gannon (1970:8) is quoted in its entirety:
The stratigraphic format of WH-7 is comprised of five
basic strata of which essentially one is culture-bearing.
The strata underlying the cultural one were exposed for two
reasons: to establish the geologic origin of the site, and
to detect any disturbances from the overlying occupation.
The uppermost stratum (A) consists of a thin layer (2-5 cm
thick) of sod, fecal material, pothunter debris and wind-blown
deposits. Some scattered cultural material is found in this
stratum. The second stratum (B) is the main cultural horizon and
consists of moderately compacted, grey-brown silt with abundant
angular talus from the cliff. The third stratum (C) is a
discontinuous, homogeneous, fairly compact, brown sandy silt. The
fourth stratum (D) is composed of stream-deposited cobbles with
variable size and sorting. The fifth stratum (E) consists of a
well-compacted, yellow brown, homogeneous, sandy silt. Strata C,
D and E are essentially sterile, with the exception of a little
occasional "trickle" from the overlying stratum B. These strata
are stream-laid and compare favorably to a section exposed in the
present Cove Creek channel.
The environment of deposition of sub-B strata is revealed
not only by its general character but by the presence of several
breaks in the slope near the edge of the creek .... These breaks
suggest that in times past Cove Creek's course has fluctuated on a
sizeable scale.
A deviation from this general sequence is noted for the area of
TT1A, B, and P, where "the matrix is continuous ashlens material
downward to a depth of 1 1/2 meters .... Culture is present (scattered)
92
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Figure 7. Generalized profile (from Gannon 1968).
in this matrix" (Gannon 1968:2). Figure 7, reproduced from Gannon's
1968 report, represents a generalized profile.
The stratigraphic sequence given above appears broadly applicable
across the site, although it is not always possible to correlate profile
drawings from different areas (Figures 8-11). Four additional natural
strata which underlie those described by Gannon are, in addition,
evident in a profile drawing of the east wall of TT4D (Figure 8). These
include a layer of subangular to rounded river gravels (here designated
as Stratum F), which overlies a layer of compacted and fairly
homogeneous brown silt (G), above an additional layer of subangular to
subrounded stream gravels (H). These are, in turn, underlain by a fine,
compacted, tan to brown silt (I) which extends to the base of
excavations at 7.30 m, about 1.6 m below the surface.
Based on profile drawings, Stratum A is variable in thickness,
ranging from 5-20 em, although more often measuring between 5 and 10 em.
r····
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7.50
TT4D
(east wall)
93
'I' Figure 8. East wall profile, TT4D.
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9.00m
TT1D
(west wall)
pothole
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D stratum B
EJ stratum C
tlBl stratum D
EFO stratum E
rIA unexcavated
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Figure 9. West wall profile, TTID.
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Stratum B, the cultural stratum, is thinnest in TT2, where it measures
from 10 to 30 cm, and thickest in TT3, where it appears to be up to 70
cm thick, though the profile drawings are somewhat ambiguous.
Thicknesses range from 20-50 cm across the rest of the site. The silt
layer, Stratum C, is between 5 and 30 cm thick, though it appears to
disappear or pinch out in parts of TTl and TT4. Stratum D measures from
20 to up to 50 cm. Stratum E is only indicated on profiles of TT2, TT4,
and TT5, where it measures from 40 cm to in excess of 50 cm. Only in
TT4 and TT5 are excavations deep enough to encounter Stratum F, which is
between 20 and 30 cm thick. Strata G, H, and I are only observed in
TT4, and measure 20, 10, and in excess of 10 cm, respectively.
Gannon's assessment of the homogeneity of the cultural deposits
is supported by the shallow time depth represented by subsurface
radiocarbon dates, and the absence of cultural evidence for a lower
temporal component. In light of this, and due to insurmountable
difficulties encountered in attempting to meaningfully correlate
stratigraphic information with other provenience information across the
site, the focus of the present study will be on examining the horizontal
patterning of activities postulated by Gannon.
Features
The interpretation of features at 35WH7 is one of the most
difficult aspects of the interpretation of prehistoric activities at
this site. Digging by vandals, combined with inconsistent field
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documentation of the OMSI excavations, frustrates a thorough
understanding of stratigraphic relationships and associations. The
descriptions given below represent the best approximation possible on
the basis of available information.
Twelve features were numbered at 35WH7. The nature of Features 1,
2, 5, and 9 cannot be determined from available notes. Feature 3
identifies the pothole in TT1P. Features 4 and 6 both refer to hearth
features observed in TT1A. Features 7, 8, 10, and 12 label concentra-
tions of artifacts, mostly ground stone, in TT3A. Feature 11 refers to
a metate in TT4C. A more detailed description of these known features
follows. In addition, several features are discussed which were not
numbered, but are mentioned in fieldnotes and/or reports.
Numbered Features
Features 4 and 6
Features 4 and 6 refer to contiguous ash and charcoal lenses in
TT1A and are best described together, as it is not clear if they
represent separate activities. Both form part of a firepit which is
located in the east of TT1P and the west of TT1A, west of a large
boulder which takes up the eastern half of this unit (Figure 12) .
Feature 4 is an ash lens, centered at approximately 9.5x/12.4y, with a
diameter of 25 em and a surface elevation of 8.88 m (Level 5). It is
underlain by Feature 6, a pit containing charcoal centered at
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10x/12y
,
, 8.62m,
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Figure 12. Feature 4/6, planview.
approximately 9.5x/12.6y and extending from an elevation of 8.70 m at
the rim to 8.62 m at the base (Level 6). The pit is said to measure up
to 40 cm in diameter (Gannon 1970:9), but field sketches suggest a
diameter on the order of 60-70 cm. The charcoal lens is underlain by
orange, fire-hardened soil or clay at 8.60 m. Field observations
suggest that the ash deposit may be excavated into the charcoal.
The hearth was, in addition, associated with 65 fired cobbles
(each 8-15 cm in diameter), situated between the already-mentioned
boulder and the ash and charcoal lenses. The relationship between
cobbles and charcoal is unclear and the records are contradictory:
either the "main charcoal lens seems to underlie the main mass of fire-
broken cobbles and actually blends in with it" (fieldnotes, B. Gannon,
July 10, 1968), or the "lens seems to go up to the fired rocks but does
not underlie them as if they were thrown out of the pit itself"
(fieldnotes, B. Gannon, July 24, 1908). Artifacts, flakes, burned and
.1
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100
unburned bone were found in the vicinity of the firepit, ranging
throughout Level 6 (8.70-8.50 m). If the feature is excavated into
earlier cultural deposits, it is possible that the artifacts predate the
hearth, though this cannot be determined based on the nature of the
assemblage. Charcoal collected from the feature was radiocarbon-dated
to 468 ± 80 B.P. and 580 ± 120 B.P.
Charcoal, ash, and bone were found at comparable elevations in
adjacent units TT1F, lC (a composite charcoal sample from this unit was
dated to 350 ± 90 B.P. and is probably associated with Feature 4/6), lD,
and TB1. Evidence also suggests the presence of earlier hearth
features, though the disturbance in this area frustrates a precise
interpretation. Gannon (fieldnotes, August 7, 1968) notes that TT1P
exhibits an ash lens "appearing ... slightly below the big ash and
charcoal pit. It may be separate or it, more possibly, is part of the
other." Consistent with this observation is the recorded association of
"ash lens" for 21 artifacts which were recovered between 8.55 and 8.30 m
(levels 6 and 7) in TT1P. Multiple components are also suggested by the
bimodal vertical distribution of point-provenienced artifacts for all of
Test Trench 1, which exhibits peaks at 9.00-8.90 m and 8.60-8.50 m and a
trough between 8.80 and 8.70 m (Figure 13). It would be unwise,
however, to place too much emphasis on this apparent pattern, given the
disturbance from prehistoric and recent digging in this part of the
site.
The possibility of an additional feature in this area is suggested
by a sketch showing three "fired rocks" and "fire-baked dirt" in Level 8
': 101
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Figure 13. Distribution of point-provenienced artifacts, TTl and TB1.
(8.30-8.10 m) of TT1P. This feature appears to encompass the southwest-
According to fieldnotes, Level 8 contains "quite a bit of scattered
ern corner of the TT1P, extending from 8.8-9.5x and from l3.50-l4.00y .•
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charcoal." No other information is available .
Feature 7
This feature is described as a concentration of four metates
recorded in Level 2 of TT3A. One, CC2-40, has been reclassified as an
anvil by the present analyst. The feature comprises the following
artifacts:
.,
102
CC2-38: 2.5-2.65x/23.80-24.00y; surface 8.58 m; notes: on CC2-104;
CC2-39: 2.95-3.3x/23.45-23.87y; surface 8.64 m; notes: upside down;
CC2-40: 3.15-3.30x/23.05-23.35y; surface 8.58 m; notes: upside down;
CC2-104: 2.5-2.65x/23.75-24y; surface 8.52 m; under CC2-38.
Feature 8
This feature is described as a cluster of two cores and two manos
in TT3A, Level 2. The cobbles originally described as manos are
unmodified and are not considered artifacts by the present analyst. The
feature comprises the following specimens:
CC2-52 (core): 2.95x/23.65y; elevation 8.57 m;
CC2-53 (core): 3.5x/23.8y; elevation 8.56 m;
CC2-54 (cobble): 3.2x/23.65y; elevation 8.58 m;
CC2-55 (cobble): 3.6x/23.9y; elevation 8.53 m.
Feature 10
Feature 10 consists of one metate and an alleged mano in Level 3
of TT3A. The "mano" appears to be unmodified and is not considered to
be an artifact by the present analyst. The feature description also
mentions a large amount of cultural material, including flakes,
scattered charcoal, and bone, most of it charred. The following two
items were catalogued:
103
CC2-8l (metate): in east wall, 2.9-3.2x/23.00-23.22y, surface at 8.45 m;
CC2-87 (cobble): underneath metate, 3.9x/23.ly; elevation 8.40 m.
Feature 11
This feature is described as "one metate with best-worked face
down," TT4C, Level 2. Provenience is recorded as 0.5x-0.85x/20.43-
20.79y, with a surface at 8.83m. There is no record of this specimen in
the artifact catalog, and it may have subsequently been rejected as an
artifact.
Feature 12
This feature is described as a concentration of two metates and
one mano in Level 6 of TT3A. Artifacts are said to have been found in
river gravel, over a "yellow hard packed clay sand layer underneath a
clay layer." The following specimen was collected:
CC2-l37: 3.2-3.35x/23.3-23.5y, elevation 7.90m.
The artifact catalog lists no catalog entry for a second metate or mano
in this vicinity. CC2-l37 is identified here as a battered cobble,
possibly a hammerstone.
".
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104
Depressions
Three depressions, while not referred to as "features," per se,
are mentioned in Gannon's reports, including "one at about Ox,20y; one
at about 3x,24y; and a very prominent one under the overhang" (Gannon
1970:8). As two of these depressions, at least, may represent the
remains of house features, they are here discussed in greater detail.
They will be identified as pits #1, 2, and 3.
Pit #1. "under the overhang"
This discussion refers to the vicinity of TTl. Gannon (1968:2)
suggests in his first report that
earth was removed from along the base of the cliff by the
inhabitants and thrown out around the periphery forming a
sheltered depression of sorts. This is manifested by a uniform
stratum of rock along the periphery. In places the cliff
overhangs, thereby offering further protection.
By 1970, there appears to be some doubt regarding the.cultural
nature of the rock feature: "Excavation, however, revealed that it is
primarily the result of talus accumulation outside the brow of the
overhang. It is, in other words, a 'rock shadow'" (Gannon 1970:8).
The depression was attributed in part to a pit excavated through the
cobble stratum (D), resulting in a dipping down of the cultural stratum
(B) and its "unconformable contact with the basal silts (Stratum E)"
(Gannon 1970:8,10). The precise nature of this "pit" is unclear. A
planview of the base of Level 4 (8.45-8.25m) refers to a "truncation
i,
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L •
105
rim" which cross-cuts TT1F in an arc from southwest to northeast. This
truncation was apparently visible in the south walls of TT1A and the
east wall of lC, though these walls were not profiled and this can
therefore not be verified. At 8.50 m, stratum D (river gravels) was
also observed to "dip" under the cultural stratum in the western portion
of TT1A.
Like the next feature to be discussed, the pit is said to have
"contained abundant mammal bones, consisting mainly of longitudinally
split long-bones. Presumably, these represent butchering activities for
the purpose of extracting marrow" (Gannon 1970:2). Almost half of all
animal bone recovered at the site was, in fact, recovered in TTl,
largely in units TT1A, C, F, and P. Amounts decline dramatically to the
east and west. With the exception of felids, this area produced
representatives of all taxa identified at the site, including 91% of all
lagomorph elements recovered at 35WH7 (see Faunal Analysis, this
chapter). The remains also include two owl bones (long-eared owl, Asio
otus, and screech owl, Otus asio). Both of these were provenienced as
"pothole" (here assumed to represent TT1P) , without vertical
association.
It is not clear what proportion of the faunal materials from the
northeastern portion of 35WH7 represents the result of human activities,
and how many may be attributed to natural causes such as burrowing and
the predatory activities of owls (see Faunal Analysis, this chapter, and
Mack, Appendix C). As only a few bones from this area were charred, and
d
I
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106
these range from deer to vole in size, this criterion does not serve as
a good discriminator.
Clearly, the sheltered area "under the overhang" represents a
preferred portion of the site and was intensively used, probably on more
than one occasion. The space--some 3 x 3 m--is large enough to
accommodate a wickiup or windbreak built over an shallow pit, though the
former presence of such a structure can no longer be ascertained. It
would, however, explain the sudden decline in the depth of cultural
deposits from 1 m in TT1D to 40 cm in adjacent TT2H. Two grass-lined
depressions, measuring 8-9 feet in diameter (2.4-2.7 m), and 2-2.5 feet
(0.6-0.8 m) in depth, have been reported from a cave along Pine Hollow,
a tributary drainage_ to the lower John Day River (Krieger 1938:16-19)
(see Chapter 4). It is likely that cliffs and rockshelters in
combination with wickiup-type structures frequently provided protection
from the elements in the absence of more substantial and labor-intensive
semi-subterranean pithouses.
Pi t #2, Ox120y
The presence of a pit in TT4 was suggested to excavators by a
"truncation" of strata in TT4H and adjacent 4J. A transit map prepared
during the first season of excavation indicates a "hollow" for this area
which is supported by surface elevations which indicate a slight
depression.
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107
The truncation was first observed at the top of Level 3 (8.50 m).
A pit appeared to have been excavated through the gravels of stratum D
down to the top of the basal silts (Stratum E) at approximately 8.18 m.
It contained a metate (CC2-834, surface 8.60 m), cobbles, charcoal and
animal bone. As this area was excavated throughout three seasons (1968-
1970), with contiguous units opened at different times, the full extent
of this feature was not recognized in the field. However, several
detailed planviews allow a tentative reconstruction of the feature
(Figure 14). Based on these, the truncation appears to continue in an
arc into TT4D. When the planview of TT4C is turned 180 degrees from its
original orientation (several instances of misoriented directional
arrows occur in the fieldnotes), the presence of a circular depression,
measuring approximately 2 m diameter, becomes apparent, the western and
northern edges of which probably lie in TT4F and TT4C, respectively.
Discrete activity areas are suggested by a large concentration of green
CCS flakes in adjacent TT5C and an area of scattered bone in TT4H
(mostly between 8.53 m and 8.19 m).
As many artifacts are provenienced to a 20 cm level, it is not
possible to isolate materials associated with a floor, per se. However,
material found below 8.40 m in TT4C, D, F, G, and B, and below 8.50 m in
TT4F, H, J, and 5C (different intervals were used by excavators in these
sets of units) consists in large part of utilized flakes, utilized
chunks, worked flakes, and scrapers, bifaces and knives, as well as
projectile points (ES series, both broad- and narrow-necked, PS, CS1,
CS6, and CB2). Four metates were,in addition, found in this vicinity.
108
trimmed block
#465
TI4J
bW
~~
• core
,
It. projeclile point
( 6. Mace
l 8 ~~"'0 ~\ animal bonei ~~i c:-,C::::J'"~,j,: o TI41
I,
Figure 14. TT4 house floor, p1anview.
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109
Only one core was recovered, a piece of green chert from TT4D, probably
associated with the flake concentration discussed above. Such
manufacturing tools as drills and gravers are absent. In general, the
assemblage appears to represent lithic reduction, as well as hunting and
game processing activities associated with the adjacent concentration of
bone.
Most of the faunal remains identifiable to at least the level of
order from this area are Cervids, with the majority represented by mule
deer (Odocoileus hemionus) (see Faunal Remains: Vertebrates, this
chapter). Additional artiodactyls include elk and bighorn sheep (one
specimen). Juveniles are represented among both the deer and the elk,
including an approximately 1.5 year-old elk and an approximately 18-20
month-old deer. This circumstance suggests a late winter-early spring
occupation (see Faunal Remains, this chapter, and Mack, Appendix C).
Excluding specimens recovered from levels well above the feature, and
rodents which are probably intrusive to the deposits, there remain four
scored and snapped carnivore epiphyses (three from bobcat and one from
cougar) which appear to represent debris from bone bead manufacture (see
Faunal Remains, this chapter, and Mack, Appendix C). Two bones are from
an unidentified reptile and from bushytail woodrat (Neotoma cinerea).
A ring of cobbles measuring ca. 70 cm in diameter and located in
the northwestern corner of TT4J and the northeastern corner of TT4H is
associated with two concentrations of charcoal radiocarbon-dated to 470
± 90 B.P. This feature may represent a hearth. Rocks mapped throughout
the depression include "angular rocks," "river rocks," and "fired
, .
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~...•.~·.4.·,.
,. ,
ml
"£'1
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110
rocks," however a note attached to a plan drawing of TT4J (levels 2-4)
comments with reference to TT4H,
charcoal stained soil is top of basal silts--at first a suspected
fire-pit, but no fired cobbles to speak of, fired soil, or ash.
Charcoal may have been associated with cobbles (fired) to west.
The note ends by suggesting that the feature is "probably a dump
(midden)." Earlier field observations for Level 3 of TT4C, suggested
that this unit might represent "the center of a pithouse or something
similar. The matrix is generally softer than A or B which is consider-
ably rockier" (fieldnotes, B, Gannon, August 9, 1968),
While the function of this feature probably cannot be ascertained
on the basis of existing information, the most parsimonious explanation
does, in fact, support the presence of a house floor. This inference is
supported by the distribution of lithic debris in the area (see Lithic
Debitage). Its modest dimensions (no more than 2 m in diameter, and
probably no more than 40 em in depth) suggest a wickiup-shaped structure
comparable to those discussed above (see Pit #1). The similarity
between this feature and the depresssion in the northeast corner of the
site suggest that at least two such structures may have been present.
3x124y
The third possible depression, which would be located in the
vicinity of TT3G and TT3A, is not further discussed in any of Gannon's
reports. Excavation notes observe that TT3A was less rocky than TT3B
and TT3C because of protection from the adjacent cliff (August 5, 1968).
I,
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111
A rim of cleared rockfall as observed for TTl could account for the
apparent depression in this area. A pothole is reported for the
northeast corner of TT3A, suggesting a further source of disturbance.
Charcoal Lens
Charcoal was collected from a lens in the southwest of TT3E,
extending from 1.6 to 1.96x and from 22.87 to 23y, at an elevation of
8.67-8.57 m (Level 2, 8.70-8.50 m). An ash lens was noted immediately
to the north, extending from the charcoal lens to the north wall of the
unit (2.5x). No further information is given for this feature, but it
is said to be associated with rockfall and one mussel shell. It is
unclear how it relates to adjacent units, and it is not represented on
the north wall profile for TT3E. However, "excessive amounts of
charcoal" were observed in level 2 of TT3B and the elevation is
comparable to Features 7 and 8 of TT3A. A sample of 30 grams of the
charcoal was radiocarbon-dated at 1160 ± 90 B.P. A more precise
interpretation of this feature, as well as an assessment of the validity
of the radiocarbon date is not possible.
Radiocarbon Dates
A total of seven radiocarbon dates were obtained from 35WH7 (Table
5). These include five dates on charcoal from subsurface features and
two dates on unburnt wooden at1at1dart shafts from a cache found in a
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112
crevice in the cliff face overlooking the site. Notes in the following
section regarding subsurface sample proveniences are taken from the
radiocarbon Sample Data Forms submitted to the Gakushuin University
radiocarbon laboratory. Samples #1, 2, and 5 were collected in 1968,
samples 3, 4, and 6 were collected in 1969, and sample #7 was collected
in 1970. Table 6 lists dates and age ranges at one sigma after
calibration to correct for fluctuations in atmospheric radiocarbon
content over time (based on the intercept method of Stuiver and Pearson
1993).
Of the dates on buried material, three are from the eastern edge
of the site. GaK 2176 (468 ± 80 B.P.), taken from "a depth of about 50
cms" may be associated with the upper portion of the Feature 4/6 firepit
in TT1A. The second sample from this feature, GaK 2726 (580 ± 120
B.P.), is attributed to Level 6, at the "lower level of charcoal lens."
Based on an approximated surface elevation of 9.60 m to 9.50 m for TT1A,
Level 6 begins at 80 to 90 cms depth. The first date of 468 ± 80 B.P.
does, in fact, appear to be younger than the lower date of 580 ± 120
B.P., though they are statistically the same (see below).
The third date from the eastern portion of the site (GaK 2727, 350
± 90 B.P.) was returned on charcoal from TT1C (9.03-8.98 m). This would
place it at approximately the same absolute elevation as as the upper
date on the firepit in TT1A and slightly above the elevation given for
the firepit rim (8.90 m). At the time of submission, this sample was
tentatively identified as possible refuse material which had been thrown
out of the firepit.
rI
113
Table 5. Radiocarbon Dates and Source Information, 35WH7
Sample Lab Radiocarbon Sample Sample
No. No. Age Source Location
1 GaK 2176 468 ± 80 B.P. Firepit TT1A?
50cm b.s.
2 GaK 2177 2380 ± 100 B.P. Dart shaft Cache
3 GaK 2728 1160 ± 90 B.P. Charcoal lens TT3E
8.67-8.57 m
4 GaK 2727 350 ± 90 B.P. Charc./ash/bone TT1C
concentration 9.03-8.98 m
5 GaK 2726 580 ± 120 B.P. Firepit TT1A
"L-6"
6 GaK 2725 2230 ± 90 B.P. Dart shaft Cache
7 GaK 3309 470 ± 90 B.P. 2 charcoal lenses TT4J
8.38-8.25 m
Table 6. Radiocarbon Dates and Calibrated Ages, 35WH7
calibration based on Stuiver and Pearson 1993
calibrated age range at 1 sigma
multiple possible intercepts
•
Sample Radiocarbon Calibrated Min. Cal.
No. Age Agel Age2
1 468 ± 80 B.P. 1439 A.D. 1408 A.D.
23 2380 ± 100 B.P. 403 B.C. 756 B.C.
3 1160 ± 90 B.P. 888 A.D. 779 A.D.
43 350 ± 90 B.P. 1516, 1591, 1621 A.D. 1446 A.D.
5 580 ± 120 B.P. 1400 A.D. 1293 A.D.
63 2230 ± 90 B.P. 357, 288, 250 B.C. 392 B.C.
7 470 ± 90 B.P. 1438 A.D. 1405 A.D.
l.
2.
3.
Max. Cal.
Age 2
1479 A.D.
376 A.D.
990 A.D.
1654 A.D.
1441 A.D.
173 B.C.
1483 A.D.
t .
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114
GaK 3309 (470 ± 90 B.P.) dates two charcoal lenses in TT4H and J.
Their elevation of 8.38-8.25 m is consistent with the scatter of bone
marking the floor the house feature identified as Pit #2. The final
sample, represented by GaK-2728 (1160 ± 90 B.P.), "comes from a well-
defined charcoal lens, but may be composite." Little additional
information is available on the significance of this last sample, though
it seems to lie above the main peak in cultural debris in this and
adjacent units.
In order to assess the degree of independence of the radiocarbon
dates, Student's t ratios were calculated for each pair of dates using
uncalibrated age values (Thomas 1986:249-251). Results are presented in
Table 7. Comparison with the expected t-value for a 0.05 level of
significance (t=1.96) indicates that the four youngest dates are
statistically the same, as are the two oldest dates. While this is to
be expected for the dart shafts, it also demonstrates the roughly
contemporaneous use of two noncontiguous portions of the site, the area
of TTl to the east and the western area of TT4.
Artifacts Collected
Lithic Debitage
During fieldwork at 35WH7, lithic debris was systematically
collected during screening and was bagged by excavation unit and level.
For the present analysis, all debitage was counted and separated by
115
large, early-stage reduction flake types.
(e.g. Sullivan and Rozen 1985) was not undertaken because of the
been utilized in the field, and the resulting selective retention of
2230 2380
14.80 15.04
14.68 14.94
13.86 14.15
11.00 11.54
8.43 9.04
1:::1 ~: ~11
1. 53 6.38
0.78 5.77
0.73 5.43
3.87
3.87
11.00 8.43
11.54 9.04
5.43
0.94
13.86
14.15
0.02
0.73
Radiocarbon Years B.P.
468 470 580 1160
5.77
0.78
0.02
0.98
14.68
14.94
Computed t-ratios for Paired Radiocarbon Dates 1
350
0.94
1. 53
0.98
14.80
6.38
15.04
Table 7.
350
580
468
470
Flakes of uncertain or questionable provenience and those recov-
RCYBP
2380
2230
probable bias created_by the 1/4 inch screen mesh size thought to have
1160
material. A more fine-grained, technological analysis of the debitage
1. statistically similar dates are grouped within boxes
ered from wall cleaning and floor-sweeping activities were not included
in the present analysis. With one exception, which will be discussed
I,
l'.nI
below, no attempt was made to distinguish between different cherts or
different mafic rocks. All are referred to as "CCS" (cryptocrystalline
silicates) and "basalt," respectively.
In the process of sorting and counting flakes, the present
investigator retrieved 543 formed/~ti1ized tools encompassing most
i,
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116
classes represented at the site. These were catalogued and analyzed
together with artifacts identified by OMSI workers. These 543 tools
(identified by catalog numbers higher than CC2-l039 and lower than CC2-
9991) constitute slightly more than a third of the total assemblage.
In spite of the coarse screen mesh used in the excavations, a
total of 19,191 flakes was recovered from the site. These include
17,307 CCS flakes (90%), 1,674 basalt flakes (9%), and 197 obsidian
flakes (1%). The proportions of CCS and basalt among the debitage are
essentially identical to those represented among cores, of which 90% are
CCS and 10% are basalt (N=106). It is likely that core reduction took
place at the site. The small proportion of recovered obsidian flakes
(1%) is comparable to its representation among most other artifact
classes at 35WH7. Projectile points, almost 15% of which are
manufactured of obsidian, constitute an exception. The differential
representation of obsidian suggests that it was brought to the site as
finished points or preforms. Any obsidian waste material would have
been produced in reworking and resharpening activities; the resulting
small pressure flakes would not have been retained in the quarter-inch
mesh screens used at the site (cf. Towner and Warburton 1990). This may
explain its proportionately low representation.
In order to compare materials from excavation units of varying
dimensions, flake densities per cubic meter were computed for all levels
for which relatively unambiguous flake data exist. Of necessity, this
required some degree of extrapolation, particularly in defining surface
and bottom levels for which beginning and ending elevations are not
,
1
117
always present. Level densities were, finally, averaged by excavation
unit, producing a set of values indicating average flake density per m3
for each square. In spite of the uncertainties in the data, some
patterning is apparent in the distribution of the values and will be
discussed in the following section.
Flake densities vary considerably across the site, ranging from a
low of 20 flakes per m3 meter to a high of 3,803 flakes per m3 (Figure
15). The eastern and western portions of the site are, generally
speaking, characterized by higher densities, separated by an area of
lower density encompassing all of TT2. Three major centers of gravity
are present within the eastern and western areas. These are centered on
TT1C (with 613 flakes/m3 ), TT5C (3,803 flakes/m3 ), and TT3P (1,346
flakes/m3 ). An apparent peak in TT2L, with 903 flakes/m3 , is probably
spurious, resulting from an unsuccessful attempt at reconciling
inconsistent surface level assignments. Levels 4 and 5 of this unit are
comparable to adjacent squares and probably valid.
In order to investigate more closely the observed areal pattern-
ing, flake counts were plotted vertically by level for each unit.
Particular attention was given to the presence and patterning of
multiple peaks in debris counts which might suggest more than one
occupational episode or "component." This analysis is complicated by
differing level breaks used for adjacent units (in TT1A, Levell extends
from 9.70-9.50 m, in adjacent TT1F from 9.45-9.25 m, and in TT1C,
immediately to the south, from 9.30-9.20 m. An additional problem is
posed by the presence of potholes in TT1P, lD, 3A, and 3P, and possibly
118
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Q
G;J--- -4x grid line
276 160
751 554 338 135 Ox grid lillc
I
17y
grid lillc
528 413
403 341
t
I
24y
grid line
35WH7
Cove Creek 2
contour interval is 0.10 m
0••==-.1::::J••5 meters
I
'i
Figure 15. Average flake density (per m3 ) by excavation unit, 35WH7.
11*" indicates problematic value, see text .
•
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119
also some degree of disturbance in TT1F, making it difficult to assess
surface elevations. In spite of these difficulties, some patterning can
be discerned and will now be discussed, proceeding from east to west.
Both TT1A and TT1D show dual peaks in flake counts, whereas TT1F,
TT1C, TT1P, and TBl are each characterized by a single maximum. A
slight increase in debris in level 10 of TT1P is attributed to the
inception of a new field season and the accumulation of debris from
higher levels during the intervening winter of 1968/69. Relative to
absolute elevation, the distribution of peaks and lows in the various
units shows little mutual correspondence (Figure 16). When plotted
according to approximate depth below surface, however, individual peaks
tend to cluster into_two broad groups (Figure 17). The already-
mentioned bimodal distribution of point-provenienced artifacts (see
Features, Figure 13) lends further support to this pattern.
Flake counts drop off to the east and to the west. TT1B, thought
to be rockier than adjacent units because of talus accumulation outside
the brow of the overhang (Gannon 1970:8), shows a 91% drop in flakes
relative to adjacent TT1A. While not of the same magnitude, TT2 flake
densities also show a consistent decrease relative to TTl, ranging from
132 (TT2K) to 305 (TT28) per m3 • Cultural deposits are shallow in this
part of the site, generally not exceeding 40-60 cm. Flake counts
decline from a high in the surface levels in units of eastern TT2 (H, G,
Q, T, F, 8, and R), whereas counts are highest between 20 and 40 cm
below surface in the western units of TT2 (A, B, D, E, K, L). The
reason for this particular difference is not clear but may reflect a
p'.i
120
7.70·7.507.90-7.70
--------1F
-------lP
8.10-7.908.30-8.108.50-8.308.70-8.508.90-8.70
---- ----- lA
--------lC
--"'--",-10
/\
/ \
/"-. // \
..........-..,,L-/-, y \
" \
"'" \
...~, \ ..... ,
~.. ' ................ ---- ...........................
.......
......
Debitage frequency by elevation, TTl.
9.10-8.90
/' ~/' />« ..~
/' /' /' '"
_ ... _ .. ' "'--
9.30-9.10
Figure 16.
9.50-9.30
Excavation Elevation 1m)
i
300
>- 250u
c
t CIl::lC" 200~, f
i,. I!.
hhJ III
r CI 150\ . ~.cCIl 100C
50
---- ----- lA
--------lC
--,,,---,,-10
--------IF
-------lP
.......... _--_ ...............
......~-_ ............-
)1'
"
.. ~ I
f:", ,
"
300
>-u 250c
III
::l
C" 200f
I!.
III
CI 150~
.c
III
c 100
-- ...~
50
20 40 80 80 100 120 140 160 180
Depth Below Surface (em)
(frequency graphed at level midpoint)
"i
Figure 17 . Debitage frequency by depth below surface, TTl.
•
I
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,------- •
121
slope in cultural deposits from east to west. Squares TT2N and TT20, at
the southern end of the excavated block, show roughly equivalent, but
low counts throughout the two levels of cultural deposits.
West of TT2, flake counts and average densities increase in TT4
and TTS, with a peak in the vicinity of TT4C and SC. The peak in TTSC
(3,803 flakes/m3 ) is attributable to a concentration of green CCS flakes
which was noted by excavators in the field, who felt that it clustered
around a metate (CC2-833) situated in Level 3. Because of this
observation and in order to tease out a possible activity area or living
floor, flakes of this material (dark green opaque CCS) were counted
separately for this study. Green CCS flakes, which constitute 16%
(N=31SS) of all flakes at the site, do, in fact, make up the bulk of
lithic debris in TTSC (N=987, or 87%), dropping off dramatically in
adjacent areas, where they make up percentages ranging from 10% to 26%
of the total debris counts (Figure 18).
High overall flake densities were also found in TT4C (751
flakes/m3 ). Average densities decrease away from this unit (with the
exception of TTSC already discussed), paralleling a decrease in the
absolute depth of cultural deposits (Figure 19). Thus, flakes were
recorded for seven levels (1.4 m) in TT4C, as compared to four levels in
TT3C (Level 4 of TT3C only contained 0.5% of all flakes found in this
unit, making the contrast even more pronounced). An inversion in this
relationship is, however, noted for levell, which is characterized by
an increase in flakes away from TT4C (Table 8). Field observations for
level 3 of TT4C suggested that this' unit might represent "the center of
';
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D
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122
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Figure 18. Horizontal distribution of green chert flakes, plotted by
SURFER software. Contours outside of excavated units are
extrapolated.
a pithouse or something similar" (Gannon, August 9, 1968). The
distribution of flakes in TT4 supports this conclusion, which has been
validated on the basis of other lines of evidence (see Features, Pit
fJ2) .
Finally, a third concentration of flake debris is observed in
units of TT3 located adjacent to the cliff face. They encompass, in
particular, TT3P, A, F, and E, which exhibit average densities of
between 1,346 and 1,014 flakes/m3 • Like TTl, this part of the site was
disturbed before inception of fieldwork, and it is difficult to match
vertical flake distribution profiles from one unit to the next. As in
the eastern portion of the site, however, there is a suggestion of
multiple occupation episodes. A major peak is present between 8.50 and
8.30 m (Level 3) of units TT3G, A, P, E, and H. In TT3P, this maximum
rIi
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123
Table 8. Debitage Frequencies by Level Across TT4 House Depression
Excavation Unit. TT-
Level 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 2E
1 107 147 57 84 58
(25.4) (27.3) (5.7) (16.2) (75.3)
2 146 158 384 154 19 8
(34.7) (29.3) (38.6) (29.6) (24.7) (16.3)
3 117 118 377 132 29
(27.8) (21.9) (37.9) (25.4) (59.2)
4 19 64 77 47 12
(4.5) (11.9) (7.7) (9.0) (24.5)
5 32 36 58 71
(7.6) (6.7) (5.8) (13.7)
6 16 20 28
(3.0) (2.0) (5.4)
7 22 4
(2.2) (0.8)
Total 421 539 995 520 77 49
(%) (100) (100.1) (99.9) (100.1) (100) (l00)
----- LEVEL7
- - - LEVEL6
- - - - - LEVELS
............ LEVEL4
------- LEVEL3
- LEVEL2
--- LEVELl
2E4E4D4C
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, II
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I II
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I \
I I I, \\
I I
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I
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200
100
400
300;;.,
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Figure 19. Debitage frequency by level across TT4 house depression.
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extends over two levels, from 8.70-8.30 m. Flake counts are also high
at the surface in TT3G, D, adjacent TT5A, and 3E. The lower surface
counts in TT3A and P may be merely a result of the pothole that extends
into both units. A third, albeit smaller, maximum, appears between 8.10
and 7.90 m, in levels 5 or 6, depending on the unit (see TT3A, P, D,
SA). TT3F, with dual peaks between 8.70 and 8.50 m, and between 8.30
and 8.10 m, does not coincide precisely with the patterns noted for the
rest of the units, although its average flake density (1014 f1akes/m3 ),
is reasonably close to adjacent units TT3A, E, and P. No reliable
counts are available for TT3B.
To summarize, relative flake densities per m3 calculated for 35WH7
divide the site into three major portions. The east, represented by
units around TTl, and the west, comprised of TT3, 4, 5, and 7, show high
flake densities radiating from three centers of gravity. The
intermediate block comprising TT2 is, in contrast, generally
characterized by low flake densities in shallow cultural deposits, as is
the outlying TT6. Vertical density profiles are inconsistent and
difficult to reconcile. Multiple peaks may, however, suggest multiple
episodes of occupation in TTl and TT3. Their interpretation is confused
by recent vandalism at the site. The existence of a habitation floor
centered on TT4C is supported by the distribution of flaking debris, as
is the presence of an associated activity area, resulting from the
reduction of green chert .
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Flaked Stone Tools
Projectile Points
Three hundred eighty-nine items from 35WH7 have been identified as
projectile points. These include 176 specimens with enough diagnostic
features remaining to allow their assignment to recognizable types, and
213 items listed merely as unclassifiable point fragments. Proximal
fragments and midsections predominate in the projectile point
assemblage, respectively comprising 32.6% (N=127) and 33.2% (N=129) of
all specimens. Only smaller frequencies of complete (N=44 or 11.3%) and
distal (N=56 or 14.4%) specimens are present. This suggests the
importance of retooling as an activity at the site, including the
removal of broken bases and the rehafting of new or reworked
projectiles. This inference is supported by the paucity of barbs and
ears (only two barbs, about half of one percent of the point assemblage,
were recovered), although coarse mesh screening may also have limited
the recovery of these small elements. The rest of the fragments are
lateral or unidentifiable pieces.
While cryptocrystalline silicates (CCS) represent the dominant raw
material in the flaked tools at 35WH7, there is a substantial proportion
of obsidian in the projectile point assemblage (Table 9). Almost 15%
L,I,L •
(N=58 or 14.9%) of artifacts of this class are made of obsidian, which
contrasts markedly with the almost negligible presence of this material
among the debitage.
126
Table 9. Projectile Point Distribution by Raw Material and Test Trench
Raw
Mat.
Obs.
%
TTl
22
19.1
TT2 TT3
7 15
6.1 21.7
TT4
5
13.2
TT5
1
7.1
TT6
0.0
TT7 TBl
4
0.0 33.3
PH
4
36.4
No
Provo Tot.
58
0.0 14.9
Non-
Obs.
%
Tot.
%
93
80.9
115
100
108
93.9
115
100
54
78.3
69
100
33
86.8
38
100
13
92.9
14
100
4
100
4
100
9
100
9
100
8
66.7
12
100
7
63.6
11
100
2
100
2
100
331
85.1
389
100
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Viewed spatially, obsidian is unevenly distributed across the
site. While about 30% of all projectile points were recovered from TT2
(N=115), this area contributed only 12.1% of obsidian points. The
northeastern portion of the site (TTl, TB1, and potholes), on the other
hand, while accounting for 35.5% (N=138) of all projectile points,
produced almost 52% (N=30) of all obsidian specimens. Similarly, 25.9%
(N=15) of all obsidian points were recovered from TT3, which produced
17.7% of all projectile points. This tendency seems to drop off at the
eastern edge of TT3, with both TT3D and adjacent TT7 and TT5 exhibiting
lower proportions of obsidian than their total point counts would
predict. Only in TT4 does the proportion of obsidian used in projectile
points approximate the percentage of points found in this area. The
distribution of obsidian projectile points supports the spatial
partitioning already noted for the site based on lithic debitage
densities .
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127
For the purpose of this analysis, all projectile points were
weighed and measured by length, width, thickness, basal width, neck
width, and stem length. Incomplete measurements were recorded and
marked with an asterisk; no attempt was made to estimate complete
dimensions. Metric data are given in Appendix A.
Neck widths were graphed for specimens in which this element is
complete (N=149). The results are shown in Figure 20. The graph shows
the bimodal distribution which has been observed at many sites in the
Far West and which is interpreted as the division between dart points
and smaller arrow points (Corliss 1972). The division falls at approxi-
mately 7 mm, though the boundary is broad and could also be drawn at 6
or 8 mm. The contemporaneity of dart and arrow points has frequently
been observed at sites in the Columbia Plateau (cf. Brauner 1976).
While the bow and arrow were introduced approximately 2,000 to 3,000
years ago, they did not immediately replace the atlatl and dart.
Substantial numbers of broad-necked points are found in late prehistoric
times, such as during the later Quinton Phase (A.D. 1400-1750) at the
Wildcat Canyon Site (Dumond and Minor 1983:150-151; see also Chapter 4,
this study).
At 35WH7, both broad-necked and narrow-necked projectile points
(neck widths exceeding 7 mm, and neck widths equal to or greater than 7
mm, respectively) are present in roughly equal proportions (55% and
45%). However, arrow and dart points are not equally distributed across
the site. While TT3 and the area around TTl (including TB1) are
characterized by approximately equal neck width ratios (16 narrow-necked
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128
Neck Width
I / I I I I I I
r--
r--
f-
-
f--
r--
-
f- r-- - -
- C-- I
f--
m-I
30
20
o
0.0 0,1 02 0,:3 0.4 0,/5 O,B 0,7 0.8 0,9 1.0 1,1 12 1,:3 1.4 1.6
10
Figure 20. Frequency distribution of projectile point neck widths
(complete neck widths only).
to 14 broad-necked points in TT3, and 21 narrow-necked to 21 broad-
necked points in TTl), the proportions are skewed towards broad-necked
types in TT2 (five narrow-necked to 34 broad-necked specimens) and
towards narrow-necked points in TT4 (15 narrow-necked to five broad-
necked points). Sample sizes in the other test trenches are too small
to be meaningful. The spatial patterning of neck widths supports the
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horizontal division of the site into components of differing ages, a
conclusion which will be returned to later .
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Classification
In total, 176 projectile points from 35WH7 were complete enough to
allow their assignment to known morphological point types. In order to
facilitate regional comparisons and to avoid further proliferation of
local typologies, all projectile points were classified according to the
system developed by Dumond and Minor (1983) for material from the
Wildcat Canyon Site, 35GM9, some 90 km to the north at the mouth of the
John Day River (see Chapter 4). Projectile points collected and
classified during the Pine Creek Archaeological Survey supported the
applicability of the typology to the Study Area. Inconsistencies are,
however, noted where present, and new types defined where necessary. In
addition, comparisons are drawn to other potentially relevant
assemblages.
Expanding Stem series (ES) (Figure 21): Expanding stem series
points at Wildcat Canyon are divided into types on the basis of neck
width and basal morphology. Numerical designators ranging from 1 to 4
indicate successively larger neck widths, while points with indented
bases are designated by the letter "I." All are associated
predominantly with the Wildcat Phase (2500-1000 B.P.). Narrow-necked ES
series points were found to be somewhat more commom in its middle and
later subphases (after 2000 B.P.), although they are also represented in
the preceding Canyon Phase (6500-5000 B.P) and the following Quinton
Phase (1000 B.P. to Euroamerican contact). According to Dumond and
Minor (1983:170),
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a b
c d
e
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Figure 2l. Expanding Stem series projectile points, 35WH7.
a. CC2-l96 e. CC2-80l h. CC2-805/484 k. CC2-371
b. CC2-477 f. CC2-545 i. CC2-199 1. CC2-849
c. CC2-966 g. CC2-942 j. CC2-l78 m. CC2-366
d. CC2-544
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131
the smaller two (ESl and ES2) appear morphologically related
to the Eastgate and Rose Spring series of the Great Basin,
the larger two (ES3 and ES4) appear similarly related to the
Elko Corner Notched points of the Elko series (Heizer and
Hester 1978), although at Wildcat Canyon the two subsets
appear thoroughly intermingled, whereas the Basin types seem
to be more nearly differentially distributed in time or
space.
The Rosegate series is generally dated to between 1700 B.P. and
700 B.P. (Heizer and Hester 1978:9; Thomas 1981:18; Holmer 1986:107),
although its age range may be broader in the Northern Great Basin (e.g.
from 2000 B.P. to contact, cf. Pettigrew 1985:104). This age range is
compatible with that indicated for expanding stem points at Wildcat
Canyon.
Dating of the Elko series is less clear-cut and problems in its
chronological placement have been discussed in length (eg. Holmer
1986:101-104, Oetting 1989:433-434). These include, in particular, the
discontinuous distribution of this style over at least 7000 years in the
eastern Great Basin, as contrasted to its lesser time depth in the
western Great Basin, where it has been dated to between 3300 and 1300
B.P. (Thomas 1981:20).
A pre-7000 B.P. age has, in some instances, also been suggested
for the Elko series in the northern Great Basin. One Elko Corner-
notched point is, for example, associated with Cultural Zone VI at Dirty
Shame Rockshelter. Zone VI is dated to 9500-7900 B.P. (Aikens, Cole,
and Stuckenrath 1977:8; Hanes 1977:Table 2; for other examples, see
Wilde 1985). Wilde (1985:146) suggests two "chronotypes" for the Elko
series. ELKl (4000-800 B.P.) is represented by "primarily Elko Eared,
Side and Corner-notched points from the central and southern Great
.,
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132
Basin," whereas ELK2 consists "primarily of E1ko Eared points (7200-4200
B.P.) from the Northern Basin." At Lake Abert, farther to the west and
and to the north, E1ko points are thought to date to between 4000 B.P.
and 1000 B.P. (Oetting 1989:434). A final resolution of this question
is probably not possible on the basis of existing data, but the age of
this point style in the Pine Creek Basin will undoubtedly fall somewhere
between dates established for Wildcat Canyon and Lake Abert.
ES1: These are small, narrow-necked points with expanding stems
and either straight or convex bases. They are fashioned on triangular
blanks which are notched either from the base or from the corners. This
results in the formation of barbs which range in shape from pointed to
rounded or squared and which may extend rearward to a point even with
the base. Blade shape is usually straight to slightly concave, though
one especially finely finished specimen at the present site (CC2-196;
Figure 21a) is characterized by excurvate-incurvate margins and short,
pointed, slightly outf1aring barbs.
ES1 points at the Wildcat Canyon Site measure 15 to 50 mm in
length, 7 to 21 mm in width, with 1ength-to-width (L/W) ratios of
between 1.25 and 3.5. Neck widths range from 3 to 6 mm, stem lengths
from 4 to 5 mm. Dimensions at 35WH7 are compatible with measurements
from Wildcat Canyon, with complete specimens ranging in length from
18.7-30.0 mm, in width from 9.5-18.6 mm, while stem lengths range from
3.7-5.1 mm. Neck widths average 4.2 mm, ranging from 2.3-5.5 mm, and
are therefore slightly smaller than in the Wildcat Canyon assemblage.
Barbs, where complete, are generally pointed, except for one refitted
~ 1
Ii
,.
.,
133
specimen (CC2-274/46l). Only four specimens are complete in both length
and width, too small a sample to be meaningful, though three of these
four do fall within L/W ratios observed at Wildcat Canyon.
The 21 ESl points from 35WH7 are concentrated in the western
portion of the site, especially TT3 and TT4. Only three were found in
TTl (including Pothole #2, which is associated with TT1D), and none were
found in any unit of TT2. One was recovered in TT6B in the extreme
southeast of the site.
ESI1: Two points from 35WH7, although rather different in shape,
fall within this type postulated by Dumond and Minor, though not
represented at the Wildcat Canyon Site. ESIl points are comparable to
ES1, except for the presence of an indentation of the butt. One small
specimen with concave margins and long pointed barbs was found in TT1F,
the second, which is larger, with short, squared barbs and straight
margins, was refitted from fragments recovered in TT3E and H. Age
ranges for ES points with indented bases are thought to be consistent
with their straight- to convex-based counterparts.
The two ESIl specimens from 35WH7 are compatible with the Rosegate
series, although CC2-942 (Figure 2lg), with its long, pointed barbs, is
atypical for this class (cf. Thomas 1981:21). No similar specimens are
illustrated by Leonhardy and Rice for the Lower Snake River (1970), and
the presence of an expanding stem excludes them from the Gunther Barbed
series as defined from southern Oregon and northern California (Mack
1983:130). A basally-notched point type is proposed by Schalk et al.
(1987:6-9) for the Morris Site (on 'the lower John Day River), but this
~
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134
variety is said to exhibit shoulders which "are markedly barbed and are
square at the top" (my emphasis) and therefore not identical to the
points under discussion. Whether this is purely a local variant can at
present not be determined.
ESI2: One specimen of obsidian was classified as ES12 (Figure
2li). The ES2 type, as defined by Dumond and Minor (1983:170) is
comparable to ES1, merely larger in size, with neck widths between 6.1
mm and 7.9 mm, lengths ranging from 25 mm to 46 mm, widths between 13 mm
and 22 mm, and stem lengths between 4 and 8 mm. ES12 is characterized
by an indented base, as opposed to the straight-based ES2. The present
specimen (CC2-l99) falls within the stipulated dimensions for both this
type and the Great Basin Rosegate series. It is from TT2D, Level 4. No
ES2 type specimens were found at 35WH7.
ES3: Five specimens from 35WH7 were tentatively classified as
type ES3. All are extremely fragmentary--incomplete in length, width,
and most other quantifiable attributes. Assignment was mainly on the
basis of neck width or inferred neck width, which is specified as 8 mm
to 9.9 mm for this particular type. ES3 points at the Wildcat Canyon
site range from 21-49 mm in length and 15-29 mm in width, with stem
lengths of 4-8 mm. Complete dimensions exhibited by the five specimens
at 35WH7 fall within the stipulated range. Four are from levels 1 and 2
of TT2 (squares A, F, and Q), where they co-occur with a large
proportion of type SN5C specimens with which the ES series intergrades
(cf. Dumond and Minor 1983:171). A fifth member of this class, CC2-822,
is wider, thicker, and heavier than the others, with a narrower stem in
Ilt~;J
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135
relation to total width, and may represent a different type. It was
recovered in TT4H, Level 3. All are of chert. Because of the
fragmentary condition of these specimens, it is difficult to assign them
to a Great Basin point type, but they can probably be accommodated
within the Elko or Rosegate series.
ESI3: Five specimens are classified as ESI3. As defined (Dumond
and Minor 1983:170), ESI3 specimens resemble ES3 points except for their
indented base. The present points, all made of CCS, are from various
parts of the site. Two are from TT6A and B at its western edge. The
other three are from TT1D, from TT2R, and from TT4B. All fit
comfortably within the Elko series.
ES4: Four specimens are classified as ES4. Dimensions given by
Dumond and Minor (1983:170) for this type at Wildcat Canyon include
lengths of 28-58 mm, widths of 19-38 mm, neck widths of over 10 mm and
stem lengths of 4-9 mm. All four specimens are fragmentary and their
assignment represents a best approximation. Two are from TT2 (units A
and T), and two are from TTl (units C and D). All are made of CCS, and
are, once again, comfortably subsumed under the Elko series.
ESI4: Dimensions and shape as defined for this type (Dumond and
Minor 1983:171) correspond to ES4 except for the presence of an indented
base. Once more, all four representatives of this type at 35WH7 are
fragmentary, but their classification seems reliable. Two, including
one specimen of obsidian (CC2-66), were recovered from TT3C and D, one
from TT2Q, and one from TT4C .
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136
Pin Stem (PS) (Figure 22): Pin Stems are small narrow-necked
points with straight stems terminating in either rounded or squared
butts (differentiated here as varieties A and B, respectively). Stems
in variety A specimens tend to be longer and thicker in cross-section,
while specimens of variety B are characterized by stems which are
shorter and flatter. Shoulder angles are variable (though usually less
than 90 degrees), and blade margins generally straight or slightly
concave, ending in pointed barbs that may extend as far back as the base
of the point. Dimensions for PS points at Wildcat Canyon are given as
11-42 mm long and 7-19 mm wide, with a L/W ratio of 1.5-3.0. Stems are
said to range from 3-7 mm in length, neck widths from 2-5 mm. All
complete measurements from 35WH7 fall within the ranges observed at the
Wildcat Canyon site. Atypical specimens which do not fit all
morphological criteria are CC2-898, with convex blade margins (Figure
22i), CC2-69, with a contracting stem (Figure 22h) , and CC2-l72 (Figure
22j), which is square stemmed and asymmetrically barbed. All but three
PS points at 35WH7 are made of CCS .
Twelve, or approximately half of the twenty-three PS points
recovered from 35WH7 were found in TTl, including one labeled "PH?"
which may have come from TT1P. The rest were recovered from TT3 and
TT4, respectively. Only one specimen was recovered from Test Trench 2,
unit TT2Q. As with ESl points, all were recovered from the upper four
levels of the site (except for CC2-l54, which was associated with Level
6 of disturbed unit TT1P. However, unlike ESl specimens, five PS points
:#
137
a b c d e f
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Figure 22. Pin Stems and Contracting Stem series projectile points,
35WH7.
a. CC2-1 g. CC2-802 m. CC2-5l6 r. CC2-293
b. CC2-268 h. CC2-69 n. CC2-l46 s. CC2-480
c. CC2-32 i. CC2-898 o. CC2-356 t. CC2-177/603
d. CC2-895 j. CC2-172 p. CC2-129 u. CC2-148
e. CC2-906 k. CC2-817 q. CC2-95 v. CC2-212/882
f. CC2 -116 l. CC2-341
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were found in Levell deposits, suggesting a somewhat younger age.
spatial separation of the two varieties (PSA and PSB) was noted.
138
No
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•
Dumond and Minor note the lower Columbia River affinities of PS
points, which are heavily represented in late assemblages at The Dalles
(Cressman et al. 1960) and in the Portland Basin (Pettigrew 1981). At
Wildcat Canyon this style is associated with the Quinton Phase (1000
B.P. to Euroamerican contact). Small stemmed and barbed points are also
represented in the Piqunin Phase of the Lower Snake River (ca. 700-300
B.P.; Leonhardy and Rice 1970, Figure 11).
In the Great Basin, PS points can generally be subsumed within the
Rosegate series, although these are generally characterized by expanding
stems (Thomas 1981:19). The Rosegate series has generally been dated to
between 1700 B.P. and 700 B.P., though it may have been used longer in
the Northern Great Basin (see above under Expanding Stem).
PS!ES: In ten specimens, stems are fragmentary, making their
assignment to a specific type impossible. Their morphology suggests a
most likely placement with either PS or ESl(I). Neck widths of these
specimens range from 2.9 mm to 4.8 mm. While questionable specimens
with neck widths of less than 5 mm were classified as PS points at
Wildcat Canyon (Dumond and Minor 1983:170), they are here referred to as
PS/ES. Like the other two types, PS/ES points are almost completely
absent from TT2, where only one was recovered in Levell of TT2H. PS/ES
specimens, like ESl, exhibit a broad distribution across the site,
encompassing TTlP, TBl, TT3F, TT4D, TT5A and B, TT7A and B. All were,
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139
where documented, recovered from levels 1 though 4, except for two
specimens from disturbed TT1P.
Contracting Base (CB) (Figure 23): Wildcat Canyon type CB2 is the
closest analog for two leaf-shaped specimens, CC2-234 and CC2-29 (Figure
23m-n). This style is defined as leaf-shaped, with a rounded to pointed
base and frequently serrated margins. Lengths measure from 30-69 mm,
widths from 9-25 mm. Maximum width falls behind the longitudinal
midpoint of the specimens (Dumond and Minor 1983:171-172). Of the two
specimens at 35WH7, one (CC2-29), from Level 3 of TT3B, is thick and
irregularly flaked, and may actually represent a punch or perforator
rather than a projectile point. The second (CC2-234), from Level 4 of
TT5A (and attributed to the top of Stratum C), is more regularly flaked
and narrow, with the widest spot at about the midpoint of the specimen,
and a slight, possibly unintentional shoulder. Neither is serrated.
CB2, as defined by Dumond and Minor, is assigned to the Canyon
Phase (6500-5000 B.P.) (Dumond and Minor 1983:157-158). Points of this
type include those commonly referred to as Cascade points elsewhere on
the Columbia Plateau, "as well as some bipointed implements that some
classifiers might not allow as Cascade points" (Dumond and Minor
1983:172). Neither of the two present specimens resembles the classic
Cascade type (cf. Butler 1961).
Contracting Stem series (CS) (Figure 22): Three point types are
included under the Contracting Stem series. These include CSl and CS2,
as identified by Dumond and Minor (1983:172), and CS6, which is defined
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a
b c d e
140
•141
at 35WH7 to encompass a point style not observed at the Wildcat Canyon
Site.
CSl (Figure 22k-m): This type, as defined by Dumond and Minor
(1983:172), includes points with short, contracting stems which are
usually set off from the body by short barbs. Stems are often pointed
and constitute about one fifth of the total length, blade margins are
straight to convex. Lengths are typically 26-48 mm, widths 9-26 mm,
with L/W ratios of 1.3-2.2.
Nine specimens have been assigned to this type with varying
degrees of confidence. Seven, all of them fragmentary, fall well within
the definitional criteria, though it is difficult to assess the
relationship of stem length to total artifact length in the absence of
complete length measurements. Proveniences show no patterning, with
specimens recovered from TT3G in the west to TT1F in the east of the
site. Four are of CCS, two of obsidian. Two additional specimens are
more amorphous and appear to be crudely reworked from originally broken
specimens. Both are made of chert and come from TT2A and 2Q. Their
greatest resemblance is to the reworked SN5C type points discussed
below, which also tend to cluster in TT2.
Eighty percent of CSl and CS2 points at the Wildcat Canyon Site
occur in components associated with the Wildcat Phase (2500-1000 B.P.)
(Dumond and Minor 1983:Table 7.1), though one isolated specimen of
either CSl or CS2 dates from the Philippi Phase (9000-7500 B.P.).
Similar contracting-stemmed points date to between 2600 B.P. and 750
B.P. in the Portland Basin (Pettigrew 1981), and are also present at The
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Dalles (Cressman 1960: Fig. 4lb,d) and to the north (e.g. Warren
1968:Fig. 13), as well as in the lower John Day River area (Schalk
1987:6-6 to 6-7), where most range from 2000 or 3000 B.P. to Euro-
American contact. Large contracting-stem points (Gatecliff Contracting
Stem points) are found in the northern and eastern Great Basin, where
they occur between 4500 B.P. and 2500 B.P. (Holmer 1986:105-106). This
type appears, however, to be characterized by longer, more rearward-
extending barbs and narrower, more distinctly set-off stems than
displayed by the present specimens (Thomas 1981:Figure 23).
CS2 (Figure 22n-p): Points of this type are characterized by
contracting stems with squared bases and distinct shoulders or short
barbs. As defined ~y Dumond and Minor (1983:172), the stem measures
less than two fifths of the total length of the piece, and less than
half the total width. Lengths range from 26-45 mm, widths from 10-25
mm, with a L/W ratio of 1.5 to 3.0.
Five projectile points from 35WH7 fall within the stipulated size
range of CS2, although no complete length measurements are available for
the calculation of L/W ratios. Of the five specimens, one (CC2-400) is
manufactured on a flake with only minimal retouch along the blade
margins, while another (CC2-246) is heat-spalled. Four were found in
the western half of the site (TT3C, TT4A, TT5A, 5B). The fifth (CC2-
400) was recovered on the southern perimeter of the excavation block in
TT2N. All are of CCS.
CS6 (Figure 22q-v): Fourteen points from 35WH7 have been
classified as CS6, a category not found at Wildcat Canyon. This type is
143
characterized by a rhomboidal shape, with straight blade margins and a
base which forms a slight central projection, rather than a distinctly
set-off stem. Basal margins are generally straight to slightly concave.
Lengths range from 16.7 mm to more than 33.7 mm, with widths between
12.4 mm and 24.1 mm. Length-to-width ratios are usually around 13,
although exceptions are represented by conjoined specimen CC2-603/l77
(L/W=1.7) , and CC2-350 (L/W=11.5). Thirteen of the fourteen points are
of CCS, one is made of obsidian.
Of the fourteen points classified as CS6 (two of which are
conjoined and consist of two fragments each), ten were found in the
northeastern portion of the site. This includes three specimens
(consisting of four fragments) from TT1A, two from TT1C, one from TT1D,
one from TT1P, two from TT2H, and two matching fragments from TT2Q and
2F. The four remaining CS6 points are spread across the western portion
of the site, with one (the largest, at 5.03 g) recovered from TT4D, one
from TT4B, one (the only one made of obsidian) from TT3A, and one from
TT3E.
While this point type appears to be absent at Wildcat Canyon,
similar specimens are reported for The Dalles (Cressman 1960:43-46)
where they are associated with the upper levels of the site.
Drill-like (DR) (Figure 230): The "DR" or "drill-like" type, as
defined at the Wildcat Canyon Site, is characterized by a long, narrow
blade "reminiscent of that of a drill, although the point is
sufficiently thin as to suggest that use as a drill was unlikely"
(Dumond and Minor 1983:171). DR points as illustrated in the Wildcat
·1
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Canyon report (Dumond and Minor 1983:plate 5) exhibit outward-flaring
barbs and straight stems terminating in a squared to rounded base.
Lengths range from 26-51 mm, widths from 9-17 mm, with L/W ratios of
3.0-3.3. Most DR points from the Wildcat Canyon Site are associated
with the Wildcat Phase (2500-1000 B.P.), although a small number are
attributed to the Quinton Phase (1000 B.P. to contact). Their
association with early historic assemblages along the Deschutes River
(Hess 1989) supports this extended time range.
One fragmentary specimen from 35WH7 may represent a DR basal
fragment, broken just below the barbs. It is made of CCS and was
recovered from TT2D.
Side-Notched series (SN) (Figures 23, 24): The SN series
encompasses three types defined by Dumond and Minor (1983:171) (SN3,
SN4, SN5), and one side-notched type which is defined at 35WH7 (SN6) in
the absence of a comparable point style from the Wildcat Canyon Site.
SN3 (Figure 23a-b): Three side-notched points from 35WH7 are
classified as SN3. According to the Wildcat Canyon typology, this type
exhibits broad shallow notches which extend forward into the body of the
point and rearward into the base, resulting in slight barbs and an
expanding base that is always narrower than the blade maximum. As
defined, lengths measure from 20-42 mm, widths 15-30 mm, with L/W ratios
of 1.2-2.2. Neck widths measure between 10 mm and 22 mm, and length of
the basal element ranges from 8-11 mm.
The present three SN3 representatives were recovered in TT1F, in
TT3E, and on the surface of the site outside of the excavation grid
4fIS2I ' ,
145
(provenienced as "surface under juniper tree"). Two of the points are
CCS, one of obsidian.
At the Wildcat Canyon Site, SN3 type points are found in small
numbers during the Wildcat and Quinton phases.
SN4 (Figure 23c-f): Six points are classified as SN4. As
defined, this type is characterized by broad side- or corner-notches,
and a narrow stem in relation to the blade element. 'Lengths range from
24-53 rom, widths from 10-32 rom (L/W=1.5-2.5). Neck widths range from 6-
18 rom, and length of basal element from 5 rom-12 rom (Dumond and Minor
1983:171).
The six specimens classified as this type at 35WH7 exhibit a
considerable degree-of variability. Stems range from expanding to
almost parallel-sided, with base shape generally straight. It is
difficult to evaluate shoulder configuration because of the fragmentary
nature of the points, but, generally, short barbs appear to be the rule.
One of the specimens (CC2-872) is serrated along one edge (the opposite
appears to have been reworked) (Figure 23f). One (CC2-978) is of
obsidian; the rest are of CCS. All generally fall within the required
size ranges.
Four SN4 specimens were found within the block containing TT2F,
TT2Q, and TT2R. The only one made of obsidian, which is also somewhat
anomalous because of its laterally projecting barbs and convex base, was
recovered from TT3G, at the western margin of the site, while the sixth
representative, with an almost parallel-sided stem, is from PH2
(asociated with TTlD).
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The SN4 type occurs in small numbers from the Canyon Phase (6500 -
5000 B.P.) through the first half of the Quinton Phase, although
proportionately, its highest representation is in the Canyon Phase and
the early Wildcat Phase.
SN5 (Figure 24): Forty-two broad-necked projectile points at
35WH7 were classified as SN5, making this the largest class of points
recovered from the site. All but one are made of CCS. Based on the
internal variation observed in this group of specimens, the decision was
made to tentatively subdivide this type into four varieties. The
varieties are distinguished by basal configuration, presence or absence
of serrated margins, and shape of side notches and shoulders. Many of
these points have been reworked; this affects point morphology and is
discussed below.
SN series points as named by Dumond and Minor for the Wildcat
Canyon Site include both side-notched and corner-notched specimens which
"stand apart from the ES series in that they are not so clearly made on
triangular blanks which are modified by notching from the corners"
(Dumond and Minor 1983:171). Dumond and Minor (1983:171) define SN5 as
follows:
In this type the narrow, deep notch is immediately forward
of the basal corner. The blade is almost always serrated,
and the base is always strongly indented. The maximum width
may fall either immediately ahead of, or behind, the notch.
Morphologically, this seems to be an extreme variant of the
ESI series, from which it was originally not distinguished;
it appears also to relate to the Elko Eared type of the
Great Basin ....
SN5 points are said to be 24-42 mm long and 17-22 mm wide, with a L/W
ratio of 1.1-2.2. Neck widths range from 11-15 mm.
147
dcba
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k m n
Figure 24. Projectile points, SN5, 35WH7.
a. CC2-512 e. CC2-804 i. CC2-237 l. CC2-868
b. CC2-229 f. CC2-122 j. CC2-887 m. CC2-217
c. CC2-141 g. CC2-406 k. CC2-58 n. CC2-241
" ,
d. CC2-873 h. CC2-835
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148
Fourteen points from 35WH7 fit the description given by Dumond and
Minor and are here identified as SN5A. Lengths of the two relatively
complete specimens (CC2-229 and CC2-5l2; Figure 24a-b) are 40.1 mm and
43.3 mm, widths 18.3 mm and 17.2 mm, and L/W ratios are 2.2 and 2.5
(thus somewhat higher ratios than are indicated above). Total range of
widths spans 15.1-19.6 mm. Neck widths range from 9.6-13.9 mm, with a
mean of 11.5 mm. Bases are concave on all of these specimens.
Three points are classified as SN5B and characterized by central
basal notches and eared bases, comparable to Elko Eared points of the
Great Basin (Figure 24f-g). Two of these specimens (CC2-l22 and CC2-
965), both of CCS, appear to have been reworked along the blade margins.
The third, made of obsidian (CC2-406) , consists of a proximal fragment.
Margins are smooth, without the serrations characteristic of SN5A. This
variety includes the only SN5 type point from this site that is made of
obsidian. Lengths on the almost complete pieces are 27.2 mm and 29.0
mm, widths are 17.4 mm and 16.8 mm, producing L/W ratios of 1.6 and 1.7.
Neck widths are 12.2 mm and 10.4 mm, respectively.
SN5C points consist of 17 specimens. All are broken, and lack one
or two barbs and/or one or two ears, as well as the original point tip
(Figure 24k-n). In most, one or more of these fractures has been
reworked, resulting in a point that is shorter, stouter, and slightly
narrower that the average SN5A variety of this type. In all members of
this variety, margins have been reworked and straightened, though traces
of the original serration remain on some specimens. Lengths and widths
are essentially meaningless in this variety, since they reflect
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149
secondary modification. Relatively "complete" neck widths range from
9.1-13.5 rnrn.
Seven specimens have been classified as SN5D (Figure 24h-j). Five
have undamaged bases which vary in configuration (basal-notched,
concave-based, and one straight-based piece), and all are narrow (12.4-
13.3 rnrn), have shallow notches and rounded shoulders. Reworking has
taken place in at least two of the specimens. Neck widths range from
8.1-10.0 rnrn, which would technically exclude this variety from SN5,
although, morphologically, it fits this category better than the
alternative ESI3, which is corner- or basally-notched, rather than side-
notched.
While it may be argued against subdividing a group of only 42
specimens, the approach is validated by the spatial distribution of the
varieties across 35WH7. Of the fourteen specimens here identified as
SN5A, seven, or 50%, were recovered from TT3, more specifically within
the block delimited by units TT3A, B, E, F, and P. All but one of the
specimens from TT3E, F, and P are from Level 4 (one specimen was
recovered from Level 2), those from TT3A and B are from Level 5 (8.10-
7.90 m). This places them stratigraphically well below the radiocarbon-
dated charcoal and ash lens at the western edge of TT3E (1160 ± 90 B.P.;
8.67-8.57 m). One specimen from Level 6 of TT3A (CC2-141) was, in
addition, provenienced to the "yellow matrix" which underlies the main
cultural midden.
Of the remaining SN5A points, three are from levels 1 and 2 of
TT4A and C, two are from Levell of TT2Q, and two are from the north-
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150
eastern edge of the site (TT1P, Level 7, and TT1D, provenience unknown).
The small sample of three SN5B points allows for no major conclusions.
One is from Level 5 of TT3A, one is from Level 2 of TT2H, and one is
from TT7B, Level 2. SN5C type points, of which there are 17, were most
often recovered from TT2. A total of ten specimens originated in TT2A,
F, H, Q, and R, all in levels 1 and 2, which comprise the entire,
shallow cultural deposits in this part of the site. The presence of
broken and reworked projectile points may explain in part the relatively
low flake counts for these units (see earlier discussion of lithic
debitage). Most of the remaining SN5C specimens come from the
northeastern portion of the site, TT1C, lP, and TBl (one in TBl from
"midden" and one from "below midden"). Only one was recovered west of
TT2, in level 1 of TT3C. Of the seven points classified as SN5D, two
were recovered from TTl (C and P), three from TT2 (C, F, Q), one from
TT41 , and one from TT3D.
One fragmentary specimen, classified merely as SN5, was recovered
when sorting the debitage from TT7B, Level 2.
At the Wildcat Canyon site, the SN5 type is associated with the
Wildcat Phase. To the south, most of present specimens would fall under
the Elko series (including both Elko Eared and Elko Corner-Notched
types), with the exception of several variety D points, which with basal
widths of less than 10 mm, would be assigned to the Rosegate series.
The controversy over the chronological assignment of the Elko series has
been discussed above (see Expanding Stem series), with ages for the
Northern Great Basin ranging from about 7000 B.P. to 1000 B.P. (Wilde
r
1985:146; Oetting 1989:434).
151
The radiocarbon dates from 35WH7 suggest a
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temporal placement consistent with that observed at the Wildcat Canyon
site.
SN6 (Figure 23g-l): This type has been created for the purpose of
this study to incorporate the small side-notched points that are not
uncommon in the Clarno Basin. It includes six specimens at 35WH7, one
of which has been refitted from two fragments. A discussion of
individual specimens is presented because of their small sample size and
considerable range of variation.
CC2-900 (Figure 23g) -- This specimen is both side-notched and
basal-notched. With a neck width of 8.7 mm, it is technically at the
lower end of the broad-necked points, though its small size (length=2l.4
mm, width=14.l mm), thin cross-section (2.9 mm) and low weight (0.64 g)
are consistent with the narrow-necked varieties. Fashioned on a
triangular blank, it is indistinguishable from specimens referred to
throughout the Great Basin as Desert Side-Notched points (see below).
CC2-79 (Figure 23h) -- Like CC2-900, this point is made on a
triangular blank of obsidian. It is notched on the base and one lateral
margin. On the same side the basal tang has been rounded off, resulting
in an aSYmmetrically-shaped base. Its general appearance and size (22.1
mm length, 11.9 mm width, 3.1 mm thickness, and weight of 0.71 g) are
comparable to CC2-900.
CC2-52l (Figure 23i) -- This specimen is unilaterally notched like
the previous piece, and is fashioned on a triangular blank of obsidian
with a concave (rather than basal-notched) base. Like CC2-79, the
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152
basal tang on the side of the notch has been rounded off, while the
opposite corner remains sharp and unmodified. It is shorter than the
other two points and appears to have been reworked to its present length
of 14.6 rom. It is 12.5 rom wide, 2.8 rom thick, and weighs 0.45 g.
CC2-3/l76 (Figure 23j) -- This (conjoined) point has been
longitudinally broken through its basal notch, and its distal end is
missing. Dimensions (width=13.5 rom, thickness=2.4 rom, and
weight=0.55g), material, and presumed blank morphology resemble the
specimens already discussed. No side-notching, is, however, present.
It is likely that CC2-3/l76 was broken in manufacture, perhaps during
notching of the base.
CC2-838 (Figure 23k) -- This specimen is a proximal fragment with
a concave base and aSYmmetrical side-notches. It is made of either dark
grey chert or an opaque grey obsidian unlike the glassy material used
for the specimens discussed above. It differs in outline somewhat from
the other four points in the low placement of the notches which results
in a somewhat shorter base. Like CC2-79 and CC2-52l, the base is
somewhat aSYmmetrical, and one lateral margin is only very slightly
notched. It is generally comparable in width (14.5 rom) and thickness
(3.2 rom) to the other specimens. Due to the shallowness of one of the
notches, its neck width is somewhat larger, i.e. 11 rom.
CC2-566 (Figure 231) Made of chert, this specimen is broken
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along its length. Unlike the first four points, the margins of which
are straight to slightly convex, it has concave margins. The single
remaining side-notch is placed low on the point and extends forward,
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153
forming a slight barb. The specimen measures 4.0 rom thickness; all
other measurements are incomplete.
The six specimens discussed above can be divided into two groups
on the basis of morphology and raw material. The first four specimens,
although in varying degrees of completion, are compatible with Desert
Side-Notched points found across the Great Basin (Baumhoff and Byrne
1959) and beyond (cf. Kehoe 1966). These are defined as "small
triangular points with notches high on the sides" (Lanning 1963:253,
cit. in Thomas 1981:18). Desert Side-Notched points are generally dated
to between A.D. 1200 or 1300 and Euroamerican contact (Thomas 1981:18-
19; Holmer 1986:107), and have often been associated with the spread of
Numic-speaking peoples across the Desert West (e.g. Bettinger and
"Baumhoff 1982).
The last two specimens are set off from the former four on the
basis of material, morphology (low placement of the side-notches), and
horizontal distribution. The first four were recovered in the northeast
corner of the site (TT1A, P, and TB1) , where they tend to be associated
with upper levels (9.30-8.90 m), when not recovered from disturbed
contexts. The last two points were found in TT3H and 4H, respectively
(levels 2 and 4). While more specific conclusions are not possible
because of the small sample size and the incomplete nature of the
points, it is suggested that internal variation within these small side-
notched points may be of some significance, particularly when this point
style is used as a temporal or cultural diagnostic indicator.
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The absence of SN6 type points from the Wildcat Canyon site, as
well as sites at The Dalles is intriguing. Points of this type are
found along the Columbia River and have been recovered farther
downstream in the vicinity of Bonneville Dam and in the Portland Basin
(Minor, Toepel and Beckham 1989; Pettigrew 1981), as well as upstream
(Lohse 1985:347). In the Portland Basin, small side-notched points
(Type 12) are said to occur primarily after A.D. 1250, with highest
percentages found at Euroamerican contact (Pettigrew 1981:110). The
association of this point style with a plank house dated to A.D. 1700
and later at Bonneville Dam (Minor, Toepel and Beckham 1989) may
indicate a more intensive protohistoric and historic occupation than
that indicated for the Wildcat Canyon site, where Euroamerican trade
goods are rare. This conclusion is supported by radiocarbon dates of
250 ± 55 B.P., 220 ± 55 B.P., and 230 ± 55 B.P. at Bonneville, and of
350 ± 90 B.P. at 35WH7, in contrast to the most recent date from Wildcat
Canyon (500 ± 150 B.P.). Given the overlap of the dates, however, this
is not a strong statistical argument, and it is possible that factors
other than time are involved.
ES/SN: Five point bases are characterized by the expanding stem
characteristic of ES and SN series types. Neck measurements on these
fragments range from 8.4 to 13.2 mm, placing them within the broad-
necked series. Three are from TT2 (D, R, and T); the others from TT3G
and TT1P.
Small Triangular (ST) (Figure 23p-r): ST identifies another type
which is not present at the Wildcat Canyon Site. The seven ST points
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from 35WH7 all are small and triangular and may represent either
finished pieces or preforms for narrow-necked size points. Basal
configuration ranges from convex to straight or concave. Two specimens
are made of obsidian and may represent preforms for small side-notched
points (SN6), particularly given the common use of obsidian as raw
material for this point style. Lengths range from 17.4-26.7 mm, widths
from 12.6-18.7 mm.
Four ST points were recovered from the northeastern portion of the
site, including TT1F, TT1P, TT1A, and TT2H. These include the more
complete of the obsidian specimens. The remaining three were recovered
from TT3b, TT3E, and TT4G .
Small triangular points have been found at The Dalles (Cressman
1960, Type IIA) , at Bonneville (Minor, Toepel and Beckham 1989, Types 41
and 42), and in the Portland Basin (Pettigrew 1981, Types 13 and 14).
Their presence at Bonneville places them after the Bonneville Landslide
at ca. A.D. 1100 (Minor, Toepel and Beckham 1989), while the incurvate-
based variety of small triangular points in the Portland Basin (Type 13)
is contemporaneous with small side-notched points, i.e. increasing from
1250 to the time of contact (Pettigrew 1981:110). At The Dalles, they
are identified as late types (Cressman 1960:62).
In the Great Basin, points of this type are classified as Cotton-
wood Triangular (Lanning 1963). This type is included in the "Desert
Series" together with Desert Side-Notched points and dates from A.D.
1300 to Euroamerican contact (Thomas 1978:27; Holmer 1986:108). This
age range is compatible with that reported from the Columbia River. The
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absence of small triangular points and small side-notched points from
the Wildcat Canyon site can probably be attributed to the same causes
(see above).
Discussion
The small sample sizes of individual point types, only five of
which are represented by more than ten specimens, preclude meaningful
statistical analyses of this artifact class at 35WH7. Some spatial
patterning can, however, be inferred by comparing expected and observed
percentages of certain point types with reference to the main areas of
the site identified by the debitage analysis. For the present
examination, the site is partitioned into an eastern portion (including
TTl, TB1, and proveniences given as PH, PH1, and PH2) , a central
portion, consisting of TT2, and a western portion, including TT3, 4, 5,
and 7. The peripherally located TT6 is treated on its own and comprises
the fourth area.
All of the five types represented by more than ten specimens (ES1,
N=2l; PS, N=23; SN5A, N=14; SN5C, N=17; CS6, N=14) show an uneven
distribution across the site, i.e. a difference between observed and
expected percentages of greater than 10% (Table 10). ESl points occur
in substantially higher frequencies in the western portion of the site,
while fewer than expected occur in the eastern portion and TT2. The
eastern portion of the site is, on the other hand, characterized by a
higher proportion of PS points, of which fewer than expected were found
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157
Table 10. Horizontal Distribution of Projectile Point Types by Areal
Wildcat Cyn. Point East TT2 West TT6 All Areas
Phase' Type N % N % N % N % N %
Y!.Q ES1 4 (19.05) 0 (0.00) 16 (76.19) 1 (4.76) 21 (100.00)
W,Q PS 12 (52.17) 1 (4.35) 10 (43.58) 0 (0.00) 23 (100.00)
Q' SN6 4 (66.67) 0 (0.00) 2 (33.33) 0 (0.00) 6 (100.00)
y!,Q SN3 1 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 2 (100.00)
£.W SN4 1 (16.67) 4 (66.67) 1 (16.67) 0 (0.00) 6 (100.02)
Y! SN5A 2 (14.29) 2 (14.29) 10 (71.43) 0 (0.00) 14 (100.01)
Y! SN5B 0 (0.00) 1 (33.33) 2 (66.67) 0 (0.00) 3 (100.00)
Y! SN5C 6 (35.29) 10 (58.82) 1 (5.88) 0 (0.00) 17 (99.99)
Y! SN5D 2 (28.57) 3 (42.86 ) 2 (28.57) 0 (0.00) 7 (100.00)
Q' ST 3 (42.86) 1 (14.29) 3 (42.86) 0 (0.00) 7 (100.01)
P ,C' CB2 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 2 (100.00) 0 (0.00) 2 (100.00)
Y! CS1 2 (22.22) 3 (33.33) 4 (44.44) 0 (0.00) 9 (99.99)
Y! CS2 0 (0.00) 1 (20.00) 4 (80.00) 0 (0.00) 5 (100.00)
Q' CS6 7 (50.00) 3 (21. 43) 4 (28.57) 0 (0.00) 14 (100.00)
W,Q DR 0 (0.00) 1 (100.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (100.00)
y!,Q ES3 0 (0.00) 4 (80.00) 1 (20.00) 0 (0.00) 5 (100.00)
y!,Q ES4 2 (50.00) 2 (50.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 4 (100.00)
y!,Q ESIl 1 (33.33) 0 (0.00) 2 (66.66) 0 (0.00) 2 (100.00)
y!.Q ESI2 0 (0.00) 1 (100.00) 0 (0.00) 0 (0.00) 1 (100.00)
y!,Q ESI3 1 (20.00) 1 (20.00) 1 (20.00) 2 (40.00) 5 (100.00)
Y!.Q ESI4 0 (0.00) 1 (25.00) 3 (75.00) 0 (0.00) 4 (100.00)
Total 48 (30.19) 39 (24.53) 69 (43.40) 3 (1. 89) 159 (100.01)
1. underlined values represent deviations of >10% from expected. only for samples >10
conjoined specimens are counted as one item in this table
2. based on Dumond and Minor (1983). primary phase of use is underlined
Q=Quinton Phase. 1000 BP-Contact; W=Wildcat Phase. 2500-1000 BP; C=Canyon Phase. 6500-5000 BP;
P=Philippi Phase, 9000-7500 BP
3. type not reported at Wildcat Canyon Site. Elsewhere identified as late type (see type definition
in this chapter)
4. atypical specimens. questionable typological assignment
in TT2. The percentage of PS points recovered from the western portion
of the site is consistent with expectations.
SN5A points exhibit higher than expected proportions in the
western portion of the site and are present in fewer numbers than
expected in the east. SN5C points, in contrast, were found in higher
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than expected proportions in TT2, while fewer than expected were
recovered from the western portion of the site. CS6 points, finally,
occur in greater proportions in the eastern part of 35WH7, while fewer
than expected were found in the west.
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The differences in relative proportions of PS and ESl may reflect
the presence of a later occupation in the vicinity of TTl. This
possibility has already been raised by a slightly more recent
radiocarbon date (350 ± 90 B.P.) (see Radiocarbon Dates), and appears to
be supported by a small concentration of SN6-type points resembling the
Desert Side-Notched type (see discussion above). This late occupation
may be characterized by increasing ties to outlying areas, including
both the lower Columbia River (as indicated by PS) and the Great Basin
(as indicated by the already-mentioned Desert Side-Notched style). In
the western portion of the site, a higher ratio of ESl to PS style
points, a greater share of SN5A points, and a subsurface date of 1160 ±
90 B.P., may indicate a somewhat more intensive intermediate age
occupation than in the eastern area.
Late point types are relatively rare in TT2. The greater TT2
share of dart points over arrow points suggests an earlier occupation,
possibly associated with the atlatl dart shaft cache radiocarbon-dated
to roughly 2300 years B.P. No sub-surface radiocarbon dates are,
however, available for TT2. The large proportion of SN5C points
recovered from this part of the site has been associated with the
prominence of projectile point reworking and resharpening, as opposed to
manufacturing.
The types of projectile points recovered at 35WH7 are generally
consistent with the radiocarbon ages obtained from the site if the
Wildcat Canyon typology is utilized. Substantial numbers of dart points
may, however, support the inference of a somewhat earlier occupation in
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TT2. Classification of the two CB2 points has been problematic and it
is unlikely that the two specimens predate the Late Archaic age
otherwise indicated for 35WH7. Point types not represented at the
Wildcat Canyon site (SN6, CS6, and ST) suggest either more recent
occupations than those represented at Wildcat Canyon, or other different
extra-regional ties, or both.
Unclassifiable Projectile Point Fragments
Two hundred thirteen items from 35WH7 have been identified as
unclassifiable projectile point fragments. Assignment to this class was
based on evidence ofc such features as barbs, notches, and serration, as
well as more subjective criteria such as regularity of flaking suggest-
ing a finished product. A comparison of the mean thicknesses of the two
subsets--3.90 mm, with an S.D. of 1.14 mm for classifiable projectile
points (N=176) and 3.98 mm, with an S.D. of 0.97 mm for unclassifiable
projectile point fragments (N=204)--supports their assignment to a
single class of artifacts (unclassifiable projectile points include
conjoined specimens; this accounts for artifact totals which differ
somewhat from the numerical breakdown given above.)
Unclassifiable projectile point fragments are present across the
site. Seventy-eight (36.6%) were recovered from the vicinity of TTl, 71
(33.3%) from TT2, 32 (15%) from TT3, 12 (5.6%) from TT4, seven from TT5
(3.3%), one from TT6 (0.5%), and three from TT7 (1.4%). Provenience was
uncertain on nine specimens (4.2%).
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Miscellaneous Small Biface Fragments
One hundred twelve items have been classified as miscellaneous
small biface fragments. This class includes small bifacially worked
specimens which cannot be unequivocally identified as projectile points
according to the criteria listed above for projectile point fragments.
Most are fragmentary, some appear to be intentionally shaped. A
slightly higher mean thickness as compared to the projectile points
discussed above (4.66 rom, S.D. 0.96, N=112, vs. 3.98 rom, S.D. 0.97,
N=204) as well as a slightly higher mean weight (1.09 g, S.D. 0.85, vs.
0.91 g, S.D. 0.72), suggests that some of the specimens in this class
may, in fact, be rejected fragments of unfinished projectile points,
broken in manufacture and discarded. A very similar breakdown of both
categories by raw material, including relatively high proportions of
obsidian (16% for small biface fragments and 14.3% for projectile point
fragments) relative to the presence of this material in other tool
categories, such as flake debris (1%), supports this conclusion. The
spatial distribution of both groups shows no striking differences.
Large Bifaces
One hundred fifty-nine specimens have been classified as large
bifaces. These tools are presumed to be unfinished implements rejected
at varying degrees of completion due to breakage and/or internal
material flaws. Eighty-nine percent of specimens in this class are, in
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fact, fragmentary, and five complete specimens of the remaining 11% were
refitted from two or three fragments. Thus, in all, only twelve
unbroken specimens were recovered. Large bifaces range in thickness
from 3.4 to 19.7 mm, with a mean of 8.9 mm. This is in contrast to
small bifaces, which average 4.66 mm in thickness. Measurements and
general descriptive information for large bifaces are given in Appendix
A. Raw material is almost exclusively CCS, with only one small
fragmentary specimen manufactured of obsidian. This is comparable to
the distribution of raw materials among the debitage, and suggests that
the manufacture of biface tools was a common activity at 35WH7. The
predominance of broken specimens, on the other hand, would indicate that
complete tools were removed from the site.
One hundred eight specimens (67.9%) of sufficient size have been
classified according to Callahan's reduction stages (1979). While
lithic reduction, as is often pointed out (e.g. Collins 1975:16),
proceeds in a continuous or "linear" fashion, it can be divided into a
series of stages (e.g. Collins 1975; Callahan 1979; Frison and Bradley
1980). These are "not sharply delimited one from another, but they are
sufficiently distinct in terms of their procedures and output to merit
separation" (Collins 1975:16). The assignment of a biface to one stage
or another is based on a polythetic combination (Sokal 1974) of attrib-
utes including outline, cross-section, width/thickness ratio, edge
angles, and nature of flake scars as defined by Callahan (1979:Table
10).
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Clearly, bifaces could have been used at any of these stages with
little or no further modification. Thus the notion of stages may be
misleading in presuming an intent that never existed. It cannot be
assumed that every large biface was a projectile point preform, though
this may frequently have been the case. The typology does, however,
facilitate inter-site comparisons, and avoids the connotations of such
terms as "knife," or "blade." In the absence of systematic use-wear
analysis, such functional inferences have generally been avoided in the
present study.
The following five reduction stages have been defined on the basis
of Callahan's classification (Callahan 1979). Following Connolly et al.
(1991), each artifact face has been classified independently to
accommodate differing stages of manufacture.
Stage 1: Obtaining the blank
This stage involves procurement of raw material. As described by
Callahan, "This might entail spalling of large cores to get large
flakes, which become biface cores themselves; or it might simply entail
selection of a pre-quarried or previously selected cobble, nodule, or
chunk to be reduced into a biface itself in the next stage" (Callahan
1979:36). As Stage 1 defines the "unmodified raw material or blank"
(Callahan 1979:41), rather than a bifacially worked tool per se, it will
not be of concern here. Pertinent information may be found under
"Cores" and "Flake Debitage."
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Stage 2: Initial edging
This involves production of what might be termed a "roughout."
Outline is irregular, with a cross-section ranging from thick lenticular
to hexagonal to irregular, with edge angles between 55 and 75°. Flake
scars are widely to variably spaced, variable in morphology, and extend
over less than 50% of the specimen's width except at its end. This
results in persistence of a portion of the original flake surface
(Connolly et al. 1991:52). Width to thickness ratio is 2.00-3.00 for
core reduction and may exceed 6.00 for flake reduction (Figure 25a-c).
Thirty-one specimens from 35WH7 fall into this class. Shapes
range from ovate to oval to subrectangular. Small areas of remaining
cortex are common, as are differential coloring and luster, indicating
use of heat treatment to improve flaking quality. One heat-treated
biface, refitted from three fragments, appears to have broken in two
stages. The acute, distal end, may have separated from the larger
portion during heat-treating, while the remaining larger fragment
appears to have broken apart after attempts to flake the periphery. The
distal fragment (CC2-l606) was recovered from TT5B, in the western
portion of the site, whereas the remaining parts, CC2-292 and CC2-ll75,
were found in units TT1C and TT1P, i.e. the eastern portion of the site.
The implication of this distribution will be discussed below. In most
specimens, the entire periphery has not been flaked, with thick edges
remaining when the artifact was discarded. Evidence of platform
164
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Large bifaces, stages 2/2 and 3/3, 35WH7.Figure 25.
*
a.
b.
CC2-857
CC2-368
c.
d.
CC2-201
CC2-124
e. CC2-434
f. CC2-195/278
g. CC2-968
s165
preparation is sometimes, but not always, present. Most Stage 2 bifaces
do not appear to have been used.
Stage 3: Primary thinning
In this stage of reduction, the surface of the artifact is
emphasized, resulting in a biface with a semi-regular outline, and
lenticular or bi-convex cross-section, and optimum edge angles between
40° and 60°. Flake scars are less variable in morphology, closely to
semi-regularly spaced, and extend to the midline of the biface and
beyond (50-70% of the width). Width to thickness ratio is 3.00-4.00
(Figure 25d-g).
Twenty-four artifacts are classified as Stage 3 bifaces. As with
bifaces assigned to Stage 2, this group includes two specimens refitted
from matching fragments. Bifaces assigned to this class generally
consist of subrectangu1ar proximal fragments with straight edges and
convex bases, or they are well-defined distal fragments with acute tips.
Three broader, pointed fragments appear to represent the tips of ovate
pieces. Tool margins show evidence of careful preparation and straight-
ening. Although some may have been used as knives, specialized micro-
wear analyses would be necessary to distinguish edge wear from edge
preparation with any degree of certainty.
Many Stage 3 bifaces undoubtedly have been heat-treated, and
isolated specimens show color changes and heatspalling. However, the
unaltered surfaces have been largely removed during thinning and
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therefore do not present the contrast between altered and unaltered
material that is so characteristic of Stage 2 specimens. The presence
of cortex is similarly rare among these items. It is perhaps noteworthy
that the only complete Stage 3 bifaces are 2 specimens that have been
refitted from broken pieces and one item which consists of a distal
fragment with a reworked medial break. This may suggest that complete
specimens were either curated or further reduced.
In addition to Stage 2 and Stage 3 bifaces, thirty-two have been
classified as intermediate between these two stages, i.e. exhibiting two
faces in differing degrees of completion. All can be accommodated
within the descriptions given above. Again, this group includes a pair
of refitted fragments, as well as a distal fragment with what appears to
be a utilized medial break.
Stage 4: Secondary thinning
Greater emphasis is placed on the outline of the specimen at this
stage, whereby "the eventual shape may be generalized simultaneously
with thinning" (Callahan 1979:116). The result is a flattened
lenticular cross-section, with edge angles of 25-45°. Flake scars are
closely and regularly spaced, and may extend from 50-100% of the width
of the specimen. Width to thickness ratio is ca. 4.00-5.00 (Figure 26a-
c) .
Only five specimens have been assigned to this class. These
include one distal fragment, three proximal fragments, and one complete,
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Figure 26. Large bifaces, stages 4/4 and SIS, and miscellaneous drills
and perforators, 35WH7.
a. CC2-304/969
b. CC2-837/958
c. CC2-841
d. CC2-77
e. CC2-94
f. CC2-1260
g. CC2-1031·
h. CC2-170
i. CC2-316
j. CC2-816
k. CC2-417
1. CC2 -429
m. CC2-788
n. CC2-731
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refitted specimen. One of the proximal fragments appears to be part of
a triangular biface, the other two are squared with blade edges that are
almost parallel. One of the squared bases (CC2-969) matches one of the
proximal fragments (CC2-304).
Ten specimens, additionally, fall within both Stage 3 and Stage 4.
These include three matching pairs, each of which consists of a proximal
fragment and a midsection. Two of the pairs have members of constrast-
ing colors which may have been differentially heated after they broke
apart. The six proximal fragments are squared, with blade margins
ranging from straight to slightly convex.
Stage 5: Shaping
This stage involves final preparation of the artifact, either for
subsequent utilization or hafting specialization. A single specimen
(CC2-77) has been assigned to this stage. It is a finely finished
proximal fragment with square corners, a slightly convex base, and
parallel margins. This specimen may represent a projectile point
preform, although it would require considerable modification in order to
achieve one of the point styles represented at this site (Figure 26d).
Intermediate stages
Only five specimens exhibit opposite faces which do not represent
equal or sequent stages. Of these; two (CC2-504 and CC2-972) are
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169
classified as Stage 2/4 and three (CC2-43, CC2-l342, and CC2-l497) as
Stage 1/3. The latter consist of flakes which have been thinned on the
dorsal face but exhibit no modification on the ventral face. In
general, a strategy of reduction alternating between the two faces
appears to have been favored, rather than a "unifacial biface production
strategy" as identified by Skinner and Ainsworth (1990).
In addition to the specimens discussed above, 51 fragments were
recovered which were too small and incomplete to assign to any particu-
lar stage. These include the single obsidian Large Biface fragment
found at the site.
Discussion
To summarize, of the 108 large biface fragments complete enough
classify, early-stage specimens make up the largest proportion. These
include thirty-one (28.7%) Stage 2 specimens and thirty-two (29.6%)
Stage 2/3 specimens, followed by 24 classified as Stage 3 (22.2%), ten
as Stage 3/4 (9.3%), five as Stage 4 (4.6%), and one as Stage 5 (0.9%).
Five (4.6%) specimens exhibit stages which are not equal or sequent.
While large bifaces are found across the site, they appear in
higher frequencies in its western portion, where a total of 109 speci-
mens (68.6%) were recovered from combined units TT3, 4, 5, and 7 (Figure
27). The highest counts (N=59 , or 37.1%) were found in TT3, with
numbers decreasing to the east and to the south. Only 14 large bifaces
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Figure 27. Horizontal distribution of large bifaces, plotted by SURFER
software.
were recovered from TT2 (8.8%), while TTl (including TB1) produced 30
(18.9%). Provenience on the remaining three specimens is unknown.
Cores are nuclei of raw material from which flakes have intention-
ally been detached, either for immediate use or for further reduction.
Generally, the core serves as the source of raw material. Sometimes,
however, it may become a tool in its own right, with little additional
modification, either as a chopper, scraper, or wedge, or a biface blank
with further reduction. Cores at 35WH7 range from opportunistically
reduced chunks of raw material, in which "platforms are located in non-
patterned fashion and may change location with every flake removed"
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171
(Callahan 1979:53), to more formally shaped pieces which seem to reflect
a greater degree of planning on the part of the prehistoric
flintknapper.
Cores have been separated into patterned, and unpatterned, or
amorphous, varieties in order to distinguish more expedient from more
formal production activities. Patterned cores have been sub-divided
into block, discoidal, and bifacial cores, combining terminology from
Callahan (1979:4lff), Frison and Bradley (1980:18-23), and Crabtree
(1982). Block cores exhibit one or two striking platforms and include
conical and cylindrical types. Discoidal cores are defined as "bi-
convex ... having flakes or blades removed from the perimeter and
usually on both faces" (Crabtree 1982:32). Bifacial cores as defined
here tend to be oval and exhibit bilateral symmetry. They grade into
and probably overlap with early stage bifaces, a problem that has been
discussed elsewhere (Frison and Bradley 1980:20-21) and will not be of
concern in this analysis.
One hundred six cores were recovered from 35WH7, with an aggregate
weight of 9395.77 g, or approximately 20 lbs. Most are of CCS, with 95
specimens (89.6%) represented by this material. The remaining 11
(10.4%) are of basalt. No obsidian cores were found at the site.
Morphologically, 71, or 67% are assigned to the amorphous category, the
most expedient of the types. Among the remaining 35, seven (6.6%) are
discoidal, nine (8.5%) are bifacial, and 19 (17.9%) are block cores.
Cortex was observed on a large portion of the specimens, as was evidence
of thermal alteration, possibly the result of intentional heat-treating
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to improve flaking properties (Luedtke 1992:99 ff.). The average weight
of cores at 35WH7 is 85.42 g.
Cores are primarily associated with the eastern and western
portions of the site; only 13 specimens (12.3%) were recovered from TT2,
in contrast to the proportionately higher representation of such
artifacts as classifiable projectile points. The low number of cores in
TT2 is, however, consistent with low flake counts encountered in this
area (see Flake Debitage), and suggests that primary reduction was not
an important activity in this part of the site. An exceptionally large
concentration of cores was, on the other hand, recovered from unit TT1A,
which, alone, produced 9.4% (N=lO) of all cores found at the site.
Cores in TT1A were found in levels 3, 4, 5, and 5-6, with six associated
specifically with levels 5 or 5-6. Four of these are said to have come
from the vicinity of the firepit radiocarbon-dated to roughly 500 B.P.
(Feature 4/6). A cluster of cores was found in and around TT7B,
including six in TT7B (five of them in levels 2 and 3), two in TT5C
(levels 2 and 3), and 5 in TT4B (levels 2 and 3). These include four of
the ten green CCS cores recovered from the site and appear to be
associated with the concentration of green CCS flakes found in this area
(see Lithic Debitage). Smaller concentrations in TT3A (levels 1-3) and
TT3C (levels 1 and 2) coincide with peaks in bifaces at both of these
units, and a debitage peak in TT3A. Finally, eleven cores were found in
TT4G and adjacent TT41. All but three of these were recovered from
Level 2, placing them peripheral to the possible house floor centered on
TT4C (See Features),
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Drills, Perforators, and Gravers
Fifty-seven specimens from 35WH7 are subsumed under the class of
drills, perforators, and gravers (Figures 26, 28; Appendix A), All but
two specimens are made of chert, The two exceptions are a perforator
fashioned on a reworked obsidian projectile point, and a graver made of
basalt,
Drills are characterized by long, narrow, and relatively thick,
shaped bits which sometimes exhibit rotational wear on the alternate
faces of opposing sides (Figure 26e-g), Of the seven drills present,
five are bifacially finished while two consist of edge-worked elongate
flakes, Two of the bifacial specimens may have been hafted; one of
these (CC2-94; Figure 26e) is roughly "T"-shaped, with a straight base
and slight shoulders, while the second, a fragmentary proximal specimen
(CC2-l03l; Figure 26g), may represent a broad squarish basal portion.
The remaining drills are represented by bit segments only.
Perforators are generally broader and flatter, and are often only
unifacially worked (Figure 26h-j), Tools of this kind were more likely
to have been used for puncturing rather than drilling, although function
and manner of usage may overlap. Most of the 15 perforators at 35WH7
consist of flakes in which only the functional end has been modified.
Three specimens have been bifacially worked and exhibit broadened and
shaped bases for gripping or for hafting. Two additional specimens
appear to have been made on broken projectile points. These include the
only tool in this class which is made of obsidian.
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Six additional pieces are here referred to as micro-drills (Figure
26k-n). They range in length from 1.23-2.07 cm, ranging in weight from
0.19 to 0.99 g. Two are bipointed and three are made on projectile
point fragments (two on barbs, one on a partial base). The purpose of
these small tools is at present unknown.
An additional specialized tool class at 35WH7 is represented by
gravers (Figure 28f-h). Seventeen (59%) of the 29 specimens in this
class consist of flat, rounded, unifacially worked projections on flakes
or chunks and resemble small endscrapers, although they are probably too
narrow to have functioned as such. Ten are pointed spurs on flakes or
chunks which have been used without further modification. The remaining
two are spurs on reworked broken projectile point fragments.
Some patterning is evident in the spatial distribution of the
tools. Sixteen artifacts (27%) were recovered from the eastern portion
of the site. These include, in particular, nine gravers and four of the
six micro-drills. Four specimens are specifically associated with the
radiocarbon-dated hearth feature (Feature 4/6), and four additional
specimens were recovered from the same levels. The remaining tools were
found vertically distributed from the surface down, with none below
Level 7.
Only six items from this class were recovered from TT2. This
parallels the low frequencies observed for most other tool classes in
this part of the site (see Discussion).
The remaining drills, perforators, and gravers were recovered from
the western half of the site. Nineteen (33%) were found in TT3, five in
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Figure 28. Notches and gravers, 35WH7.
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a. CC2-1125
b. CC2-1546
c. CC2-1535
d. CC2-1618
e. CC2-1349
f. CC2- 720
g. CC2-605
h. CC2-386
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TT3E alone. Thirteen specimens were recovered from Levell. Tools of
this class recovered from TT4 (N=7, or 12%) are found in the upper three
levels. The remaining specimens were recovered from TT5 (N=5, or 9%),
TT6 (N=3, or 5%), and TT7 (N=2, or 4%). While these counts are small,
it is perhaps worth noting the absence of most other tool types in TT6,
where one micro-drill, one perforator, and one graver were recovered.
Two of these specimens, one of obsidian, are made on reworked point
fragments.
Notches
Eighteen artifacts have been classified as notches (Figure 28a-e).
Fourteen of these were retrieved from the debitage during the present
analysis. Notches are generally flakes with concave "notched" areas
which are sometimes retouched but always exhibit a substantial amount of
use wear in the form of polish, smoothing, and/or crushing. Notch
widths range from as narrow as 4.1 mm to as wide as 24.6 mm with a mean
of 11.8 mm. This mean is only slightly larger than the diameter of the
foreshafts recovered from a cache above the site (see Atlatl Dart
Cache), suggesting a potential use for this type of tool in peeling and
shaping branches and sticks. Fifteen specimens are made of CCS, two of
basalt, and one of petrified wood. In ten specimens, single notches co-
occur either with one or more other functional edges or with additional
notches. As many as four notches may be present on one specimen (eg.
CC2-l6l8). Only eight items exhibit a single notch alone .
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Horizontally, notches tend to cluster in the western third of the
site. Only two were recovered from TTl, one from TT7, and none at all
from TT2 or TT6. Six (33%) were, on the other hand, recovered from TT3
and TT4 each. The remaining three (17%) came from TT5. Vertically,
there appears to be no particular patterning, with specimens occurring
throughout the cultural deposits.
Formed Unifaces
Fifty-five items from 35WH7 have been classified as formed
unifaces (Figures 29-30; Appendix A). These include purposefully
retouched tools with one or more regular and continuous edges. Items in
this class include tools traditionally classified as scrapers, and this
designation will be employed as a descriptive label, although the wide
range of edge angles observed suggests that some may have served for
cutting, rather than scraping (cf. Gould et al. 1971). For descriptive
purposes, formed unifaces from this site have been divided into convex
and straight scrapers based on the shape of the functional edge(s).
Convex scrapers include a group of 19 distinctive tear-drop shaped
artifacts with convex bits and straight to slightly convex, contracting
sides which are sometimes unworked and sometimes unifacially or
bifacially flaked (Figure 29h-k). Based on their morphology, it is
likely that at least some of these specimens were hafted endscrapers.
With one exception (CC2-l095), all are manufactured on flakes, and all
but one (CC2-509) are made of CCS . . Specimens range in thickness from
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Figure 29. Knives, tear drop-shaped scrapers, and linear flake tools,
35WH7.
;.j a. CC2 - 909
b. CC2-339
c. CC2-896
d. CC2-l292
e. CC2-680
f. CC2-5l
g. CC2-l028
h. CC2 -10012
i. CC2-204
j. CC2-269
k. CC2-846
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179
Figure 30. Miscellaneous formed unifaces, 35WH7.
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a. CC2-809
b. CC2-377
c. CC2-l2
d. CC2-256
e. CC2-464
f. CC2-570
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3.7 rom to 16.7 rom, encompassing thick examples with tall bits as well as
thin flakes with only fine, marginal retouch. Lengths range from 27.1-
50.3 rom, widths range from 18.1-46 rom.
At least eight of the teardrop-shaped unifaces bear evidence of
thermal alteration. Little can be said about the function of these
tools, but most appear to have been used on resistant materials which
have left the functional edges damaged or broken. A wide range of bit
thicknesses may indicate differing uses, as may the presence of
bifacially edged areas along the bit sections of three of the thin-
bitted specimens. Flaking is entirely unifacial on all steep-bitted
teardrop-shaped scrapers, as is evidence of wear on all but two in this
category (CC2-550, CC2-l00l2)
A second specialized variety of concave scrapers is represented by
a single discoidal scraper (CC2-809; Figure 30a). The specimen is
steeply flaked around its entire periphery, with a smooth, "normalized"
(Ahler 1979) edge. Like most of the other scrapers from this site, it
is made of CCS.
Also included among the convex scrapers is a thick rectangular
specimen (CC2-377; Figure 30b) in which opposite ends are flaked to form
steep convex edges. Weighing 88.47 g, this artifact is more than twice
as heavy than the next lighter scraper, and considerably above the
overall mean of 10.51 g. However, it is much smaller than the cobble
scrapers discussed below and best included under the present artifact
class. This specimen is also made of CCS.
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The remaining 22 convex scrapers consist either of larger pieces
broken in use or rounded edges which have been prepared on broken flakes
or chunks of raw material. All are made of CCS. These specimens
include eight which could be classed as endscrapers (two with denticu-
late edges), four which might be identified as side-scrapers, two with
both lateral and distal worked edges, and eight unclassifiable fragmen-
tary specimens. The labels "endscraper" and "sidescraper" are assigned
here on the basis of form only. No attempt has been made to classify
scrapers by the orientation of their functional edges relative to the
striking platform of the flake.
Finally, 12 tools are classified as straight scrapers. These are,
as indicated in the name, characterized by straight functional edges,
with up to three worked edges on one artifact. Four have single edges,
three exhibit dual, parallel edges, four have two contiguous edges which
join at right angles, and two rectangular specimens each display three
retouched edges. Retouch is entirely unifacial and restricted to a
single face (where more than one edge is present) in the first, second,
and last of these categories. In the third variety, scrapers with two
parallel edges, retouch is found on different faces for each functional
edge.
Like other tool types, scrapers are found across most of the site,
with exception of TT6 in the southeast. Like several of the other tool
types already discussed, however, their distribution does tend to show
some patterning. Twenty scrapers (36%) were recovered from TTl, in the
northeast. Nine of these came from TT1C, where they occur from levels 2
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through 5. This distribution extends above and below Feature 4/6.
Eight are convex scrapers, seven of these specifically convex
endscrapers (including two teardrop-shaped specimens), and one is a
straight scraper with a single edge. An additional 19 scrapers of
various kinds were recovered from adjacent units TT1A, A/B, D, F, and P.
Only six scrapers (11%) were found in TT2. TT3 produced a larger
proportion, with 17 specimens (31%). These include eight of the 19
teardrop-shaped specimens, three more of which were recovered in nearby
units TT4D and 5C. It is perhaps noteworthy that scrapers are entirely
absent from TT3A--the unit with the highest debitage counts, relatively
high frequencies of cores, early to mid-stage bifaces, and projectile
points. While lithic reduction and possibly retooling appear to have
been important activities in this vicinity, it was not a locus for
activities involving scraping and/or cutting. The remaining scrapers
were associated with units TT4A, C, D, E, F, and H (N=7, or 13%), TT5A,
B, and C (N=3, or 5%), and TT7B (N=l, or 2%). One specimen was
unprovenienced.
Knives
Ten small flaked stone specimens have been classified as knives,
in addition to the tabular basalt knife discussed below under "Heavy
Tool Industry." In these items, flaking retouch is concentrated along
one or two margins, forming an acute cutting edge, while little emphasis
is placed on shaping the rest of the tool itself (Figure 29). An
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exception to this pattern is CC2-339 (Figure 29b), which exhibits
shoulders and an incomplete base, and fragmentary specimen CC2-899,
which may be part of a similarly shaped piece. In four specimens, two
margins are flaked and converge to a point, and four of the more
complete specimens exhibit backing in the form of residual cortex or a
flat break. All of the larger pieces show use wear along the functional
edge(s). Five seam quartz specimens are represented in this class, the
remaining tools are of CCS. Three smaller fragments of edge-modified
seam quartz have been included, though their precise shape can no longer
be determined.
Worked Flakes
One hundred forty items at 35WH7 were identified as worked flakes.
These consist, as their label implies, of flakes on which one or more
edges have been modified. In terms of manufacturing effort, this tool
class is intermediate between scrapers and utilized flakes. Unlike
scrapers, edge retouch is generally restricted and irregular, and edges
do not exhibit purposeful shaping. Almost all worked flakes appear to
be broken and on many, only part of the original edge is present. It is
possible that some specimens are pieces of scrapers; clearly, the
boundary between these two classes is not absolute. Utilized flakes, on
the other hand, only exhibit edge damage related to use; intentional
retouch is lacking.
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For the purpose of this study, modified edges were counted for
each flake and it was noted whether retouch was unifacial or bifacial.
Most specimens in this assemblage (116 specimens, or 82.9%) are
unifacially retouched. Fifteen (10.7%) exhibit bifacial edges, and
seven (5.0%) show areas of both unifacial and bifacial retouch. Two
specimens (1.4%) were intermittently flaked around most of the
periphery. Generally, specimens with a single retouched edge
predominate with 77.9% (N=109), followed by 25 (17.9%) which exhibit two
modified edges. Two specimens (1.4%) are flaked intermittently around
the entire periphery.
Weights on worked flakes range from 0.1 g to 22.1 g, with a mean
of 4.1 g. Small specimens predominate, with 75% weighing 4 g or less.
Most worked flakes are of CCS, mirroring the overall predominance of
chert in the flake debris. Of 140 specimens, 135 (96.4%) are of CCS,
while basalt and obsidian make up 1.4% (N=2) and 2.1% (N=3) ,
respectively. The highest frequencies of worked flakes appear in TT3
(N=56 , or 40%) and TTl (N=36 , or 26%). Only 8% (N=ll) occur in TT2; 11%
(N=16) were recovered from TT4. One specimen is unprovenienced.
Linear Flake Tools
Linear flake tools are unilaterally or bilaterally edged, linear,
blade-like flakes (Connolly 1991:88). Twenty-three specimens from 35WH7
fall into this class (Figure 29c-g). Only seven specimens are complete;
these average 27.3 mID in length. Mean measurements for widths and
+185
thicknesses are 12.9 rom and 3.2 rom, respectively, while weights average
1.14 g. Sixteen specimens are retouched, while wear on the remaining
seven is slight and attributed to use only. All but one are unifacial.
Seven are unilaterally edged, sixteen bilaterally. All are made of CCS.
Linear flake tools were found across most of the site, but they
occur most frequently in TT3 (N=lO, or 43.5%). Four were associated
with TTl (17.4%), two with TT2 (8.7%), five with TT4 (21.7%), and one
each with TT5 and TT2 (8% together). Twelve of the twenty-three
specimens were found among the lithic debitage.
Utilized Flakes
The most expedient of tools at 35WH7 are represented by a large
quantity of utilized flakes. These are specimens which exhibit use wear
on one or more edges without the presence of preparatory retouch.
Preliminary screening was conducted by macroscopic examination with
subsequent inspection of questionable specimens under a low-power
binocular microscope (10-30x magnification). Specimens selected for
inclusion were measured and weighed, and observations on raw material,
presence of cortex, and number of edges per specimen were recorded.
The identification of use wear is complicated by the presence of
damage due to preparation of edges for lithic reduction and damage which
can be attributed to natural forces such as trampling and the action of
water, wind, and soil (Keeley 1980). This is particularly problematic
when inspection is conducted in the absence of experimental research on
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186
locally available raw materials and without high power magnification.
It may, in addition, be difficult to distinguish some types of micro-
flaking from intentional retouch, although it has been suggested that
this determination can be made on the basis of scar size and patterning
(Tringham et al. 1974:181).
Flakes identified as utilized in the present study exhibit areas
of contiguous and patterned attrition in the form of crushing, micro-
flaking, and/or abrasion (polish and rounding) (see Semenov 1976,
Tringham et al. 1974, Ahler 1979, Keeley 1980 for discussion of wear
types). It was felt that by emphasizing the contiguity of wear, most
specimens damaged by "natural" forces would be eliminated from
consideration (cf. Tringham et al. 1974:191-192). Because of the
hardness of chert (the predominant local toolstone), however, even
slight damage was accepted as evidence for wear. Some degree of error
may have been incorporated in the identifications, but as the analysis
was done by a single individual (the author), there should be no
selective bias within or between assemblages.
A total of 340 specimens from 35WH7 were classified as utilized
flakes. Cherts predominate as raw material (N=3l9, or 93.8%), even
surpassing the high proportion of CCS among unmodified flakes at the
site. A small number of specimens are made of basalt (N=9, or 2.6%) and
obsidian (N=7, or 2.1%), fossil bone (N=2, 0.6%), petrified wood (N=2,
or 0.6%), and seam quartz (N=l, or 0.3%). Individual weights range from
0.17 g to 115.46 g, however lighter specimens predominate, as evidenced
by a mean of 6.81 g. Fifty-two percent of all utilized flakes weigh
the total (N=256), while two-edged specimens amount to 21.2% (N=72).
21.51 mm. Single-edged specimens are most common, making up 75.3% of
Three used edges are found on 12 specimens (3.5%).
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187
Tool lengths average 32.17 mm, while widths average
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As with most other artifact types, utilized flakes are found
across the entire site. High concentrations were found in TT3 (N=122,
or 35.9%) and TT1/TBl (N=88 , or 25.9%), while only 29 specimens (9%)
were recovered from TT2. High counts include, in particular, TT3E with
23 specimens, TT3P with 21, and TT1P with 20 specimens. This
distribution parallels other artifact categories at the site and will be
returned to later in this study.
Cobble Tools
Light Choppers
Nine items from 35WH7 have been classified as light choppers
(Figure 3la-c). These are fist-sized implements with single,
percussion-flaked, moderate to steep-angled edges. Weights range from
200 g to 676 g, although 80% fall between 200 g and 400 g. All are of
basalt, including six specimens manufactured on stream cobbles and three
which are made on angular basalt cores or flakes. All have been only
partially worked, with areas of cortex remaining. Tools in this class
presumably served in heavy processing activities, such as chopping or
cutting. Five of those manufactured on stream cobbles appear, in
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188
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Figure 31. Cobble choppers and cobble flake scraper, 35WH7 (75% of
actual size).
a. CC2-977 b, CC2-396 c. CC2-473 d. CC2-324
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189
addition, to have been used as hammerstones, as indicated by the
presence of wear ranging from slight pecking to heavy battering and
crushing. In four of the stream cobble tools, this additional wear is
found on the proximal end of the artifact, i.e. on the cortical surface
opposite the flaked margin. The fifth, CC2-982, shows wear from pecking
and crushing on virtually every projecting tool edge. Both this
artifact and CC2-473 (Figure 3lc), another stream cobble tool, exhibit
traces of red ochre on the crushed and battered edges, suggesting their
use in the preparation of pigments.
The remaining specimens consist of edge-modified chunks of angular
basalt. Two rather crude unifacial tools (CC2-53 and CC2-l058), are
fire-affected. The third, CC2-lll, is a large discoidal core with
peripheral bifacial wear.
In light of the small sample of choppers, little can be said about
their distribution. They are found in all areas of the site except the
extreme southeast (TT6).
Heavy Choppers
Two artifacts have tentatively been defined as heavy choppers,
although their function is not clear. Both consist of large, but
relatively flat, peripherally flaked angular basalt cobbles. In one
case (CC2-472), retouch is predominantly bifacial, in the other (CC2-
261), it is unifacial. Specimen CC2-472 measures 16.5 x 16 x 6.5 em and
weighs 3,175 g (ca. 7lbs). Specimen CC2-26l measures 36 x 27 x 6 em,
190
and weighs 9,526 g (ca. 21 lbs). They were recovered in units TT1C
(Level 5) and TT3P (Level 3), respectively.
Worked Flakes
The twelve specimens of this class resemble the smaller specimens
already discussed, but are larger and heavier, weighing between 55 g and
234 g. All except one (CC2-492) are unifacially percussion-flaked along
part of an existing edge. The single exception (CC2-492) exhibits a
small marginal area of bifacial flaking, but the specimen is
predominantly unifacial in nature. Working edges range from straight
(N=5) to convex (N=3) to concave (N=l). One specimen is characterized
by convergent adjacent edges, two are irregular and indeterminate. Of
the latter, one (CC2-332) appears to exhibit part of a fragmentary
denticulate edge. Four of the twelve worked flakes are of basalt, the
rest are CCS.
Half of the items in this class were recovered from TTl. The rest
are from TT2H (N=l) , TT3E (N=l) , and TT4 (one each from units 4A, E, and
H). A single piece is provenienced as "cache" in the project's artifact
catalog. The significance of this attribution is not clear.
Flake Scrapers
Two specimens, both made on disc-shaped basalt flakes, have been
identified as flake scrapers. These implements are purposely shaped,
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191
and unifacially edged around a large part of their perimeter. In both
cases retouch is limited to the dorsal face of the flake.
CC2-324 is a thick unifacially retouched flake with a steep dorsal
ridge and a wedge-shaped cross-section (Figure 3ld). It measures 7.7 cm
in length, 7.9 cm in width, and is 3.8 cm thick, weighing 276.18 g. The
specimen has been heavily used, resulting in microflaking and crushing
along its margins. Diffuse traces of red ochre near the edge of the
piece may signify use in the processing of pigments, though the paint
residues are less concentrated and pronounced than on the choppers
discussed above and may be not be related to the object's original use.
CC2-324 was found in Level 3 of TT2E.
CC2-973 and CC2-l040 are matching parts of a single scraper formed
on a discoidal flake which is almost identical in diameter to the
specimen just discussed, but has been thinned by removal of a large
flake across the dorsal surface. Wear is lighter, with less evidence of
crushing than on the preceding piece. The individual elements were
recovered from Levell of TTIA and from a "cave-in" spanning levels 4-8
of the same unit. The composite of CC2-973 and CC2-l040 is 7.9 cm long,
7.5 cm wide, and 2.1 cm thick, with a weight of 157.73 g.
Tabular Basalt Knife
One specimen (CC2-l509) has been classified as a tabular knife
(Figure 32c). It consists of a 1.4 cm thick slab of tabular basalt with
cortex on both faces and two of four edges. The remaining two edges are
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192
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Figure 32. Pestles and tabular knife, 35WH7.
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a. CC2-62 b. CC2-192 c. CC2-1059
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193
broken. One is too steep for use, but the other, one forming a 60°
angle, exhibits continuous wear--without intentional retouch--a1ong its
margin. This specimen is the only one of its kind from this site. It
measures 7.2 cm x 5.4 cm and weighs 114.4 g. It was recovered from
Level 6A of TT1A.
Ed~e-Modified Chunks
A residual category of edge-modified chunks was created to
accommodate angular pieces of stone with utilized or retouched edges.
Twenty-four specimens fall into this group. Ten of these are retouched,
14 exhibit use wear only. Most have a single functional edge, but three
have two, and a single specimen exhibits three. Specimens in this class
vary in size, weighing between 2.00 and 61.50 g, with an average weight
of 23.23 g. Most are of CCS, with the exception of three basalt
specimens.
Edge-modified chunks occur across the site, including six
recovered from its eastern portion, four from TT2, seven from TT3, six
from TT4, and one specimen from TT5.
Ground Stone
Ground stone artifacts make up only a small proportion of the
artifact assemblage at 35WH7. Those present include 19 grinding stones
(referred to as "metates" in fie1dnotes), four anvil stones, two
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194
fragmentary pestles, a partially girdled cobble, and a piece of ground
and perforated siltstone. Ten items were classified as manos by
fieldworkers. Nine of these have been rejected as tools in the present
analysis due to the absence of recognizable modification or wear; the
remaining specimen tabulated at OMSI could not be found at the time of
analysis.
Pestles
Two pestles have been recovered from 35WH7. Both are fragmentary
specimens of tools that appear to have served multiple functions
involving both grinding and percussion. Both are made on basalt
cobbles.
CC2-62 (Figure 32a) is a distal fragment of an elongate basalt
cobble with a roughly rectangular cross-section. Cortex has been
removed by pecking from two opposing edges. On one of these edges the
cortex has been pecked away in an even and narrow band resembling edge-
ground cobbles typically associated with Cascade Phase assemblages (cf.
Leonhardy and Rice 1970). Considering other temporal information from
the site, however, which suggests a relatively recent age, it is not
likely that this specimen indicates an early Archaic or early Middle
Archaic age. Most of both proximal and distal ends have been removed by
spalling indicating use of the pestle as a pounder, although part of a
smooth grinding surface also remains in the center of its distal end.
The removal of large spalls around the entire base and the battered
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condition of the proximal end may indicate damage from the use of
bipolar force. The specimen measures 5.97 cm x 4.88 cm in width, is
15.19 cm high, and weighs 674.1 g. It was found in Levell of TT3C.
CC2-192 (Figure 32b) is a distal pestle fragment with a triangular
cross-section. Shaping is pronounced along one edge and the base, and
some pecking is present along parts of the remaining two edges. The
distal end is relatively rough and spa11ing has occurred on all three
lateral faces where they meet the base, suggesting heavy pounding use in
addition to grinding. CC2-192 measures roughly 5.6 cm in diameter, is
8.29 cm high, and weighs 490.1 g. Its provenience is given as Level 2
of TT3D. While a penciled note in the artifact catalog calls this
information into question, its provenience close to the pestle discussed
above lends support to the validity of this attribution.
Grinding Stones
Nineteen grinding stones have been identified from 35WH7. All
consist of square to rectangular basalt blocks weighing between 21 and
73 1bs, with one or two worn surfaces. Frequently, block margins have
been trimmed to remove projecting corners. Wear is generally abrasive,
although pecking is sometimes present in smaller areas as well. Surface
wear ranges from barely detectable by touch only, to pronounced abrasion
which is visibly smooth and sometimes darker in color. Where they are
clearly identifiable, worn areas are either flat or slightly dished and
often roughly circular, ranging in diameter from 7-15 cm. A single
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specimen (CC2-833) is characterized by a convex grinding surface, In
several cases, exposure to direct heat is indicated by cracking of the
rock and spalling of grinding surfaces.
Spatially, grinding stones cluster in the eastern and the western
portions of the site. They are found in levels 2 and 4 of TT1C, Level 7
of TT1D, and Level 5 of TB1. One specimen not present at the time of
analysis was recovered from Level 3 of TT1F.
The largest concentration of grinding stones at the site was
encountered in TT3. Four specimens were recovered from TT3A (levels 2
and 3), one from TT3B (Level 3), one fragmentary specimen from TT3D
(Level 2), one from TT3F (Level 3), one from TT3H (Level 3) and two from
TT3P (Level 3). In summary, ten, or more than half of the analyzed
nineteen grinding stones, were recovered from levels 2 and 3 of an area
measuring less than 3 m x 3 m.
The remaining specimens are provenienced to TT4D (Level 5), TT4H
(Level 2), TT4B/C/F (Level 5), and TT5C (Level 3). A trimmed block of
comparable size was collected from TT4F (Level 4), however no wear is
visible on the specimen and it is not considered here .
Anvils
Four specimens exhibit wear from pecking only and are here
identified as anvils. Three are block anvils which are larger, heavier,
and probably represent stationary features at the site. One specimen is
a cobble anvil, which is smaller and more portable (Figure 33a).
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Cobble anvil and girdled stone, 35WH7.Figure 33.
a. CC2-95l b. CC2-l00l4
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198
The three block anvils (CC2-40, CC2-57l, and CC2-259) resemble
grinding stones in shape, but exhibit only a small amount of pecking,
rather than the abrasion characteristic of the former. All are on
trimmed blocks, with weights of 33, 42, and 80 pounds. They were
recovered from TT3A (Level 2), TT3E (Level 3), and TT3P (Level 2)
clearly indicating their association with the grinding stones excavated
from this part of the site.
The cobble anvil (specimen CC2-95l) is a fist-sized angular cobble
of basalt with two relatively smooth opposing surfaces. While the
circumference may exhibit some trimming, this cannot be determined with
certainty and most of the shape is probably natural. This also applies
to one of the two smooth faces, which may have been minimally ground.
The second of the two smoother faces exhibits a heavily pecked
indentation measuring approximately 1.8 cm in diameter. While the stone
appears to have functioned as an anvil of some sort, its specific use is
unknown. It measures approximately 11 x 6.5 x 6.8 cm and weighs 789.4
g. The piece was excavated from Levell of TT7B.
Girdled Stone
CC2-l00l4 is an elongate rounded basalt cobble with a partially
girdled midsection (Figure 33b). It is 10.81 cm long, measures
approximately 5.25 cm in diameter, and weighs 327.58 g. Its precise
function remains unknown though it may have served as a net weight. It
199
was recovered in Level 3 of TT4C, and may therefore have been associated
with the possible house floor described for this area (see Features).
Ground Siltstone
A small piece of perforated and ground, locally available
siltstone, was recovered from TT3H (Level 3 or slightly below). The
piece is 4.9 cm long, 2.18 cm wide and 0.46 cm thick (Figure 34g). It
weighs 5.06 g. Three sides are irregularly broken, while most of the
fourth margin has been bifacially ground to a sharp edge. A single,
biconical hole, measuring about 2.3 mm in diameter, has been drilled
approximately 4.5 mm from this edge. Parallel striations on the
interior of the hole suggest the use of a stone, rather than bone drill.
The function of this piece is unknown, though the ground edge may have
served in cutting.
Worked Bone and Antler
Worked bone and antler are rare at 35WH7. All but two of the
eight specimens which comprise this group were found during the faunal
analysis conducted by Dr. Joanne M. Mack. All but one were recovered
from the western portion of the site (TT3 and TT4) (Figure 34).
The largest group in this category is represented by the articular
ends of four feline metapodials (Figure 34b-c). All have been separated
from their shafts by scoring and snapping, possibly as the result of
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Figure 34. Worked bone, shell, and drilled siltstone, 35WH7.
a. B-78B
b. B-22I
c. B-l12C
d. B-162B
e. B-169B
f. no number
g. CC2-855
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201
bead manufacture (Mack, Appendix C; Schmitt 1990), though no bone beads
were recovered from this site. All appear to be associated with the
house floor described from in TT4. Specimen B-112C (Level 3, TT4J) and
the two specimens catalogued as B-78G are from bobcat (Lynx rufus);
specimen B-22I is identified as cougar (Felis concolor). It is
provenienced to TT4H, Level 3.
A further item of modified bone which was probably associated with
the house feature in TT4 is specimen B-78B (Figure 34a). Like B-78G
(above), it was found in Level 4 of TT4C. It consists of the flat body
segment of a right scapula of a large mammal, probably an artiodactyl.
Removal of spine and subsequent grinding of the cut edges has produced a
spatulate implement shaped like an isosceles triangle, the base of which
curls upward slightly. It measures 13.5 cm in length, with a maximum
width of 6.8 cm. The function of this specimen is unknown, but it would
appear to be too fragile for any heavy use.
Specimen B-162B is a medial segment of a medium-sized mammal
longbone which has been shaped an polished to a tapered point (Figure
34d). A rectangular segment of bone has, in addition, been removed from
the exterior of the piece leaving a step about halfway down its length.
The specimen is fragmentary and appears to be burnt; both the tip and a
lateral portion are missing. It measures 2.62 cm in length and has a
maximum diameter of about 8 mm. It was recovered from TT3A, Level 3.
Specimen B-169B is a burnt medial fragment of mammal longbone with
part of a curved and polished end (Figure 34e). While it may represent
the end of a scraping or fleshing tool (cf. Schmitt 1990:15-16), the
2202
piece is extremely fragmentary and a positive identification of its
function is not possible. It is 2.66 cm long and 1.24 cm wide. It was
recovered from Level 2 of TT3H.
Specimen CC2-789 (originally catalogued with the non-bone
assemblage) is a small tip of an antler tine. Because of the burnt and
fragmentary condition of the piece, it cannot with certainty be
identified as a tool. If it was indeed used, it may have served as part
of a pressure flaker or an awl. It is 2.10 cm long and exhibits a
maximum diameter of 0.73 cm. It was recovered in Level 4 of TT1A and
represents the only worked bone or antler from the eastern portion of
the site.
Shell Bead
A single (unnumbered) shell bead was recovered from Level 6 of
TT1A (Figure 34f). It is an olivella shell bead with a length of 12.8
mm and a maximum diameter of 7.6 mm. Beads of this kind have been found
throughout the Plateau (Erickson 1990) and the Great Basin (Bennyhoff
and Hughes 1987). The specimen from 35WH7 is classified as a medium-
sized (between 6.51 and 9.5 mm in diameter), "simple spire-lopped"
olivella shell bead (Type Alb., Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987:118) based on
the method of spire removal. Olivella biplicata is most widely used for
shell beads in the region and it is likely that the present specimen
also represents this species.
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203
Most Great Basin marine shell beads are thought to have been
obtained from California (Bennyhoff and Hughes 1987). It is likely,
however, that the specimen from the Pine Creek basin was procured on the
Oregon or Washington coast from where it would have reached the John Day
drainage via the Columbia River (Erickson 1990:131). While olivella
shell beads are usually not mentioned in ethnographic accounts of the
Plateau and are not listed in Ray's Culture Element Distributions for
the Plateau (Ray 1942), they are not uncommon in archaeological
contexts, where they have been recovered from both burials and habita-
tion sites (Erickson 1990). At the Wildcat Canyon site, olivella shell
beads are characteristic of the Wildcat Phase (Dumond and Minor
1983:159).
A marked expansion of long-distance trade in general and marine
shells in particular is observed between A.D. 1350 and 1650 on the
Columbia Plateau (Erickson 1990:132). The specimen from 35WH7,
recovered from the hearth area of TTl, falls comfortably within this
period.
Conjoined Specimens
A consequence of the excavation of the large block of contiguous
units at 35WH7 was the recovery of many conjoinable artifact fragments.
The refitting of broken artifacts was begun by OMSI lab staff and
continued during the present analysis. The distribution of paired
fragments across the site serves as' a measure of spatial integrity of
,
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204
the deposits (e.g Villa 1982) and offers some additional insights into
site function.
Twenty-four artifacts, including projectile points, bifaces,
worked and utilized flakes, a core, and a cobble uniface, were refitted
from matching fragments (Table 11). When the horizontal distribution of
matching specimens is plotted, it can be seen that 17 pairs (71%) are
separated by no more than two excavation units (or roughly 2 m) (Figure
35). More specifically, three sets include specimens which were
recovered from the same unit, ten sets include specimens from adjoining
units, and four sets consist of fragments from units separated by one
square. This distance is consistent with findings from refitting
studies elsewhere, and has been related to ethnographic observations of
spatial patterning resulting from stone working and drop zones (Gamble
1991) .
In three cases, paired items were separated by two excavation
units, and in four cases, the distance was even greater. This last
group will now be examined in greater detail. Specimens CC2-l606, CC2-
292, and CC2-ll75 are pieces of a heat-treated biface which appears to
have broken in two stages. The first fragment was recovered from TT5B
(Level 2, 8.90-8.70 m), while the remaining pieces were recovered from
TT1C and lP (levels 4, 8.80-8.60 m, and 10, 7.90-7.70 m, respectively).
It appears that CC2-l606, an acute-ended distal fragment, separated from
the larger piece during heat-treating in the western part of the site.
A subsequent attempt to rework the periphery of the remaining material
205
",-/
Overhang ...... "/~ ..
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~,- .....-+p~::-II--+-.......,~-- - Ox grid Iinc
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grid linc grid Iinc
35WH7
5 meters
_=:::::J-==-_
Cove Creek 2
eonlour inlerval is O. 10m
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Figure 35. Horizontal distribution of conjoined fragments.
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Table 11. Conjoinable Artifacts Recovered at 35WH7
Spec.
No. Class Unit Level fits with
Spec.
No. Unit Level Type1
taken place around TTl, or in the eastern portion of the site.
resulted in fracture and rejection. This later discard appears to have
1. I=same unit; II=adjacent units; III=two units apart; IV=three units
apart; V=more than three units apart
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25
85
109
175
177
195
212
274
291
292
304
325
424
484
529
624
649
827
837
973
1356
PPT(SN1)
BIFACE
BIFACE
PPT(ES1)
PPT(PSES)
PPT(CS6)
BIFACE
PPT(CS6)
PPT(ES1)
PPT
BIFACE
BIFACE
CORE
BIFACE
PPT(ESIl)
PPT
BIFACE
WRKD FL
BIFACE
BIFACE
COB UNIF
UTL FL
lA
3C
4A
3B
lP
lA
4B
2F
lC
lC
lC
4A
2G
lD
3E
2F
41
lD
3G
5C
lA
3E
4
lA
2
3B
3-5
3
1
lB
3
4
4B
2B
lB
6B
4A
WS
1
4
3B
4A
4-8
3
and
176
114
770
814
553
603
278
882
461
757
1175
1606
969
668
656
805
945
767
1524
1017
958
1040
1667
lP
4C
3C
3A
lP
lA
5B
2Q
lD
PH
lP
5B
4J
lP
IF
3H
2Q
3C
4D
3A
7B
lA
7B
?
3
2
4-6
5A
4
3B
lA
WS
SUR
10
2
2A
WS
4B
2B
2
2
1
3
lB
1
3
II
IV
II
II
I
I
III
II
II
III
III
V
IV
V
III
II
II
IV
V
II
II
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II
a
Specimens CC2-325 and CC2-668 are matching pieces of a chert core
which were found in units TT2G (Levell, 9.30-9.10 m) and lP (wall-
scrapings, no exact provenience). Both were reworked after breaking
apart. CC2-649 and CC2-l524, finally, are parts of a worked flake which
were recovered from TT1D (Level 4, 9.10-8.90 m) and 4D (Levell, 9.00-
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207
8.80 m). Like the cores just discussed, CC2-l524 has been reworked
after separating from its counterpart.
The distribution of conjoined fragments partitions the site into
three segments. This division corresponds to and supports that
established by other criteria including the distribution of flakes and
other classes of artifacts. Ten conjoined pairs were recovered from the
western portion of 35WH7, encompassing TT3, 5, 7, and most of TT4.
Eight pairs are from the eastern portion of the site, excluding TT1B.
Only two pairs were found in TT2. Matched pairs with members cross-
cutting these divisions represent prehistoric "cycling" (Ascher 1968);
displacement is due to cultural, rather than natural formation processes
(Schiffer 1983). The paucity of matching specimens from TT2 suggests
that this area may have been characterized less by production than by
maintenance activities, a conclusion that has been supported by other
functional correlates from the site.
The picture is less clear-cut with regard to the vertical distri-
bution of conjoined fragments, and complicated by thickness of arbitrary
levels (20 cm), and differing level definitions between adjacent units.
In order to assess vertical displacement, elevations relative to the 10
m datum were compared for conjoined specimens for which both members
were recovered from within the same portion of the site (thus excluding
specimens separated by greater horizontal distances). In five cases
matched parts were recovered from the same or overlapping levels, in
five cases parts came from adjacent levels, and in seven cases specimens
were vertically removed by more than one level. Several specimens could
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208
not be included in this analysis due to incomplete provenience
information.
Several factors may contribute to the inconclusive nature of the
vertical information. Vandalism, reflected in the presence of multiple
potholes, has probably contributed to the scrambling of cultural
materials at the site, in concert with "systemic" human activities
(Schiffer 1972; Ascher 1968) and bioturbation (e.g. Erlandson 1984;
Bocek 1986). The distribution may also, however, reflect a generally
homogeneous and undifferentiated nature of the cultural deposits and the
relatively short time span bracketed by them.
Miscellaneous Rocks and Minerals
Four items from 35WH7 are classified as rocks and minerals. These
are manuports which appear to have been brought to the site but which
are not otherwise modified. Also included under this heading are bits
of pigment collected at 35WH7.
Crystal
Three chunks of local rock crystal weighing 288.3 g (CC2-l07l),
427.1 g (CC2-l070), and 734.5 g (CC2-l099) were recovered from the site.
All originated in its eastern portion, including TT1C (Level 2; CC2-l070
and 1071) and TT1D (CC2-l099; levels 4-6). Their purpose is unknown .
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209
Fossil leaf
Specimen CC2-797 is a small piece of stone which exhibits the
parallel venation of a fossilized leaf. It is 1.9 cm long, 1.5 cm wide,
0.4 cm thick and weighs 1.3 g. The specimen is unmodified and may be
part of the site's natural deposits, though this cannot be ascertained
at present. It was recovered in Level 3 of TT3E.
Ochre
Small pieces of pigment, ranging in weight from 0.14 to 10.32 g,
and comprising a total of 25.76 g, were found in several parts of 35WH7.
Most consist of red ochre. In the eastern portion of the site, ochre
was recovered from TT1A (levels 3, 4, 5), TT1B (Level 3), and TT1F
(Level 3, 4). The proximity of these units to pictographs situated on
the adjacent cliff face (see Rock Art, this chapter) may suggest their
use in the production of these representations. A cobble chopper-
hammerstone which appears to have been used to crush ochre (CC2-982) was
recovered from 25 cm below the surface of TT1P (exact elevation unknown)
and may also have been used in this connection.
The largest piece of ochre at the site, weighing over 10 g, was
found in Levell of TT3C. A second, smaller piece was recovered from
nearby TT3E (Level 3). These units are, like TTl, located opposite a
panel of pictographs and may be related to their production, as may be a
cobble uniface with traces of ochre -recovered from TT3D (Level 3).
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Pieces of pigment were also found in levels 1 and 2 of TT4B (Level
1), 4E (levels 1, 2), and 41 (Levell). In addition to the more common
red ochre, TT4E produced the only yellow ochre found at the site. A
single small piece of red ochre was, finally, recovered from Levell of
TT2T.
Atlatl Dart Cache
A unexpected find at 35WH7 was the discovery of a cache of atlatl
darts in a "horizontal, upward sloping crack [in the cliff face] about
eight meters above the site and well-protected from the elements"
(Gannon 1970:9). Nine fragments were recovered in 1968, followed by an
additional six in 1969. Of these 15 specimens, 13 or 14 are now present
in the collection, depending on whether the joined mainshaft and
fore shaft (DIE) are considered as one or two pieces.
A short time after their recovery, specimens A, B, C, D, and E
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were cut between approximately 2.5 and 8 cm above one end for
radiocarbon-dating and wood identification. Radiocarbon dates of 2380 ±
100 B.P. and 2230 ± 90 B.P. (Gak 2177 and 2725) were returned on two of
the shafts. It is not clear which of the five specimens were actually
dated. The lettering system (A through E) established when the speci-
mens were cut for analysis, was retained in the present study, and the
remaining specimens were identified as F though N. Botanical
identifications were provided for darts A through E in 1972 by Dr. Frank
Smith, Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State
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University, Corvallis (project files, Oregon State Museum of
Anthropology). The remaining specimens appear to represent the same
wood types. Descriptions of the shafts are presented in some detail
below due to the rare nature of these artifacts. General labels and
measurements are provided in Table 12.
Foreshafts
Four items are identified as fore shafts (specimens D, F, G, and
H). All are tapered to a point at the proximal end, generally below a
distinct shoulder, though the taper on specimen H is more gradual.
Distal ends on F and H are slotted for insertion of a dart point, with
diagonal scoring added to the exterior on F, probably to provide
adhesion for sinew wrapping. The distal end on specimen G appears to
have been split from impact, leaving only one half of the slot element.
Specimen D terminates in a blunt, irregular end, although the piece
looks finished otherwise. It is possible that it was in the process of
manufacture or under repair. Alternatively, the tip could have served
as a bunt, without addition of a projectile, a use described from other
sites in the Desert West (cf. Dalley 1970a:93 and sources). Foreshaft
lengths range from 39.5 cm to 52 cm, diameters from 1.04 to 1.11 cm.
Where visible, the lengths of the shaft taper range from 6.0-9.1 cm.
Slot depths on the two finished specimens measure 0.7 and 1.1 cm.
Tapered ends retain whittle marks with no attempt made at smoothing the
surface. All fore shafts are made of serviceberry (Amelanchier sp.).
,
, :
212
Table 12. Wooden Artifacts from Cliff Cache, 35WH7
Dart Length Dia. End Configuration
Spec. Type (cm) (cm) Proximal Distal Material
A Self dart? 49.1* 1. 02 Tapered Indet. ,unif. planed Douglas fir
B Self dart? 138.0* 1. 04 Indet. Blunt Douglas fir
C Mainshaft 29.9* 1. 46 Indet. Socketed, bored Elderberry
D' Foreshaft 32.1* 1. 04 Tapered Blunt Serviceberry
E' Mainshaft 41. 4* 1. 36 Indet. Socketed, wrapped Elderberry
F Foreshaft 45.7 1. 07 Tapered Slotted, scored Serviceberry
G Foreshaft 39.5 1.11 Tapered Slotted? Serviceberry
H Foreshaft 52.0 1.10 Tapered Slotted Serviceberry
I Self dart? 106.0* 1. 01 Indet. Semi-slotted? Douglas fir
J Self dart? 53.1* 1. 07 Indet. Slotted? Douglas fir
K Self dart? 100.2 1. 09 Beveled Slotted Douglas fir
L Mainshaft? 56.4 1. 42 Indet. Cut? wrap marks? Elderberry
M Raw mat. 31.0 1. 70 Unmodified Unmodified Elderberry
N Raw mat. 53.5 1. 04 Cut Indet. , residue? Serviceberry
1. joined
* fragmentary specimen
Mainshafts
These include specimen E and possibly C and L. Specimen E is
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unequivocally a mainshaft and provides the socket for fore shaft D, to
which it is still joined. The distal end is longitudinally split around
its circumference several times, probably from impact, which has forced
the foreshaft farther back into the socket. Two types of sinew have
been wrapped around the socket end, probably to prevent further
splitting. Both damage and preventive measures of this kind are common
on archaeological specimens and have been documented in experimental
studies of atlatl replication and use (Spencer 1974:53). The applied
wrap includes a band of 4-5 mm wide sinew as well as an adjacent band of
fine, separated, sinew fibers, possibly indicating two events of repair.
No adhesives or scoring are evident. The proximal end is broken and
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irregular. Both D and E exhibit a reddish tint that may represent
staining which was applied to the exterior.
Specimen C is a length of wood with irregular ends. It is
presumed to be a second mainshaft because of a narrow, tapering groove
which is exposed in the pith of one end and which matches in shape the
proximal ends of the fore shafts discussed above. The groove is darkened
and exhibits what may be a sheen of mastic on one edge. It is not clear
what purpose an adhesive would have served at this juncture, however
pitch was also found on the tapered ends of five specimens from Hogup
Cave (Dalley 1970a:159), suggesting an intentional application.
Specimen L is a length of elderberry wood, much like the other two
mainshafts. It is split in several areas along its length. In order to
reduce disintegration, the piece was "mended" at intervals with five
strips of masking tape at some time after its recovery. Because of the
fragility of the specimen, these were not removed for the present
analysis. The piece exhibits an irregular break at one end; the
opposite end is wrapped with tape and plugged with cotton batting. It
appears to be cut and hollowed and displays a band of parallel darkened
rings which suggest the former presence of sinew wrap between 3 and 6 cm
from the end of the shaft, either as reinforcement or for feather
seizing. A slight ridge is present at the end of the area presumed to
have been bound. The exterior of the wood has been longitudinally
scraped between the binding and the terminus of the specimen.
All three items described under this heading are made of
elderberry (Sambucus sp., probably~. ~lauca, blue elderberry). This is
. '
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a softer and lighter wood than the serviceberry used in making the
fore shafts and is consistent with materials used in mainshafts and
foreshafts found elsewhere to the south in the Great Basin (e.g.
Harrington 1933; Heizer 1938; Hattori 1982). The use of the same
material in all three specimens supports the likelihood that specimen L
is, in fact, part of a third mainshaft. However dart "fletch-shafts" or
"butt-pieces," joined to the mainshaft to engage with the atlatl spur,
were commonly also made of lighter materials (Harrington 1933; Heizer
1938; Hattori 1982) and it is not impossible that this is what specimen
L represents. Lengths on the specimens range from 30-56.4 cm (however
at least one is incomplete). Diameters range from 1.36~1.46 cm.
I. Other Darts
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This group consists of five shafts (A, B, I, J, K), all of which
appear to be made of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga sp.). These are the
longest darts in this collection, including three particularly long
pieces measuring 138 cm (specimen B), 106 cm (I), and 100.15 cm (K). Of
these, only K appears to be complete. This specimen is slotted at its
distal end, while the proximal end is cut obliquely, creating an 11.2 cm
long, one-sided taper. The shaft constricts slightly at the base of the
distal end, creating a slight shoulder 2.7 cm from the distal terminus.
A tiny fragment of sinew wrapping is caught in the base of the slot, and
a small area of residue--possibly pitch--remains on the outer face of
the slot end.
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215
It is not clear how these specimens were used. The obliquely cut
proximal end of specimen K may have been intended for attachment to a
separate butt-piece (see Harrington 1933:96 for a similar splice at this
juncture of the dart). The remaining darts may may been cast without
additional elements as "self darts" (a term coined by Allely, 1992, in
analogy to self arrows).
Specimen I is incomplete at one end. A thin rectangular section
(50 mm long and 8 mm wide) has been removed from one side of the
opposite end, possibly for a type of projectile point attachment
referred to as an "L-shaped" notch (Hattori 1982:117). Specimen J is a
shorter shaft (53.1 cm), the proximal end of which has broken off. The
opposite end is similarly incomplete, but may represent half of a U-
shaped or V-shaped notch like those of the fore shafts already discussed,
broken from impact. Specimen B, one of the longer shafts, was cut at
one end for radiocarbon-dating and/or wood identification. The former
shape of this end is unknown. The opposite end is shaved, resulting in
a slight constriction which terminates in a blunted tip. Specimen A,
finally, is a short segment of 44.3 cm which terminates in a rough and
irregular end, possibly an old break, and is shaved off flatly along one
face for about 14 cm, beginning at a well-defined, cut step. Diameters
on these darts range from 1.01 cm to 1.09 cm.
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Raw Materials
These are two specimens with little or no modification. Specimen
N is a peeled stick of elderberry, one end of which is roughly cut,
while the other is smooth and blunt. This end also appears to be
darkened, possibly by exterior application (prehistorically) of a liquid
or consolidant. The piece is 53.5 cm long and has a diameter 1.04 cm,
and is thus consistent in material and dimensions with the fore shafts
discussed above. Specimen M, finally, is a broken and warped length of
elderberry, 31 cm long, with a diameter of 1.7 cm, comparable to
material used for mainshafts at this site.
Discussion
The preservation of atlatl darts, like other artifacts of wood and
basketry, is rare due to the perishable nature of these materials.
Published reports for Oregon are limited to those recovered by Luther
Cressman from dry caves in the Oregon Great Basin, including Roaring
Springs Cave, Catlow Cave, the Five-Mile-Point caves, and Plush Cave
(Cressman 1942:70 and Table 18). While Cressman devotes considerable
attention to discussing the atlatls themselves, unfortunately, little is
said about the shafts. Illustrated specimens from Roaring Springs Cave
(Cressman 1940:figures 6 and 7) appear to represent proximal elements
which are cupped at one end to engage an atlatl hook and tapered at the
opposite end, presumably to fit into a socketed mainshaft. No complete
Jl
217
mainshafts or fore shafts are illustrated or discussed. It should be
noted that, unlike several dart components discussed by Cressman
(1940:39) and many from other sites referred to below, none of the
specimens from 35WH7 are decorated, except for the possible application
of surface staining.
More information is available on dart shafts from such sites as
Leonard Rockshelter, Gypsum Cave, and the Falcon Hill Sites in Nevada,
and Danger and Hogup caves in Utah, and has been referred to above in
individual discussions. The darts from 35WH7 are broadly comparable to
those recovered from the Nevada and Utah sites. While lengths of
mainshafts appear to be relatively constant for all of these sites, more
variation is evident in the foreshafts. The fore shafts from 35WH7
(ranging in length from 39.5 to 52 cm) are comparable to the foreshaft
in the complete dart recovered from Leonard Rockshelter, and to
Hattori's variety of "long foreshafts" from Falcon Hill, defined as
longer than 20 cm (Hattori 1982:113). Foreshafts from Gypsum Cave, on
the other hand, are shorter, measuring no more than 14.4 cm in length,
while foreshafts at Hogup Cave exhibit lengths of no more than 31 cm in
length (although the small sample of two complete specimens at this site
may not accurately reflect the potential range of variation). Whether
these differences are coincidental, a function of temporal differences
or the correlate of a north-south gradient in the distribution of atlatl
(and atlatl weight) types (Dalley 1970a:160), cannot be determined
without analysis of a larger sample.
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218
Two specimens from Gypsum Cave described by Harrington (1933:101),
which are socketed for the attachment of a projectile point, appear to
be analogous to the "self darts" from 35WH7. Due to the form of the
taper of these particular specimens (shouldered rather than smooth), the
presence of pitch on the taper, the surface finish of the specimens, and
the length of the single complete piece (38.7 cm, thus longer than
fore shafts recovered at Gypsum Cave), Harrington felt that these were
not fore shafts , but rather hafted mainshafts. He was uncertain whether
this represented a distinct type of dart or merely a temporary expedi-
ent:
A hunter may have had only one dart rema~n~ng, and shattered
the foreshaft and socket of that against the rocks of Gypsum
Cave. Instead of taking time to make a new dart or to drill
a new socket in the old one, he may have simply cut a slot
in the shattered end of the shaft he already had, set in a
point, and proceeded with his hunting (Harrington
1933: 114) .
The consistent use of a different material, i.e. Douglas-fir, for self
darts at 35WH7, suggests that, at least here, this dart type was the
result of a conscious choice, rather than an expedient solution.
The cache at 35WH7 appears to represent a selection of both used
: and unfinished
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dart components, as well as unworked or minimally worked
Proximal elements are strikingly absent, precluding an
•
assessment of the full dart configuration. If separate fletch-shafts
were used in this area, they do not appear to have been cached together
with other shaft components, but may have been personal property which
was kept with the owner .
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219
Rock Art
The following description of rock art at 35WH7 is given by Gannon
(1968:3):
There are three pictographs in direct association with the
site, all painted with red ochre .... The best-preserved one
is directly to the right of the overhang over TT-l. It is
an anthropomorphic "phallic figure." Another one with an
element of anthropomorphism is situated underneath the
overhang. At the west end of the site, on a "fall-block",
is a rather complex pictograph and is [sic] partially oblit-
erated by a scent-post. The "arm and hand" motif is present
in this one also. There is a possibility that this picto-
graph may have been painted prior to the block's removal,
and that it is upside-down.
According to element record sheets filled out by OMSI recorders, the
more clearly defined figure at 35WH7 is 66 cm tall and 36 cm wide. The
other designs measure 48 cm by 43 cm, and 28 cm by 28 cm. Major
elements are reproduced in Figure 36.
While an exhaustive treatment of rock art in the Clarno Basin
would exceed the scope of this study, a few observations can be made
regarding its possible cultural affiliations. The most easily recog-
nizable feature of the pictographs at 35WH7 is the rayed head of the
anthropomorphic, or possibly zoomorphic, figure. Simple stick figures
with a rayed head or rayed arc have been identified throughout the
western Columbia Plateau and are considered a hallmark of this style
zone (Keyser 1992:61-62). Both rayed arc and stick figure motifs may
have considerable time depth, dating to between 3500 and 100 years ago
(McClure 1984, cit. in Keyser 1992:97).
10cm
a
10cm
=-
10cm
b
220
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Figure 36. Pictogra~hs, 35WH7: a, eastern set; b, western set (from
Gannon 1970).
In a recent treatment of rock art of the Columbia Plateau, James
Keyser defines the "North Oregon Rectilinear Style," which is represent-
ed primarily by pictographs in the upper Deschutes and John Day water-
sheds and easily subsumes the paintings found at 35WH7. While this
style is related to rock art along the Columbia River, it is distinctive
in its emphasis on lizards and abstract rectilinear abstracts including
rectangles, ribbed figures, grids, zigzags, and ladder figures, often in
complex combinations (Keyser 1992:83). Another common rectilinear
abstract of this style zone is represented by rakes similar to the rake-
like design found at 35WH7. Keyser feels that "this art style is
stylistically more like other Plateau art than like Great Basin petro-
glyphs to the south" (1992:123).
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Faunal Remains: Vertebrates
As with the artifactual materials, the sample of faunal remains
recovered from 35WH7 may be biased by the coarse screen mesh presumably
used in the excavations. Additional difficulties are posed by the poor
condition of much of the bone and the consequent application of shellac
as a "preservative" to larger specimens (Mack, Appendix C). A total of
1,934 faunal elements were nonetheless retrieved from this site and
analyzed for the present investigation. Identifications were completed
by Dr. Joanne M. Mack of Pomona College, Claremont, California. The
discussion presented below is drawn from Mack's report and expanded with
pertinent additional data and comments. Mack's report is reproduced in
Appendix C of this study.
Distribution
Of the almost 2,000 specimens in the collection, 775, or 40%, were
identifiable to a taxonomic level of class or lower. Percentages
assigned below refer to these specimens only. Where relevant,
observations were recorded on cultural modifications such as cut marks
and burning or charring, as well as sex and age at death. It was hoped
that the latter, in particular, would provide information on site
seasonality. As it can frequently not be determined whether left or
right components are represented, minimum numbers of individuals were
I, I
I
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222
not tabulated and counts are given for numbers of identified specimens
(NISP).
Taxonomic categories represented at 35WH7 are listed in Table 13.
Fourteen distinct species were identified within as many genera, along
with additional specimens which could only be assigned to a more general
taxonomic level. Classes include birds, fish, mammals, and reptiles,
but only mammals are represented by more than a few specimens.
Artiodactyls, with 297 specimens (38.4%) clearly dominate the
assemblage. It is likely, in addition, that the 32 specimens identified
as large mammals were artiodactyls. Of the 197 artiodactyl specimens
which are identifiable to a more specific level, 169 are assigned to
deer (mule deer, NISP=166, unidentifiable deer, NISP=3), 25 to elk, and
three to bighorn sheep. Lagomorphs, with 47 specimens (6.1% of all
identifiable bones), make up the second largest category. Of these
bones, 39 are identified as Nuttall's cottontail, four are assigned to
cottontail only, and three represent jackrabbit. One specimen is merely
identified as Lagomorph. The impact of screen-size choice on the
recovery of faunal remains, and in particular, on the recovery of small
body-size taxa, has been demonstrated by experimental studies (Grayson
1984:168-172). Based on data from a study by Thomas (1969), Grayson
(1984:70) concludes that only 29% of size class III faunal materials
(including cottontail rabbits) will typically be recovered in a quarter-
inch mesh screen. While the degree of actual bias created by the
recovery techniques applied at 35WH7 cannot be ascertained, the problem
must be considered in interpretations of the assemblage.
~. . ,--",:-- -,-. - --~-~-:;_:=;:;:;'~~';:;:"-:;.:.~~~;.::.~ .3--- :" ;~~:'''':'''::::.::' '," '",~.",~",,--=,~ . '1
Table 13. Identified Faunal Remains at 35WH7
Test Trench 1 Test Trench .2 Test Trench 3 Test Trench 4
......!!L ill.... TT7 TB TP TP
Taxon A B C 0 F P A B C 0 E F G H K L N 0 A B C 0 E F G H P A B C 0 E F G H I J ABC A B B 1 1 2 PH OT Tot
Bird
Aves uspec. 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - 1 - 7
Asic otis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1
Dendragapus obscurus - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1
Otus 8.sio - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - 1 2
Fish
Pisces unspec •
Reptile
Cleumys marmorate. 4 1 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - 1 1 1 11
MlIlIIllal
Manmalia unspec. 25 - 20 8 - 31 1 7 6 - - 13 4 12 18 3 1 7 17 27 7 2 1 10 - 18 1 14 1 2 1 5 - 15 277
Artiodactyla unspec. - 4 1 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 1 2 1 - - - 13 4 - 36 - 14 1 1 - - 4 - 85
Ovis canadensis - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - 1 3
Cervidae unspec. 3 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 5 - - - - 1 - - - - - - 2 15
Cervus canadensis 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 7 2 1 7 2 - 1 - 1 - 25
Odocoileus hemionus 11 1 15 - 39 6 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - 1 - 20 14 1 1 - 31 - 11 - - - 1 1 5 4 166
Odocoileus sp. 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - 3
Mustelidae unspec. - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Lutra canadensis 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 2
Felis cancolor - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1
Lynx rufus - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 - - 1 - 3
Rodentia unspec. 3 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 1 - - - 9
Tamiasciurus douglasii 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Castor canadensis 3 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 3
Microtus sp. 7 2 - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - 1 2 - - 1 - - 16
Heotoma cinerea 3 2 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 7
Erethizon dors8.tUIll 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 3 5
Thomenys talpoides 1 5 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 7
Lagomorph8. unspec. - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Lepus sp. 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 - 3
- Sylvilagus Duttsllii 7 - 10 7 5 1 - - - - 1 1 - 4 3 39
Sylvilagus sp. 2 1 - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - 4
Ml!IIIDal, large 2 3 3 1 - - 1 - - 1 - 2 3 1 9 1 2 3 32
Mmmlal J medium 3 3 5 5 - 1 - - - 1 1 1 2 1 23
Mammal, small 2 1 1 - 2 - - 2 8 2 18
Total 775
f'V
f'V
W
l •
224
Several other taxa are present at 35WH7 in small numbers. Birds
include one specimen each of which has been identified as long-eared owl
and blue grouse, and two of which are identified as screech owl. The
owls are probably local residents, given the proximity of adjacent cliff
face. Four unidentified fish bones are also present, as well as eleven
reptiles. Carnivore remains include three specimens identified as
bobcat and one as cougar, as well as three mustelid bones, two of which
are assigned to river otter. The balance of the collection is
represented by various types of rodents, including beaver, porcupine,
bushytail woodrat, vole, northern pocket gopher, and chickaree (also
known as Douglas squirrel). Like owls, many of the rodents may be part
of the local fauna and not culturally introduced to the site.
Almost half of all faunal remains (45.9%), and 38.2% of all
identifiable elements, were recovered from TTl. This does not include
materials provenienced to "pothole" and TB1, which are also attributed
to the eastern portion of the site. Thirty-two percent of all faunal
materials (31.7% of identifiable materials) were obtained from TT4.
Substantially lower numbers were recovered from TT3 (12.6% of all faunal
materials and 18.2% of identifiable specimens), TT5 (1.2% and 2.6%), TT2
(1.5% and 2.3%), and TT7 (0.7% and 0.7%). No faunal remains were
recovered from TT6. The high taxonomic diversity of the eastern portion
of the site, which, with the exception of felids, includes each species
identified from 35WH7, contrasts with the homogeneity of the TT4
deposits. Here, 77.1% of all identifiable elements are either from
artiodactyls or large mammals, with" only one element identified as
I
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225
rabbit, in contrast to 43 from TTl and its vicinity (92% of all
lagomorphs at the site). While faunal remains are scattered vertically
throughout the deposits of TTl and its environs, most bones from TT4 are
found in levels 3 and 4, or between roughly 8.60 m and 8.30 m.
The array of species represented in TTl is probably best explained
by the attractiveness of the sheltering overhang area for both humans
and animals, with a faunal assemblage resulting from both repeated human
occupation and non-human activities. TT4, on the other hand, with its
circular occupation floor and associated concentrations of bone, tools,
and flakes, probably represents a more limited, human use, and fewer
occupational events. The recovery of four cut feline metapodials which
appear to represent the by-products of bone bead manufacture (see Worked
Bone and Antler, this chapter) from levels 3 and 4 of TT4C, H, and J,
reflects an additional activity which can be associated with this
probable house feature.
Implications
The faunal taxa identified from 35WH7 are generally consistent
with species found in the vicinity of the site today. In an attempt to
assemble information on the present local fauna and flora, an informal
survey was submitted to Hancock Field Station Director Joseph Jones,
whose intimate knowledge of the natural history of this specific area
enhances the more general published sources. According to Jones
(written communication, 1993), most of the identified archaeological
226
species are presently found within a radius of five miles or less from
35WH7, and many of them within less than a mile. Exceptions are bighorn
sheep, which are present from 5 to 10 miles from 35WH7, and western pond
turtles, which are only encountered at a distance of more than ten miles
from the site.
The John Day drainage falls within the former range of bighorn
sheep (avis canadensis californiana, which are said to have inhabited
"every canyon, cliff, and lava butte as well as many of the rough lava
beds of Oregon east of the Cascade Mountains" (Bailey 1936:65). It
appears that this species disappeared from the Study Area sometime
between the mid and late 1800's as a result of the introduction of
domestic stock and associated diseases and parasites (Bailey 1936:66;
Van Dyke et al. 1983). According to Jones, bighorn sheep could have
formerly inhabited the cliff-face habitats in the Pine Creek basin, i.e.
within one to five miles from 35WH7. The question of turtles must
remain open. Western pond turtles, Clemmys marmorata, are generally
found west of the Cascade-Sierran crest with the exception of a recent
introduction in the Canyon Creek area of Grant County. The Study Area
does, however, lie just beyond the current southern limit of the painted
turtle, Chrysemys picta (Stebbins 1985:100). As turtle shell is known
to have been used for rattles (Mack, Appendix C), it may also have been
obtained from outside the Study Area, if it was, in fact, brought to the
site by people.
Limited information on seasonality was obtained from the 35WH7
collection, although conclusions must remain tentative because of the
F...------------------------------------¥'
•
227
small sample size. While most of the bones represent adult individuals,
26 specimens are from juveniles. Juveniles were identified by
"incomplete ossification of the epiphysis of long bones and by tooth
eruption, particularly among ungulates" (Mack, Appendix C). In addition
to juvenile packrat (NISP=2), porcupine, pocket gopher, rabbit, and an
unidentified mustelid and rodent (each with NISP=l), which may be
attributed to the predatory activities of the resident owl population,
the collection includes specimens which represent juvenile elk
(NISP=lO), deer (NISP=6), and bighorn sheep (NISP=l). Mandibles and
teeth, each representing a single juvenile individual, are attributed to
a 1.5 year-old elk, a 1.5 year-old mule deer, and a 2.5 year-old (30-32
months) bighorn sheep. Mack (Appendix C) concludes:
From the faunal material the season of use of this site may
be hypothesized to be during late Winter through late
Spring. The juvenile Artiodactyla mandibles and teeth,
which can be accurately aged indicate they were taken in
late Winter or early Spring. Mule deer fawn are born from
April through June, while both elk and big-horn sheep are
born from May to June. Since the juvenile mule deer and elk
age to approximately a year and a half old and the sheep to
two and a half years old, they must have been killed in late
Winter or early Spring. This time of year is also supported
by the much higher number of female deer. Male deer do not
travel with females after the mating season in late Fall.
Since the males shed their antlers in March or April, the
males represented in the assemblage likely have been killed
in late Spring or early Summer.
The turtle remains provide no conclusive information. While
modern habits would suggest mainly spring and summer availability
(Stebbins 1985:100-101; however, see Nussbaum et al. 1983:203), the
possibility of acquisition of the turtle remains through trade excludes
them from serious consideration as a seasonal indicator .
¥228
The above-mentioned elements representing 1.S-year old deer and
elk were recovered from TT4H (two from Level 3 and one unprovenienced)
and can be associated with the house feature described previously (see
Features) and radiocarbon-dated to 470 ± 90 B.P. It can tentatively be
concluded that this feature was occupied during late winter or early
spring. The juvenile bighorn sheep mandible unfortunately lacks
provenience. Other bighorn sheep remains were recovered from the house
feature just discussed as well as from Level 3 of TBI.
Conclusions
The distribution of faunal remains suggests two major spatial foci
of associated activities, namely under the overhang in the eastern
portion of the site, and in the house postulated for TT4. A smaller
secondary concentration from the vicinity of TT3 is characterized by an
exceptionally high proportion of bone (92%) which is either
unidentifiable or identifiable only to the class of mammals. The
difficulty in taxonomic identification of bones from TT3 may be
attributed to the fragmentary or otherwise altered condition of the
bone. It is conceivable that the concentration of grinding stones
located in this part of the site served in game processing activities,
such as the breaking of bones for marrow (Gilbert 1980:10-11), rather
than, or in addition to, the processing of plants. Clues to
differential processing are also evident from notations on bone
condition. All 22 specimens identified as "charred," i.e. heavily
•229
burned, were recovered from the eastern portion of the site, and can
probably be attributed to the proximity of the recorded hearth features.
Eight bones described as "fire-affected," denoting a more moderate
impact, were associated with TT3, while no evidence of burning or
charring was noted for the remains from the house in TT4.
While a substantial range of faunal taxa were identified from
35WH7, mule deer, elk, and cottontails appear to have been dietary
staples. Food supply appears to have been augmented by such mammals as
jackrabbit, porcupine, beaver, woodrat, river otter, and chickaree.
Some of these species may also have supplied materials for clothing,
ornaments, and tools (Mack, Appendix C). Four elements assigned to
fish, along with one element of blue grouse, suggest non-mammalian food
sources. Non-food-related activities involving the local fauna may be
indicated by fragments of turtle carapace, cut feline metapodials, and
the presence of fur-bearing species (Mack, Appendix C). Seasonal
indicators suggest that at least part of the site may have been occupied
during late winter or early spring. Based on the vertebrate fauna, site
35WH7 is interpreted as "a seasonal camp with residence of some
duration, not simply a hunting camp inhabited for a few days" (Mack,
Appendix C) .
•230
Faunal Remains: Invertebrates
A total of 63.22 g of unworked shell was recovered from 35WH7.
This includes small fragments found throughout the eastern and western
portions of the site.
While much of the shell is too fragmentary to identify, several
larger pieces could be assigned to the genus Mar~aritifera on the basis
of size, shape, and presence/placement of such diagnostic features as
pseudocardinal and lateral teeth (Lyman 1980). According to Riggs
(1968), fresh-water mussels are common in the John Day River and
probably in Pine Creek, and "small forms have been collected in small
isolated pools in Robinson Canyon," an intermittent tributary to Pine
Creek.
In the eastern portion of the site, mussel shell was collected in
TT1C, D, F, and P from levels spanning 9.05-8.40 m (levels 3-6). None
was noted for TT1A and associated Features 4/6. In the western portion
of the site, most mussel shell was recovered from TT3. It appears to
decrease eastward from there, with only traces collected from TT4B, 5B
and 7B, and none at all observed in TT2 and 6. The uneven horizontal
distribution of mussel shell, and its association with previously
identified activity areas, suggest that small quantities of
Mar~aritifera were, in fact, utilized by the human inhabitants of 35WH7 .
l •
231
Macrobotanical Analysis
Nine soil samples and three charcoal or "spot" samples were
submitted to Dr. Nancy A. Stenholm of Botana Labs, Seattle, for analysis
of potential macrobotanical remains. The explanatory power of this
source of information is compromised by the small number of substantial
samples curated from this site, the frequent uncertainty of context, and
the lack of a systematic approach to collection in the field. The
results do, however, strengthen earlier conclusions regarding intra-site
spatial patterning and provide additional information on prehistoric
activities at 35WH7.
Representative samples were selected for analysis from across the
site, with emphasis on material representing cultural deposits and
features. Proveniences and associations are presented in Table 14. As
Stenholm's report is included in Appendix D, details on analysis and
methodology will not be repeated here. The present discussion will,
rather, focus on the results and their relevance to the present study.
Test Trench 1
Two soil samples were submitted from TTl, one from the top of
cultural deposits of TT1F and a second from TT1A. The second of the two
samples was associated with ash lens material from Feature 4, dated to
between 580 ± 120 and 350 ± 90 B.P. (see Features).
!
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232
Table 14. Macrobotanical Samples and Associations, 35WH7
No. Type Provenience Associations
34/8 Soil TT1F, 8x/l3y Top of cult. deposits, west wall
35/6 Soil TT2C, 3x/17y Middle of cult. deposits, 8.9lm, L-2
36/2 Soil TT4, -2x/2ly Middle of cult. deposits
37/3 Soil TT3BC, 1.5x/24y Middle of cult. deposits, west wall
38/7 Soil TT3EF, 2.5x/22y Middle of cult. deposits
39/4 Soil TT4E, Ox/18.5y Middle of cult. deposits, south wall
40/1 Soil TT4DJ, Ox/19.5y
41/11 Charc./ TT2H, 7.30x/15.75y Possible firepit, 9.l5m, L-l
ash
42/12 Charcoal TT4C 8.40-8.40m, L-3
43/9 Soil TTlA Ash lens material, 8.88m, L-5
44/10 Charcoal TT4J 8.50-8.30m, L-3
45/5 Soil TT3F 8.l8m, L-4*
~'r additional associations given as "Stratum 3 bottom," "Bones, etc.,"
and "for lab study." The significance of these comments is unclear.
The two samples from TTl produced the highest concentration of
plant remains recovered from the site as well as a high content of
"occupational debris" (Stenholm, Appendix D), including carbon, red
pigment, more than a hundred small flakes, burned and unburned bone (80%
of the total bone weight recovered from all samples), and a small
projectile point tip. The two samples from TTl also contained eggshell
and bivalve shell. Botanical remains included conifer wood charcoal
(western juniper and an unidentfiable member of the pine family) as well
as hardwoods, including hackberry, bitterbrush, and willow or poplar.
Small amounts of sagebrush and mountain mahogany were also present.
Seeds recovered from this area represent chenopodium, bedstraw, and
hackberry. Other constituents of the samples were edible fruit or berry
tissue, as well as grass and herb s~em tissue .
- '.
•
233
Test Trench 2
TT2 is represented by a soil sample from Level 2 of unit TT2C and
a charcoal and ash sample from Level 1 of TT2H. According to
accompanying information, the latter sample was associated with a
firepit, but this cannot be confirmed on the basis of other data. TT2
shows a low content of both botanical and cultural materials, compared
to TTl. The soil flotation sample produced small amounts of juniper,
bitterbrush, and hackberry, along with seven flakes and a minor amount
of burned and unburned bone. Juniper, hackberry, and bitterbrush
charcoal were also recovered from the spot sample, although without
accompanying cultural debris. Carbon content from TT2 is extremely low
(0.004%, in contrast to an average of 2.4% in TTl), indicating "an area
somewhat peripheral to cultural activity with burned features"
(Stenholm, Appendix D).
Test Trench 3
Three soil samples were submitted from TT3, including one from
TT3B/C, one from TT3E/F, and one from TT3F. The first two were
associated the middle of cultural deposits (no elevation was given),
while the third was attributed to the middle of Level 4. This places
this sample towards the base of, but still within, the cultural
deposits, and 40 cm or more below the 1160 ± 90 B.P. radiocarbon date of
adjacent TT3E .
I,
~
I
~
•r
I:
•
234
The botanical array from TT3 compares favorably with that of TTl,
although taxonomic diversity and carbon content are considerably lower
(0.24%). Conifers are represented by juniper, while hardwoods include
serviceberry, bitterbrush, and hackberry. A small amount of fruity
edible tissue is present, as well as chenopodium, bedstraw, and
hackberry seeds. Cultural debris includes 165 flakes, a small biface
fragment, red and green pigment, and a small amount of burned and
unburned mammal bone (13% of total bone weight from all samples). A
total of 124 flakes was associated with the sample from TT3F alone,
although the high flake count may be attributed to the greater volume of
this sample (1,858 g as opposed to an overall mean of about 750 g).
Test Trench 4
Material submitted from TT4 included soil samples from TT4G/I,
TT4E (both from the middle of the cultural deposits), and TT4D/J, as
well as charcoal "spot samples" from TT4C (Level 3) and TT4J (Level 3).
Both spot samples are probably from the area of the house floor
described from this part of the site, although the precise provenience
of the soil samples cannot be determined.
The botanical array from this area includes juniper, bitterbrush,
and hackberry, closely resembling the plant assemblage from TT2.
Cultural debris include lithics (N=6l), red pigment, and burnt and
unburnt mammal bone (5% of total bone weight). Carbon content is 0.24%,
identical to that reported for TT3 .
---
...
~-
•
235
Discussion
The potential uses of plant materials recovered at 35WH7, as
suggested by Stenholm, are summarized in Table 15. The high proportion
of conifer and hardwoods (93% of assemblage weight) suggests the
importance of fuel and/or tool manufacture at the site. Stenholm
(Appendix D) notes the overall absence of bark, leaves, seeds, needles,
and twigs, commenting with regard to juniper that
even long-dead branches retain bark for considerable periods of
time. It is possible that juniper wood lacking, or cleaned of
bark and twigs may have been carried to the site for purposes
other than firewood.
The former presence of small habitation structures or shelters has
been inferred for TT4 and possibly TTl, and may account for the
predominance of stripped wood in these locations. The finding of
unfinished atlatl dart components in the cliff cache at 35WH7, as well
as the large number of unifaces, and particularly, spokeshaves or
notches, supports the inference that wood-working activities were
conducted at the site.
Evidence of plant food is limited to small amounts of fruity plant
tissue and a few seeds from TTl and TT3. The significance of the three
goosefoot achenes may, in addition, be limited due to the habitat
preference of this species (Stenholm, Appendix D):
All chenopodium seeds are fully charred but not popped.
This could suggest preparation; however, it should be noted
that some chenopodium species are weedy and prefer disturbed
habitats such as campsites. Fresh seeds from intrusive
plants blown into a hearth could be charred accidentally .
236
Table 15. Potential Uses of Plant Species Recovered at 35WH7
Material Suggested Uses Test Trench
Conifer wood
Juniper
Pine family
Fuel; manufactures, e.g. bows;
Variety unidentifiable
1,2,3,4
1
1
1
1
3
1
1,2,3,4
1,2,3,4
Fuel
Flexible constructions; cordage,medicine (bark)
Fuel; small constructions; hide preparation
Manufactures and toolmaking
Fuel; toolmaking
Fuel
?
Hardwood
Sagebrush
Willow
Poplar
Serviceberry
Mtn. mahogany
Bitterbrush
Hackberry
Fruity tissue Food 1,3
Seeds
Chenopodium
Bedstraw
Hackberry
Food (but presence may be fortuitous)
Cosmetic (but presence may be fortuitous)
Food (marginal)
1,3
1,3
1
While hackberry seeds are edible, hackberries are thought to represent a
marginal food source because of their sparse flesh (Stenholm, Appendix
D). Stenholm suggests that hackberries become more attractive after
frost enhances both texture and flavor, and may therefore function as a
"starvation food." Like goosefoot, the two fragmentary hackberry seeds
recovered from 35WH7 could have become incorporated in the deposits by
natural, rather than cultural means.
The questionable source of these seeds and the small sample limits
their value in identifying seasonality of site use. According to
Stenholm, however, bedstraw, chenopodium, and fruity tissue point to
early to mid-summer occupation (Appendix D) .
•
--
•
237
In general, the macrobotanical analysis supports conclusions
regarding site function drawn on the basis of other sources of evidence.
The low proportion of modern flora in the processed samples suggests
that bioturbation is insignifiant in all but TTl (Stenholm, Appendix D).
In spite of the already-mentioned limitations of the soil samples, the
taxal yield per unit of soil analyzed is characterized as "excellent."
Intensity and diversity of use are highest in TTl, and qualitatively
similar to TT3. The marginal position previously inferred for TT2 is
corroborated by low returns from the macrobotanical samples. The
restricted and probably short-term use of the TT4 structure is indicated
by a limited array of plants, all of which may have served as fuel wood.
The absence of other-plant material in this part of the site is
consistent with the late winter/early spring use indicated by 1.5 year-
old deer and elk.
Finally, according to Hancock Field Station Director Joseph Jones,
all taxa recovered from the macrobotanical analysis are presently
available within five miles, and most within less than a mile of the
site (Jones 1993, personal communication). The sole "exotic" plant
found at 35WH7 is Douglas-fir, represented by the long dart shafts
recovered from the cliff cache. Douglas-fir is found between 5 and 10
miles from 35WH7 today (Jones, personal communication 1993). While a
change in species distribution could be envisioned for the past two
millennia, the most parsimonious explanation is that this material was
simply brought to the site from its natural habitat .
.......
s
238
Summary and Interpretation
Table 16 summarizes all artifacts recovered from 35WH7. In the
foregoing discussions, a tripartite division of the site has been
proposed on the basis of flake densities, the distribution of tool
types, faunal remains, conjoinable artifact fragments, and features
(Figure 37). Several inferences and hypotheses regarding the age and
use of 35WH7 are possible based on the preceding discussions and will be
presented according to the areal divisions advanced here.
The Middle Area: Test Trench 2
In order to compare the excavation units with regard to their
relative percentages of artifact classes, a cumulative frequency graph
was created for TTl through 7. The unique position of TT2 (including
TPI and TP2) is evident (Figure 38). The high number of reworked
projectile points, point fragments, and small bifaces recovered from
this part of the site reflects the importance of equipment maintenance
activities in TT2. This inference may be supported by comparatively low
flake densities (see Lithic Debitage, his chapter).
Projectile points from this area are characterized by large neck
widths suggesting their use with atlatl and dart, rather than bow and
arrow, and supporting a greater age for this part of the site.
Cryptocrystalline silicates are the predominant raw material, with only
little obsidian present. The paucity of artifacts other than projectile
239
contour interval is 0.10 III
",,/
Overhang'-
/r:=,.....,,-'l.-~-­
pothole
-i
I........,..--+-I-._U I
rl-~--">.~- - - O. f.(rid line
I
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: grid line
8---~,w","~
-~
·
·
·
West
35WH7
Cove Creek 2
~ mclcrN
_=::J-==-_o
Figure 37. Major features and areas, 35WH7.
/,)
l •
.. ,
- - - - TT7
.--.... -.-- TT6
----- TT5
- - - - - TT4
- - - TT3
TT2
- - - TTl
-:.-- .-'--"
:!j/
. ?t
-1/
,_. ' /r~,'I
.i- ~=--::J:i-J
.: ~ ../,--~
...- / .... .;r- /
_/' J /' ./ ,--- .I
.: '/ .....-- ../
...... /C"'/
.: I J /'r
.: ..-' t/
.:' // l
.: ~:p....J
.: fj/
!!f/
o
40
20
60 ,.
80
100
....
~
u
~
4)
~
cJ1.~ ...,\f.1.'" ~'0'1 \,'0'5 ocrf.'tV,1.1 ~Gb~..~~~~'I-~{\'(.~~~..\l\ve.'II.Q1lvtGO'o{\'(.~o\.\~~G"-'"
Tool Class
Figure 38. Cumulative frequency graphs, 35WH7. TTl includes artifacts
from TB1, PH1/2; TT2 includes TP1/2.
N
-I='
o
-------"-~---~-
i'
l •
241
points, the shallow depth of the cultural deposits, the absence of such
features as hearths or activity areas, as well as the near-absence of
faunal materials imply a limited and short-term use of this part of the
site. The question of site function will be returned to in Chapter 8.
The earliest radiocarbon dates associated with 35WH7, 2380 ± 100
B.P. and 2230 ± 90 B.P., were returned on atlatl dart shafts retrieved
from a cache in the cliffs above the site. Admittedly, these have no
counterpart from the deposits. The type of short-term use represented
by TT2, however, and the types of projectile points observed, are
compatible with both the age and activity indicated by the cache. It is
likely that TT2 represents the earliest occupation of the site.
The Eastern Area: Test Trench 1
The cultural assemblage of TTl is both rich and diverse. Features
including up to three superposed hearths and a possible house floor
imply a longer-term use of this area than that represented by TT2.
Three radiocarbon dates (580 ± 120 B.P., 468 ± 80 B.P., and 350 ± 90
B.P.), while statistically similar, may indicate separate occupational
episodes. This is supported by their vertically consistent relative
positions, as well as the presence of at least two peaks in lithic
debitage and artifacts, although the correlation of these peaks between
adjacent units is rendered almost impossible due to inconsistent level
breaks and vandalized deposits.
r•
242
Artifacts relate to a wide range of activities, including lithic
reduction and game processing. Numerous scrapers, worked and used
flakes, and knives, may represent butchering as well as subsequent
preparation of food and other animal products. Direct evidence is
represented in the large amount of animal bone collected from this area.
While mule deer remains and those of unidentifiable mammals predominate,
the eastern portion of the site produced a variety of other taxa,
including cottontail, jackrabbit, elk, bighorn sheep, porcupine, beaver,
river otter, packrat, and other rodents. Small numbers of bird bone
(owl and blue grouse), and a few specimens of fish and turtle were also
recovered. It has been noted that some of the recovered faunal remains
may be present as the result of natural, rather than cultural agents.
Grinding stones are present, though less numerous than in TT3. Anvils
are absent, as are pestles and other ground stone.
The large number of narrow-necked arrow points in this part of the
site (as compared to TT2) is compatible with relatively late radiocarbon
dates, as is the slightly higher proportion of PS as opposed to ESI
points. The presence of PS points as well as arrow points resembling
the Desert Side-Notched type, common throughout the Great Basin,
suggests an extension of extra-regional ties. This inference is
supported by higher proportions of exotic toolstone (i.e. obsidian) and
the presence of an olivella shell bead in this area. It is not possible
to isolate stratigraphically the latest occupation reflected in the TTl
deposits. It is possible, however, that it represents a pattern of
~c ~~ . --:;-.~._- - -- -'~Y-'_:ll"""._-':"_.'._""L.o.<..-..~..x· __
Table 16. Inventory of Artifacts by Unit, 35WH71
Tool Class 1A 1B 1C 1D 1F 1P TB1 PH1 PH2 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E 2F 2G 2H 2K 2L 2N 20 2Q 2R 2S 2T TP1 TP2 3A 3B
Proj. pts. (class.) 11 - 9 6 7 12 5 - 2 4 - 1 3 - 7 1 6 - - 1 - 13 5 - 2 - - 6 4
Proj. pts. (frag. ) 11 - 14 10 14 20 7 - 2 14 1 4 1 2 13 8 5 - - - 2 10 9 1 1 - - 9 1
Biface, small 6 - 9 8 10 7 2 - - 2 1 3 1 1 4 6 5 - 1 1 - 4 4 1 1 1 1 3 1
Biface, large 4 1 10 4 4 6 1 - - - - 2 1 1 - 1 5 2 - - - 1 1 - - - - 13 7
Cores 10 - 5 7 1 3 2 - 1 - - - 2 2 1 3 3 - - - - - 2 - - - 1 5 1
Drills/gravers 4 - 1 2 3 5 - - - - - - - - 1 1 - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - 3
Notches - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Formed uniface 3 - 9 2 1 3 - - - - 1 - - - - - 3 - 2 - - - - - - - - 4
Knives 1 - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Worked flakes 7 - 7 7 6 7 6 - 1 - - 2 - - 1 1 3 1 1 - - - - - 1 1 - 7 7
Linear flaked tool 1 - 1 1 1 - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 2
Utilized flake 16 - 15 8 17 20 9 - 1 2 8 5 1 - 1 5 3 - - 1 - - 2 - 1 4 4 14 11
Choppers 1 - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 2
Cobble flake tools 3 - - 2 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1
Metates - - 2 1 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4 1
Anvils - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Pestles
Used chunks - - 2 - - 1 - - - 2 - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1
Girdled stone
Worked bone 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Shell bead 1
Drilled shale
Other - - 2 1
Total 80 1 88 60 68 85 33 - 7 25 11 17 9 8 29 27 35 4 4 3 2 31 23 2 6 6 7 71 38
N
~
W
'-'
1
Table 16. (Continued)
Tool Class 3C 3D 3E 3F 3G 3H 3P PH3 4A 4B 4C 4D 4E 4F 4G 4H 41 4J 5A 5B 5C 6A 6B 7B 7A PH Oth Total
Proj. pts. (class.) 3 3 6 4 5 3 3 - 6 3 4 3 - 1 2 5 2 - 3 3 1 1 2 5 1 1 1 176
Proj. pts. (frag. ) - 2 10 2 1 7 - - 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 - - 5 - 2 - 1 2 1 6 3 213
Biface, small 2 2 5 1 3 - 2 - 2 - - - - - - 1 - - 2 1 - 2 - 1 - 2 3 112
Biface, large 13 4 7 2 5 2 3 - 9 6 6 2 - 3 1 - 1 2 3 4 6 - 3 7 - - 6 159
Cores 6 3 - 1 3 1 1 - 1 5 3 3 - 1 5 1 6 - 2 1 2 - - 6 5 1 106
Drills/gravers 3 1 5 - 4 - 2 - 1 1 - 2 1 - 1 - - 1 2 - 3 2 1 2 - - 3 57
Notches - - 1 1 2 - - - - 1 1 1 1 - 1 1 - - 1 2 - - - 1 - - 1 18
Formed uniface 3 1 1 1 3 2 1 - 1 - 1 2 1 1 - 1 - - 1 1 1 - - 1 - - 4 55
Knives 1 - - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - 1 - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - 10
Worked flakes 5 7 7 3 6 3 8 - 2 3 2 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 5 2 1 - 1 - - 6 140
Linear flaked tool 1 1 2 - 1 2 - - 2 - - 1 1 - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - 1 23
Utilized flake 12 11 18 14 10 5 21 - 4 7 11 12 1 3 2 5 1 3 6 7 6 2 1 13 - 6 11 340
Choppers - 1 - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 11
Cobble flake tools - - 1 - - - - 1 - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 3 16
Metates - 1 - 1 - 1 2 - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - 1 19
Anvils. - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 4
Pestles 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2
Used chunks 1 1 1 - 1 - 1 - 1 1 2 - - - - 1 1 - - - 1 - - - 1 3 24
Girdled stone - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Worked bone - - - - - 1 - - - - 3 - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - - 8
Shell bead - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Drilled shale - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Other - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4
Total 51 39 66 30 42 21 55 - 28 33 36 30 8 14 16 23 12 9 30 25 25 8 8 40 2 22 47 1,500
l. excluding lithic debitage
rv
+'
+'
Il •
245
usage resembling that of the Historic period, when the area was shared
both by Tenino from the north and Paiute from the south.
The Western Area: Test Trench 4
A radiocarbon date of 470 ± 90 B.P. from a possible house feature
in TT4 indicates that occupation of this portion of the site was, at
least in part, contemporary with that of TTl. Its age is effectively
identical to the middle date of 468 ± 80 B.P. from TT1A. Fieldnotes
place the rim of this house feature towards of the bottom of the densest
cultural deposits in this area. The dated feature may therefore
constitute one of the earlier occupations in this part of the site. The
absence of substantially earlier use is supported by the high ratio of
narrow-necked to broad-necked points in TT4.
Lithic reduction in TT4 is represented by high flake densities,
large unfinished bifaces, and cores. Projectile points make up a large
proportion of the assemblage (13%), although they are present in lower
frequencies than in TTl, 2, or 3. Few unidentifiable projectile point
fragments or small bifaces were recovered, though the implications of
this circumstance are not clear at this time. The presence of large
amounts of animal bone indicates that, as in TTl, game processing was an
important activity, although the focus was almost exclusively on
artiodactyls in this part of the site. Notches, one third of which were
found in this area, are added to the familiar complement of knives,
scrapers, worked and utilized flakes. A few grinding stones were
•246
present in the house feature, but as in TTl, other varieties of ground
stone were absent.
Juvenile representatives among both elk and mule deer suggest use
of the TT4 house feature between late winter and early spring. This
would represent a departure from the historic pattern of use, since John
Day Tenino historically set out from the Columbia after the spring
festival in early April and Northern Paiute abandoned winter villages to
the south in early May (see Chapter 3). While seasonal indicators are
absent for this time period in TTl, the similarity of dates and
assemblages in the two areas may indicate a similar season of use at
this time. However, artifacts cited for TTl as indicators of very late
occupation or of extra-regional ties are either absent or less frequent
in TT4. This scenario would suggest that a shift to the ethnographic
pattern of use occurred within the last 500 years, postdating the house
feature in TT4, but prior to the most recent occupation in TTl.
The Western Area: Test Trench 3
TT3 remains the most problematic portion of 35WH7. The area
consistently exhibits the highest flake densities observed at the site
(with the exception of TT5C which appears to reflect a single reduction
event). Animal bone, on the other hand, is much less abundant than in
either TTl or TT4, and rarely identifiable to below the taxonomic level
of Order .
•247
The artifact assemblage from this part of the site resembles in
large part that already discussed for TTl. TT3 includes, in particular,
a large number of large bifaces, which make up 14% of its entire
artifact complement and include more than a third of the large bifaces
collected from 35WH7. Cores and projectile points are common, while
unidentifiable point fragments and small bifaces, as in TT4, make up
only a small part of the assemblage. Striking patterns in projectile
point type distribution are not apparent, except for somewhat higher
proportions of SN5A and ES1. Projectile point neck widths, with
approximately equal proportions of arrow points and dart points, are
consistent with TTl. Obsidian makes up a somewhat higher proportion of
projectile points than would be expected, but is not disproportionately
represented among the flakes.
Worked and used flakes are particularly abundant. Other
processing tools include a large number of drills, perforators, and
gravers, notches, formed unifaces, linear flake tools, but only one
cobble flake tool and one object classified as a knife (though knives
are, on the whole, a small artifact class).
The most obvious difference in artifacts represented at TT3
relates to the presence of ground stone. This part of the site produced
more than half of the grinding stones at 35WH7 (most of these from units
adjacent to the cliff), as well as both pestles, all three block anvils,
and a girdled stone which may be a net weight.
The evidence presented above suggests the use of TT3 as a work
area for manufacture and processing. The general resemblance of the
- T
•
248
artifact assemblage of TT3 to the assemblages of TTl and TT4 may
indicate that a house depression or living floor was once also present
in this part of the site, although there is no unequivocal evidence for
discrete house features and no hearths or floors were recorded.
Excavation of an occupation floor through the charcoal lens radiocarbon-
dated to 1160 ± 90 B.P. in TT3E would, however, explain the
stratigraphic position of this lens above the main peak in cultural
materials. It would also lend support to Stenholm's inference of the
temporal overlap of TT3 and TT4, a conclusion based on the identical
carbon content (0.24%) of the two areas (Stenholm, Appendix D).
Associated Areas: Test Trenches 5, 6 and 7
TT5 and TT7 are spatially and functionally best grouped with the
Western Area. The sample of temporally diagnostic projectile points
from the four units which make up TT5 and TT7 is small (five specimens
from TT5 and three from TT7) and therefore inconclusive. It can be
noted, however, that the late types which are so common in the eastern
portion of the site (SN6, PS, CS6) are absent here. The small
assemblage from TT6 limits adequate comparisons to the rest of the site.
Projectile points include a single ESl and two ESI3, reflecting the use
of both arrow and dart points in this peripherally located area and an
age which is, on the whole, consistent with the rest of the site .
249
CHAPTER 6
EXCAVATIONS IN THE PINE CREEK DRAINAGE BASIN: 35WH14
Background
The Pine Creek Village Site, 35WH14, was recorded in 1980 by Terry
Mazany and Frank Jongenburger, presumably during their fieldwork for
OMSI at Indian Canyon 2 (35WH13) to the west (Mazany 1980). According
to the official site record form, the site is situated 8.5 miles east of
Clarno along Highway 218 on the north side of the road. Its elevation
lies at approximately 2200 feet (671 m). The site extends from 10 to 50
m north of the road on a gentle alluvial slope, facing south towards
Pine Creek, about 200 m away (Figure 39). Vegetation is listed as
juniper, sagebrush, mustard and cheatgrass.
On the same form, the site is said to consist of "at least nine
house pit depressions with a sparse flake scatter of five flakes per
square meter over the site." The sketch map accompanying the form does,
in fact, show nine housepits. In a more formal, contoured map
accompanying the field records from 35WH14, however, only six definite
housepits and one possible housepit are identified. The significance of
this discrepancy is not clear. The original sketch map also shows an
area identified as "potted" to the southeast of the house depressions,
.....
35WH14
Pine Creek Village
1II£:::::J_C:::II...25 m
contour interval: 2 m
State Highway 218
o o
Silt
D.tum
1001. lOlly
~---31
40
250
•
Figure 39. Site plan, 35WH14 .
•251
as well as an area of "midden" at the extreme southeastern edge of the
the site, adjacent to an unnamed intermittent drainage. Area of
occupation is given as 40 m north-south and 70 m east-west. Based on
the site record form, the site appeared to be in good condition:
"Midden is eroding out, while the housepits appear to be well covered by
a depositional history. Minimal pothunting in areas remote from the
housepits."
In their observations on the site, Mazany and Jongenburger
recommended excavation, and commented that 35WH14 is "one of the very
few housepit villages known in the Pine Creek drainage and will add
needed information to the local settlement pattern." In 1980, fieldwork
at 35WH13 was terminated. In late June of 1981, excavations were
initiated at 35WH14 and continued through the beginning of August of
that year. The results of these excavations are discussed in this
chapter.
General Field Methodology
Fieldwork at site 35WH14 took place over the course of six weeks
and was directed by Terry Mazany and Janet Riddle. A grid system with
axes trending true north-south (y-axis) and east-west (x-axis) was
established across the site, with an arbitrary datum located at
200x/100y and an arbitrary elevation of 100 m. Two housepits were
excavated, centered, respectively, at approximately 203x/86y and
206x/78y. No rationale was given for the selection of these particular
•252
features. Excavations were conducted within 1 m x 1 m squares and 10 ern
arbitary levels, starting with Levell in each unit, with depths ranging
to a maximum of 1.5 m. Approximately 99.40 m3 of deposits were removed.
Squares were generally referred to by the coordinates of their
southwest corners. In order to simplify the present discussion, and in
light of the large number of excavated squares, the area which includes
the northern, or upper, housepit and its surrounding units, is referred
to here as "Block A," and that which comprises the southern, or lower,
housepit, and its surrounding units, is referred to as "Block B." The
designations "House A" and "House B" are only used when discussing the
discrete habitation features. Excavated units have been assigned
consecutive numbers, thus Block A comprises units Al through A50, and
Block B consists of Bl through B38 (Figure 40; Table 17). Although they
are mapped on initial site plans and have therefore been numbered, no
material is recorded for units Al, Ala, and A38 and they do not appear
to have been excavated. Based on the size of lithic debitage collected,
deposits were apparently sifted through 1/4 inch screen mesh or larger.
Field notebooks were kept by Mazany and Riddle, and Excavation Unit
Level Forms were filled out by the pit crews. Profiles were drawn
regularly, though labeling varies between units and is therefore
difficult to correlate and standardize. Features were sometimes
described and drawn.
Emphasis in the field was placed on exposing the houses, in
particular, their lowest floors. As a result, intermediate floors were
253
e
-
...---
A01
A02 A03 35WH14-
A04 A05 A06 A07 A08 A09 Pine Creek Villag
AI0 All A12 A13 A14 A15 A16
A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 Excavation Blocks
A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 A29 A30
A31 A32 A33 A34 A35 A36 A37 A38 ~
A39 A41 A42 A43 A44 A45A40 ~
A46 A47 A48 A49 A50 A51
I
0 1 2m
A52 A53
-
B01
B02 B03
-
B04 B05 B06 B07 B08 B09 B10 Bll
812 B13 B14 B15 816 B17 B18 B19
-
B20 B21 B22 B23 B24 B25 B26 B27 B28 B29
B30 B31 B32 B33
-
L..-
B34 B35 B36
B37 B38 I II I I X
90
y
92
86
84
88
82
78
80
76
200 202 204 206 208 210
Figure 40. Excavation plan, 35WH14.
254
Table 17. Swnmary of Excavation Units, 35WH141
Exc. X Coord. Y Coord. Top Surface Lowest Bottom
Unit (SW Cor.) (SW Cor.) Level Elevation Level Elevation Volume
AOl 204 91 1 98.30-98.20 0 0.00
A02 203 90 1 98.30-98.20 6 97.80-97.70 0.60
A03 204 90 1 98.30-98.20 8 97.60-97.50 0.80
A04 199 89 1 98.30-98.20 6 97.80-97.70 0.60
A05 200 89 1 98.30-98.20 8 97.60-97.50 0.80
A06 201 89 1 98.00-97.90 10 97.10-97.00 1.00
A07 202 89 1 98.17-98.10 11 97.20-97.10 1.10
A08 203 89 1 98.20-98.10 11 97.20-97.10 1.10
A09 204 89 1 98.20-98.10 8 97.50-97.40 0.80
A10 198 88 0 97.50-97.40 0 0.00
All 199 88 1 98.10-98.00 8 97.40-97.30 0.80
A12 200 88 1 98.10-98.00 12 97.00-96.90 1.20
A13 201 88 1 98.10-98.00 14 96.80-96.50 1.40
A14 202 88 1 98.10-98.00 14 96.80-96.70 1. 40
A15 203 88 1 98.10-98.00 12 97.00-96.90 1.20
A16 204 88 1 98.10-98.00 9 97.30-97.20 0.90
A17 198 87 1 98.10-98.00 7 97.50-97.40 0.70
A18 199 87 1 98.00-97.90 13 96.80-96.70 1. 30
A19 200 87 1 98.00-97.90 13 96.80-96.70 1. 30
A20 201 87 1 97.90-97.80 12 96.80-96.70 1.20
A21 202 87 1 97.90-97.80 12 96.80-96.70 1.20
A22 203 87 1 97.90-97.80 12 96.80-96 . 70 1.20
A23 204 87 1 97.90-97.80 7 97.30-97.20 0.70
A24 198 86 1 98.00-97.90 9 97.20-97.10 0.90
A25 199 86 1 98.00-97.90 13 96.80-96.70 1. 30
A26 200 86 1 97.82-97.80 13 96.70-96.60 1. 30
A27 201 86 1 97.90-97.80 13 96.70-96.50 1. 30
A28 202 86 1 97.90-97.80 13 96.70-96.60 1. 30
A29 203 86 1 97.80-97.70 12 96.70-96.60 1.20
A30 204 86 1 97.76-97.70 12 96.70-96.60 1.20
A31 198 85 1 97.90-97.80 7 96.30-96.20 0.70
A32 199 85 1 97.90-97.80 12 96.80-96.70 1.20
A33 200 85 1 97.80-97.70 11 96.80-96.70 1.10
A34 201 85 1 97.82-97.80 13 96.70-96.60 1. 30
A35 202 85 1 97.70-97.60 11 96.70-96.60 1.10
A36 203 85 1 97.70-97.60 10 96.80-96.70 1. 00
A37 204 85 1 97.80-97.70 11 96.80-96.70 1.10
A38 205 85 1 1 0.10
A39 198 84 1 97.80-97.70 8 97.10-97.00 0.80
A40 199 84 1 97.80-97.70 11 96.80-96.70 1.10
A41 200 84 1 97.80-97.70 12 96.70-96.60 1.20
A42 201 84 1 97.70-97.60 11 96.70-96.60 1.10
A43 202 84 1 97.70-97.60 11 96.70-96.60 1.10
A44 203 84 1 97.60-97.50 9 96.80-96.70 0.90
A45 204 84 1 97.53-97.50 10 96.70-96.60 1. 00
A46 199 83 1 97.70-97.60 10 96.80-96.70 1. 00
A47 200 83 1 97.70-97.60 10 96.80-96.70 1. 00
A48 201 83 1 97.60-97.50 9 96.80-96 . 70 0.90
A49 202 83 1 97.60-97.50 10 96.70-96.60 1. 00
A50 203 83 1 97.48-97.40 7 96.90-96.80 0.70
A51 204 83 1 97.50-97.40 12 96.40-96.30 1.20
A52 202 82 1 97.50-97.40 7 96.90-96.80 0.70
A53 204 82 1 97.30-97.20 11 96.30-96.20 1.10
B01 204 81 1 97.20-97.10 12 96.10-96.00 1.20
B02 204 80 1 97.10-97.00 12 96.00-95.90 1.20
B03 205 80 1 97.10-97.00 12 96.00-95.90 1.20
B04 202 79 1 97.10-97.00 9 96.30-96.20 0.90
B05 203 79 1 97·90-96.90 13 95.80-95.70 1. 30
B06 204 79 1 97.00-96.90 14 95.70-95.60 1.40
B07 205 79 1 97.00-96.90 15 95.60.95.50 1. 50
B08 206 79 1 96.92-96.80 14 95.60-95.40 1. 40
•255
Table 17. (Continued)
Exc. X Coord. Y Coord. Top Surface Lowest Bottom
Unit (SW Cor.) (SW Cor.) Level Elevation Level Elevation Volume
B09 207 79 1 96.90-96.80 14 95.60-95.50 1. 40
B10 208 79 1 96.90-96.80 13 95.70-95.60 1. 30
B11 209 79 1 96.90-96.80 10 96.00-95.90 1. 00
B12 202 78 1 97.00-96.90 11 96.00-95.90 1.10
B13 203 78 1 96.90-96.80 13 95.70-95.60 1. 30
B14 204 78 1 96.90-96.80 15 95.50-95.40 1. 50
B15 205 78 1 96.90-96.80 15 95.50-95.40 1. 50
B16 206 78 1 96.90-96.80 15 95.50-95.40 1. 50
B17 207 78 1 96.90-96.80 14 95.60-95.50 1.40
B18 208 78 1 96.90-96.80 13 95.70-95.60 1. 30
B19 209 78 1 96.90-96.80 11 95.90-95.80 1.10
B20 201 77 1 96.90-96.80 11 95.90-95.80 1.10
B21 202 77 1 96.80-96.70 10 95.90-95.80 1. 00
B22 203 77 1 96.80-96.70 13 95.60-95.50 1. 30
B23 204 77 1 96.80-96.70 14 95.50-95.40 1. 40
B24 205 77 1 96.80-96.70 14 95.50-95.40 1. 40
B25 206 77 1 96.80-96.70 14 95.50-95.40 1. 40
B26 207 77 1 96.80-96.70 13 95.60-95.50 1. 30
B27 208 77 1 96.90-96.80 14 95.60-95.50 1. 40
B28 209 77 1 96.90-96.80 15 95.50-95.40 1. 50
B29 210 77 1 96.90-96.80 13 95.70-95.60 1. 30
B30 202 76 1 96.70-96.60 8 96.00-95.90 0.80
B31 203 76 1 96.70-96.60 12 95.60-95.50 1.20
B32 204 76 1 96.80-96.70 14 95.50-95.40 1. 40
B33 209 76 1 96.80-96.70 12 95.70-95.60 1.20
B34 202 75 1 96.70-96.60 8 96.00-95.90 0.80
B35 203 75 1 96.70-96.60 11 95.70-95.60 1.10
B36 204 75 1 96.70-96.60 12 95.60-95.50 1.20
B37 203 74 1 96.60-96.50 8 95.90-95.80 0.80
B38 204 74 1 96.60-96.50 11 95.60-95.50 1.10
1. all elevations in meters, volumes in cubic meters
256
not isolated as discrete units and information on their location is only
anecdotally recorded.
The Present Analysis
As with 35WH7, all artifacts recovered from 35WH14 have been
examined, reclassified, measured, and analyzed by the present
investigator. Some items originally classified as tools by OMSI
personnel are no longer considered to be tools and have been excluded
from consideration; in turn, more than 1100 formed/utilized tools
encompassing most classes represented at the site were recovered from
the lithic debris. These were catalogued and analyzed with the rest of
the collection.
No field catalog per se exists for the site, although the
provenience of most specimens is noted on unit level forms. Instead,
provenience information appears to have been transferred to Artifact
Recording Sheets (one sheet per artifact). Numerous discrepancies
between units, levels, and elevations given on the artifact recording
sheets were corrected by reference to all available documentation, but
some could not be resolved. The remaining inconsistencies are flagged
with an asterisk in the tabulated artifact information (see Appendices),
though they are generally minor enough that the artifacts have not been
entirely excluded from consideration.
No reports were prepared by OMSI personnel for 35WH14. A single
short paper, presumably written by ·one of the participating students,
•257
describes the use of computer analysis in the interpretation of the site
(Sheldon 1981). There are thus few avenues available for the resolution
of unanswered questions, and more opportunities for misreading the
"facts." As with 35WH7, however, it is felt that these difficulties are
not sufficient to compromise the validity of the final conclusions.
Stratigraphy
Introduction
While numerous stratigraphic profiles were produced in the field
at 35WH14, there wa& no attempt to standardize these descriptions across
the site. Thus sketches from adjacent pits are often irreconcilable
with regard to stratigraphic labels and boundaries. Artifacts were
collected by arbitrary 10 em levels, without reference to stratigraphic
context, and no systematic sediment descriptions were recorded by the
excavators. Additionally, although project leaders noted the presence
of multiple occupation floors in both housepits, no attempt was made to
define and differentiate cultural strata. Planviews are lacking except
for a few discrete features, precluding the reconstruction of all but
the lowest floors.
Because of these limitations, it has been difficult and often
impossible to reconstruct the depositional history of this site in
anything other than gross generalizations. Artifact proveniences are
therefore initially presented with reference to the arbitrary 10 em
- r
•
258
levels rather than cultural or natural strata. In the final discussion,
several superposed cultural components are defined for each excavation
block, based on a combination of feature locations and high frequencies
in cultural materials.
In the following summary, the discussions of natural and cultural
stratigraphy are integrated to clarify relationships as much as
possible. More specific inferences regarding the site's depositional
history are not possible without further, controlled excavations.
Block A
The sediments of Block A are characterized by three major strata.
They consist of 5-15 cm of surface sod (A), underlain by multiple bands
described as grey and brown clays, silts, and clay silts (B), all of
which are culture-bearing deposits. These overlie a basal stratum of
sterile, yellow clay (C), into which the lowest house floor has been
excavated. At the southern edge of Block A, the recognition of the
yellow clay was complicated by the presence of ash, which was said to
have "been deposited so that it extends across the housepit in a NW-SE
band .... The ash-sterile yellow mixture is soft and makes the housepit
walls more difficult to distinguish" (Riddle, fieldnotes, July 19,
1981).
The uppermost occupation appears to have been either directly
above or directly below a discontinuous and thin light grey clay or
silt-clay layer which underlies the surface sod (Figures 41-43). It is
97.00
l~ -l -'. ~----l II I96.50 I.
mstratum A: surface sod
ill stratum B: layers of brown and grey sills. clays. and c1ay w sills
o light gra'y clay (Floor 1)
Figure 41.
o stralum C: basal yellow clay (Floor 4)
~ krotovina ~ rock
[] brown sill - yellow clay mix
West wall profile, units AI3-A48. N
V1
1.0
9800m_
A18 A25 A32
260
8 stratum A: sunace sad
rn stratum B: layers of brown and grey silts,
r;0;l clays, and clay-siltsb:2J light gray clay (Floor 1)
o slratum C: basal yellow clay (Floor 4)
Figure 42.
A7
East wall profile, units AlB, A25, and A32.
A14
98.00m
97.50
97.00-'--------------
8 stralum A: sunace sad
[] stratum B: layers of brown and grey silts.
. clays. and clay-silts
!fIlight gray clay (Floor 1)
o stratum C: basal yellow clay (Floor 4)
mill brown silt - yellow clay mix
? labeled as "while" on field profile
Figure 43. East wall profile, units A7 and A14.
61
96.50
mstratum A: sunace sod
o krotovina
o stratum C: basal yellow clay
•
Figure 44 . North wall profile, unit Bl.
rI
l
zp
261
here referred to as a "floor," namely Floor 1, although multiple
occupational events may be represented. Floor 1 was observed 20 to 30
em below the surface in the northern portion of Block A, sloping south
to Level 4 in unit A5l (30-40 em below surface). It is described as a
"dark greasy soil." The occupation is identified as "brief," presumably
reflecting its shallow depth.
Several bands of grey and brown clays, silt and clay silts
underlie Floor 1, as mentioned above. The west wall profile illustrated
in Figure 41 presents a cross-section of Block A, extending from A13 in
the north to A48 in the south. In Unit A34, in the center of the
excavation block, nine strata are distinguished between the uppermost
light grey clay and the sterile yellow basal clay, while less
stratigraphic differentiation was recorded towards the edges of the
house depression.
Field observations place a second occupation (Floor 2) "at the
lower terminus of the grey coarse pebble stratum." This floor is dated
to 890 ± 20 B.P. by Feature 3, a slab-lined firepit located in units
A2l, 22, 28 and 29, in levels 6 or 7, depending on the unit. A feature
record form notes that the firepit was dug down into a grey clay
surface, and subsequently covered by fluvial deposits. The presence of
a discrete floor is supported by the obsevation of hard, compacted soil
and flat-lying artifacts in units A13 (Feature 127) and A14 (Feature
130) .
An underlying occupation floor (Floor 3) was apparently
represented by a charcoal scatter (Feature 5), recorded in Level 10 of
•262
unit A28 and radiocarbon-dated at 1500 ± 25 B.P. The floor appears to
have been relatively close to, though 10-20 ern higher than the feature
labeled as "burned brown cultural" in unit A27 (Figure 41). A metate
is marked on the profile at approximately the same elevation.
Considerable confusion was created by the attribution of the
Feature 5 charcoal scatter in fieldnotes to the "pithouse floor," and it
only became apparent during the present analysis that Feature 5, in
fact, postdates the basal occupation floor (Floor 4), which is excavated
into the matrix identified as "sterile yellow clay." The yellow sterile
clay is located between about 40 and 60 ern from the surface at the rim
of the housepit. The center of the floor lies about 1-1.2 m from the
ground surface.
Block B
Block B exhibits the same broad stratigraphic divisions as Block
A, namely about 10 ern of surface sod (A), underlain by several bands of
grey and brown silts and clays (no strata are identified as clay-silts
in this block) (B) and the basal "sterile yellow clay" (C). The ash
referred to above is shown on the north wall profile of unit Bl (Figure
44), where it is intermixed with grey silt overlying the yellow clay.
It is not noted for units to the south.
As in Block A, the upper occupation of Block B (here designated as
Floor 1) is referred to as a "charcoal layer" (Mazany, fieldnotes, June
24, 1981) and is characterized by "~ery dark, greasy, soil" (Riddle,
263
fieldnotes, June 23, 1981), 10-20 cm below the surface. Again, the
profiles show this occupation to be associated with a thin band of grey
clay (Figures 45-47). The upper occupation (identified here as Floor 1)
is described as 1 cm deep in unit B26, and is said to be underlain by 10
cm of "rich brown fill" (Mazany fieldnotes, June 23, 1981). It was
observed, in addition, that "the top of the layer is clearly defined but
the bottom is not" (Riddle, fieldnotes, June 23, 1981).
A south wall profile across the center of Block B (Figure 47)
indicates the presence of seven alternating silt and clay layers between
the clay lens (Floor 1) discussed above, and the basal yellow clay.
Field observations reported occupation floors at 40 cm and 70 cm below
the surface. The lower of the two (Floor 2) corresponds to a brown
silt. This silt is clearly recognizable on the north wall profile
already referred to (Figure 46), and suggests a saucer-shaped depression
which begins 5 cm below the surface at its western margin and at its
lowest point to perhaps only 30 cm above the yellow basal clay. The
identification of a second floor at about 40 cm is rejected for reasons
which will be discussed below (see Features).
A dramatic increase in cultural materials is associated with the
lowest occupation (Floor 3), which coincides with the surface of the
yellow clay, a mottled surface seen by the excavators "as the result of
butchering fires, etc." (Riddle, fieldnotes, July 7, 1981). Floor 3 is
also characterized by pit features interpreted in the field as storage
pits and post molds. Approximately 20 cm of dark brown silt, presumably
cultural fill, overlies this floor and either approaches or contacts the
~-
9700m
96.50
9600
-~""-"-'------~';=:.=-.. ' .:::::.__ ...... _ ;~'.•..~...-_-~,;;='.:'~~;;:'.."".--~. c --------r ~.~
~ stratum A: surface sod
[] Stratum 8 layers 01 brown and grey silts, clays and clay-sitts
[] light gray ctay (Floor 1)
Figure 45.
[] stratum C basal yellow clay (Floor 3)
E3 unexcavated
o krotovma
East wall profile, units B2-B38.
N
C1'
+-
620
9O.5Om
0000
9550 {(If/fflll (({(ifff!
621 622 623 624 825 826 827
lID stralum J" surlacr sod
o ,I.alum B laYer5 01 bll:Nrfl and grey tU"5 days, and ~'Ilb
[g light gray clay lFIooI ')
o at.alum C b;iWlI ye_o_ Clay IFloco' J)
""''''''' C3 uneJea\l.IeIl
o IlrolcwII\8
o~-
Figure 46. North wall profile, units B20-B27.
827
9O.5Om
826 825 824 823 622 821 820
mW'alum A:. sUl"fKe sod
B] 5tJ8tum B: lay.. cJfbrtlWrt and~ •. days, n day-ells
........,..,(flOO<,j
Figure 47.
O-C'-_""''-3j
~-
South wall profile, units B20-B27. ~0'\
l/l
•266
"brown silt" of the intermediate floor in the center of the block.
Towards the edges of the block, the two floors are separated by up to
half a meter of grey silts. The yellow clay was reached at a depth of
approximately 1.3 m in the center of the pithouse. Towards its margins,
the identification of the yellow clay stratum is obscured by secondary
deposition of backfill from the excavation of the housepit.
Features
Features were treated rather inconsistently in the excavation of
35WH14. Eight features were numbered and drawn and recorded in some
detail; eleven additional (unnumbered) features were drawn and/or
reported as features. In addition, comments on atypical conditions and
circumstances, most of which would traditionally be regarded as
features, are sometimes recorded in varying degrees of detail on
excavation record sheets. These constitute 73 additional features. For
the present study, the eleven unnumbered features, and the 73 features
mentioned anecdotally by the excavators, have been assembled and
numbered from 100 to 183. Information recorded on floor sketches of the
basal occupation surfaces (Figures 53 and 59) serves as an additional
check against this compilation. All features are summarized in Table
18. Their approximate locations are mapped at the conclusion of this
chapter in Figures 87 to 92 (see Discussion).
For the following discussion, features have been sorted into five
general categories, including occupation floors, cooking- or heating-
~","-.-o,-,-~ ---~.-.- -.< "~T - -' --:- -~::-.
1
Table 18. Features at the Pine Creek Village Site (35WH14)
Featlire
Number Type Unit Location Elevation (m) Level Comments/Associations
110 5 soil stains & ash area
109 pit or posthole
107 possible posthole
108 3 circular soil stains
111 rock concentration
112 charcoal scatter
113 upper occupation floor
N
0"1
-...J
Encountered upper floor at base of level in
north half of unit
Metate #473, core #472, cobble tool #458
5 cm in dia., midpoints: 204.47x/78.19y,
204.47x/78.30y, 204.59x/78.40y
Circular pit in yellow basal clay, interior
is "yellow clay, cult. fill mix"
Dark soil stains w. charcoal, 2 are 4 cm
deep, poss. pit in NW corner
Diagonal band, NE to SW of unit
Extends into adjacent A48, level 3
Said to be assoc. w. a firepit to NE, same
elevation; top of Feature 3?
28 unmodified rocks, Housepit A, NE edge
Pestle #1155 and 5 unmodified cobbles
Cobbles, 20cm dia. unidentified dark circle
11-12cm dia.; adjacent to hard-packed soil
Concentration of obsidian flakes
May be 1 m to south
Ground surface 95.45, basal elevations:
95.33, (metate #1355), 95.28 (posthole),
95.20 (pit)
2-5 cm in dia., midpoints: 205.29x/77.69y,
204.55x/77.80y, 204.55x/77.55y, 204.80x/
77.70y, 204.94x/77.91y
Corresponding lens of burned clay on west
wall profile
Circular pit, steep sides/flat base in
yellow basal clay, burned yellow clay
interior
Ground surface of pit is 97.37 (L.6/7)
N, E, & vertical boundaries undetermined
Metate #13 associated
BN-764. 769-774
8
3
7
13-16
10/11
12?
9
5
12
4/5-7/8
12/l3?
10
8-9
96.10-96.00
97.38
97.43
95.53-95.20
96.61-96.55
96.65?
97.29-97.25?
97.70-97.40
95.67-95.63
97.46-97.15
95.54-95.51?
96.99-96.97
96.90
varying 95.54-95.45 14/15
208.23-208.55x/77.45-77.75y 95.57-95.50 14
207.90-208.15x/77.48-77.68y 95.60-95.50* 14
varying 96.07 9
204.54-204.79x/78.10-78.33y 95.42-94.25 15-17
varying 95.87-95.72 12-13
unknown 98.10-97.90* 1-2
unknown 97.70 2
northern half of unit 98.00-97.90* 2
unknown 97.17-97.10* 2
NW quad 96.60-96.50* 2
unknown 96.70-96.60* 2
unknown 97.90-97.80* 3
97.40-97.30* 4
unknown 97.30 4/5
varying
204.28-204.50x/84.45-84.63y
204.00-204.26x/89.15-89.40y
205.10-206.15x/77.22-78.00y
201.98-202.35x/83.08-83.30y
200.07-200.85x/85.65-85.74y
202.63-202.15x/88.47-88.58y
203.00-203.93x/87.88-88.58y
204.40-204.87x/77.23-77.99y
202.70-203.70x/86.50-87.35y
203.50-205.06x/75.40-77.00y
202.23-202.80x/86.05-86.88y
202.50-202.85x/84.60-84.90y
A53
B31
B26
A16
A42
A35
A16
A39
A13
B6
B26,27
B14
B14
B15
B24
B27
A48,49
A33,41
A14
A45
A9
B24,25
A15
B23
A21,22,28,29
B31,32.35,36
A28
A43
burned clay patches
cobble cluster
bone cluster
slab-lined firepit
charcoal scatter
charcoal scatter
cobble cluster/
bone scatter
"entryway cache"
posthole & rocks
packed soil &
poss. posthole
flake cluster
possible posthole
pit, posthole & metate
5 circular soil stains
burned clay depression
1
2
3
4
5
6
114 upper occupation floor
115 charcoal stain
116 upper occupation floor
117 upper occupation floor
118 bone scatter
119 bone & flake scatter
106
101
102
103
104
7
8
100
105
Table 18. (Continued)
Feature
Number Type Unit Location Elevation (m) Level Comments/Associations
97.54 6
97.35 7
96.20 4
96.20 5
97.60*-97.50* 6
96.35 6
97.49 7
N
0"'1
00
Assoc. w. "concentrations of medium-sized,
rounded pebbles" & flat lying artifacts (?)
Small rocks, 0.5-4.0 cm dia., concentrated
toward area of firepit (Feature 3)
"Pocket" of charcoal & charred bark
"Shallow" pit excavated into yellow clay;
bone awl (#BN44) at base
On "sterile yellow" clay
Part of wall?
Based on flake debitage
Many of the rocks "are flat"
Circular area of sterile soil, 5 cm dia.,
2 cm deep
"Small rock cluster;" "no cultural assoc. ,.
Postulate association w. Feature 122;
actually intermediate floor?
Actually intermediate floor?
Charcoal & lumps of yellow clay, note
pithouse rim encountered this level in B20
Southern edge arcs N & E from 201x/88.45y
to 202x/88.80y, floor rim?
"Dark spot surrounded by yellow clay"
9
9
9
9
8/9
9
9-11
9
10
10
10
10
97.10-97.04
97.01
96.10-96.00*
96.05
96.03-95.93
95.96
95.90-95.60*
95.90-95.80*
97.00-96.90*
96.70
96.78
96.20-96.10*
97.20-97.10* 8
96.15 8
96.00-95.90* 8
95.95 8
97.??-97.35? 8?
97.20-97.10* 7
97.12 7
96.40-96.20* 7,8
96.14 7
96.10-96.00* 7
96.00-95.90* 7
97.40 4
97.20-97.10* 4
96.50 4
96.50 4
unknown
throughout unit
throughout unit
unknown
unknown
NE corner of unit
204.35x/86.30y
north side of unit
unknown
unknown
throughout unit
SE corner of unit
west portion of unit
unknown
unknown
unknown
north quarter of unit
all except NW corner
NW corner of unit
eastern portion of unit
unknown
north half of unit
202.39-203.00x/87.52-87.70y
202.37x/86.80y
unknown
unknown
203. 08x/77. 98y
unknown
unknown
SW corner of unit
NE corner of unit
201. 66x/84. 40y
200.29x/83.99y
throughout unit
A28
B19
B30
B35
A16
A28
A39
A51
B19
B33
A13
A16
B28
A14
B38
B30
A21
A28
B13
B15
B22
B25
B31
B35
A32
A42
A47
B3
A30
A37
B6,7
B22
B30
B37
138 rock concentration
139 rock cluster
140 charcoal
141 gray ashy layer
142 pit
143 charcoal concentrations
144 "large, charred branch"
145 rock cluster
146 intermediate occupation
147 charcoal & burned bone
148 occupation floor
149 bone concentration
150 compacted surface
151 charcoal scatter & baked clay
152 posthole
153 "ochre processing area"
154 burned clay, red ochre conc.
132 charcoal & charred bark
133 charcoal stains
134 intermediate occupation
135 occupation "level"
136 ash concentration
137 post or rodent hole?
131 gravel concentration
127 hard, compacted surface
125 "upper" occupation floor
126 charcoal & clay scatter
128 pit or posthole?
129 charcoal scatter
130 hard, compacted surface
120 ash
121 upper occupation floor
122 rock cluster
124 "upper" occupation floor
~Feature
Number Type Unit
Table 18.
Location
(Continued)
Elevation Level Comments/Associations
155 charcoal stain
156 burned clay concentration
157 pithouse edge
10 Approx. 25 em dia. (based on field sketch).
Top of pithouse wall encountered at base of
level (95.90)
10 96.00-95.90 in B19; lumps of burned clay
10 Large amount of flakes, charcoal, shell;
Concentration at 203.30x/77.80y, 95.80 m
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
181
182
possible posthole
ochre cone.; storage pit
seed concentration
burned clay scatter
posthole
possible pit
charcoal scatter
charcoal stains, burned clay
~harcoal stain, burned clay
flake scatter
possible posthole
clay concentration
charcoal & clay concentration
charcoal stain, poss. posthole
flake scatter
rock cluster
pit
charcoal stain
circular soil stains
circular dark soil stain
circular baked clay area
pit
bottom of lower occupation
bottom of lower occupation
B13
B18,19
B22
B31
A40,41
B6
B8
B19
B23
B29
B35
B36
A29
A32
B3
B8
B13
B22
B32
B36
B17
B23
B25
B27
B8,16
B23
B26
west half of unit
all of B18; SW corner B19
204x/77-78y
203.50x/76.50y
ochre in SW corner of A41
throughout unit?
throughout unit
209.32-209.48x/78.22-78.38y
SW portion of unit
NE corner of unit
eastern portion of unit
along west edge of unit
NW corner of unit
199.80x/85.25y (center)
unknown
NE corner of unit
203.50x/78.50y (center)
203.74x/77.96y
SW portion of unit
eastern portion of unit
SW corner of unit
varying (see comments)
south edge of unit
NE corner of unit
206.15-206.50x/79.20-79.55y
unknown
unknown
95.94
96.00-95.90
95.90-95.80*
95.74
96.80-96.70*
96.00-95.90*
95.90-95.80*
95.90-95.80*
95.80-95.70*
96.00-95.90*
95.70-95.60*
95.61
96.68
96.71
96.00-95.90*
95.80-95.70*
95.76
95.65
95.70-95.60*
95.60-95.50*
95.65
95.51
95.60-95.50*
95.70-95.60*
95.59-95.38
95.42
95.50
10
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
14-16
14
14
Plan view shows storage pit 199.80-
200.20x/84.20-84.75y, 96.73-96.40
Hackberry seeds (Celtis sp.) thru. lev.
Lumps of burned clay
Postulated to account for vertical position
of bone & flakes
Charcoal stains & hard clay
Clay in NE corner; charcoal in eastern
quarter of unit
Separate patches; burned clay in center,
dark soil stain in N, appear ca. 25 em dia.
2 em thick
Mound of clay "lumps" on sterile wall
Lumps of charcoal & clay intermixed within
area of charcoal stain
Circular, well-defined (see also Feature
155)
Also mentioned for B13, 95.70
"Small pile of fire-stained & broken rocks"
In sterile clay
204.12-204.24x/77.14-77.25y; 204.32-
204.43x/77.15-77.27y;
Surface stain w. small charcoal chunks
Possibly firepit. Against sterile wall of
housepit
Mound of sterile clay covering brown
cultural fill in B16, lev. 14; excavated
from pit?
N
0\
1.0
Table 18. (Continued)
Feature
Number Type Unit Location Elevation Level
183 firepit B27 208.48-208.69x/77.67-78.00y 95.60? 14
184 pit or posthole A41,47 200.55-200.65x/83.95-84.05y 96.80-96.70* 11
185 pit A28,35 202.05-202.35x/85.90-86.12y 96.80-96.70* 12
186 pit A43 202.05-202.25x/84.20-84.40y 96.70-96.60* 11
187 pit B16 206.40-206.70x/78.05-78.40y 95.50 14/15
188 pit B16,17 206.65-207.25x/78.55-79.00y 95.50?-95.35 15
189 firepit A32 NE corner of unit 97.60 3
190 burned clay A25,26,32,33 199.85-200.60x/85.95-86.35y 96.65 13
* elevation denotes level; feature elevation unknown
Comments/Associations
Extends into B18. "Firepit was dug up &
disturbed"
Shown in northern 30 cm of east wall profile,
< 5 cm deep
"Original pithouse floor firepit area"
N
-....J
o
271
related features, structural features, storage-related features, and
specialized processing areas. Occupation floors have been treated in
greater detail under Stratigraphy and will only be summarized at this
time. Features will be discussed first for Block A, then for Block B.
Block A
Occupation Floors
Three occupation floors were noted in the field for Block A,
however little information was recorded on their location. Based on
fieldnotes and profiles a shallow upper floor (Floor 1), represented by
a "dark, greasy soil," is postulated in the vicinity of a discontinuous
and thin light grey clay or silt-clay layer which underlies the surface
sod (see Stratigraphy). It is situated at 20 to 30 ern below the surface
in the northern portion of Block A, slopes to Level 4 in unit AS1, and
then apparently up again in AS3, where it is placed at Level 2. From
its shallow depth, the occupation is presumed to be "brief." Its field
identification as "Probably historic; we've decided to call it a 'teepee
ring'--this being the most common name" (Riddle, fieldnotes, June 28,
1981), is not supported by the distribution of artifacts, which are
generally concentrated in the northwestern half of the block, rather
than in the center of the depression (Figure 48). As there is no
contour map of the surface prior to excavation, however, the location of
the depression is inferred from the placement of excavation units and
272
94.00
92.00
90.00
88.00
86.00
84.00
82.00
80.00
78.00
76.00
74.00
72.00
196.00 199.00 202.00 205.00 208.00 211.00
Figure 48. Horizontal distribution of artifacts, Level 2, plotted by
SURFER software.
the underlying pithouse margins, and therefore only an approximation of
the actual surface topography.
Two additional floors are placed in levels 6/7 and in levels 9/10,
primarily on the basis of features 3 and 5 (see Cooking- and Heating-
Related Features). While artifact density plots for levels 6 and 7 are
not entirely unambiguous and other explanations are possible for the
observed patterning, they do appear to form a more concentric distribu-
tion, with materials found towards the margins of the floor in Level 6,
and towards the interior in Level 7 (Figures 49-50). A major artifact
concentration is located to the northwest and adjacent to Feature 3. It
94.00
92.00
90.00
88.00
86.00
84.00
82.00
80.00
78.00
76.00
74.00
72.00
196.00 199.00 202.00 205.00 208.00 211.00
273
Figure 49. Horizontal distribution of artifacts, Level 6.
94.00
92.00
90.00
88.00
86.00
84.00
82.00
80.00
78.00
76.00
74.00
72.00
196.00 199.00 202.00 205.00 208.00 211.00
-
Figure 50. Horizontal distr{bution of artifacts, Level 7.
'F
274
is likely that Floor 2 is associated with a prehistoric house, probably
of circular shape and dished cross-section.
In contrast to Floor 2, Floor 3 appears to be relatively flat
(although sloping somewhat to the south), with a general peak in
artifact density in Level 9, decreasing overall both above and below
this level. Horizontally, cultural materials appear to be confined to a
circular area bounded by steep-sided pithouse walls, even if the
cessation of excavation in several of the peripheral units is taken into
account (Figure 51). If Feature 5 is coextensive with Floor 3, it does
not represent the basal occupation of Block A, given its elevation of
96.99-96.97 m, about 40 cm above the "sterile yellow clay" in this area
(unit A28). The underlying silts reflect either a long-term occupation,
or regular, repeated sojourns at the site.
Floor 4 appears to lie at an elevation of approximately 96.60-
96.50 m, primarily encompassing levels 11 and 12 (Figures 52-53). The
identification of this floor, was, as has already been mentioned,
complicated by the attribution of Feature 5 to "pithouse floor," a
designation that appears, in Block B, at least, to have been reserved
for the basal occupation. Details regarding the nature of this floor
will be addressed in further discussions.
Cooking- or Heating-Related Features
These include firepits, charcoal scatters, and areas of baked or
burned clay. The most prominent is Feature 3, a rock-lined firepit of
P'"
94.00
92.00
90.00
88.00
86.00
84.00
82.00
80.00
78.00
76.00
74.00
72.00
196,00 199.00 202,00 205.00 208.00 211.00
Figure 51. Horizontal distribution of artifacts, Level 9.
94.00
275
92.00
90.00
88.00
86.00
II< • It .. .. .. ..
84.00
82.00
80.00
78.00
76.00
74.00
72.00
196.00 199.00 202.00 205.00 208.00 211.00
Figure 52. Horizontal distribution of artifacts, Level 12.
276
,...-----7~--~-.---J
/ I 97.72m
rim segment
__-----;.97.05
'96.81
96.74
96.61
'96.64
Posthole?@
t-Pit
'------------1r---
96.95
Figure 53. Planview of basal occupation floor, House A.
277
roughly 1 m diameter, with a burned clay rim and heavily charcoal-
stained soil (Figures 54-55). Situated at the juncture of units A2l,
22, 28, and 29, Feature 3 ranges in elevation from 97.37 m (marking the
top of the rock lining) to 97.15 m (the base of the pit). The floor
surface into which the firepit is dug is located at 97.37 m, placing it
in Level 6 (A29) or 7 (A2l, 22, 28). A sample of charcoal from the pit
was radiocarbon-dated to 890 ± 20 B.P. (see Radiocarbon Dates).
Flotation analysis of charcoal and soil from the feature identified
charred juniper wood with some juniper bark. These are thought to
represent fuel wood (Stenholm, Appendix D).
The other major feature in this category is Feature 5, which is
described as a "charcoal scatter and metate." From the planview sketch
of this feature, it appears to be very patchy, with three small clusters
containing elongate pieces of charcoal that may represent burned wood.
It is located in Level 10 of unit A28 between 96.99 and 96.97 m, which
places it 16 to 18 cm below Feature 3. The metate associated with the
scatter could not be located during the present analysis. While
features 3 and 5 are both located north and east of the center of the
pithouse, no generalizations are possible regarding internal hearth
placement. In the former case, precise wall configuration cannot
ascertained; in the latter case it is not clear that the feature truly
represents a hearth.
A date of 1500 ± 25 B.P. was returned on charcoal from Feature 5
(see Radiocarbon Dates). Based on botanical analyses of wood, charcoal,
and soil from Feature 5, Stenholm c'oncluded that "the diversity in
202xJ86y
------:z:::__
202xJ88y
278
204xJ86y
~.~~
97.00
profile along 203.
204xJ88y
Figure 54. Feature 3, planview and profile.
Figure 55. Feature 3, oblique rendering.
•279
botanical and non-botanical arrays suggests general purpose midden. It
seems to reflect several activities, such as food (faunal) or possibly
tool preparation featuring hardwoods" (see Macrobotanical Analysis, this
chapter, and Appendix D).
Other charcoal scatters reflecting the proximity of fire include
features 132 and 133, in the general vicinity of Feature 3, and features
143, and 151, both of which are probably roughly contemporaneous with
Feature 5 or Floor 3. A "large charred branch" (Feature 144) was
reported from Level 9 of A28, i.e. in the level above Feature 5.
However, no further detail was recorded, precluding additional interpre-
tations. Charcoal and ash were also observed, respectively, in levels 2
and 4 of A39 (features 112 and 120).
Two final features are included in this class. Feature 189
represents a firepit which is only identified on the east wall profile
of A32. It is located in the northeastern corner of the unit at
approximately 97.60 m (the base of Level 3). The feature appears to be
very shallow, with a depth of less than 5 cm. It measures approximately
30 cm in diameter. Feature 190 marks an area of burned clay in Level
13, at the intersect of units A25, A26, A32, and A33 in the west of
House A. It is identified in fieldnotes as "original pithouse floor
firepit area" and measures about 75 cm from east to west and 40 cm from
north to south. Additional descriptive information is not available for
this feature and it is not identified on the transit map for the basal
floor of House A.
-280
Structural Features
Numbered features in this category are represented by six
postholes or possible postholes. Additional structural features
including walls and doorway are discussed in this context. This number
is unfortunately too small to allow reliable conclusions regarding the
superstructures for Housepit A. An additional problem is created by the
uncertainty in the identification of features in this class, which are
labeled either as "postholes" (features 8, 152), possible posthole
(features 100, 102, 168) or "pit or posthole" (Feature 128). The
additional possibility that some are actually rodent holes cannot be
ruled out.
Postholes are recorded in Level 9 of A14 (Feature 100), Level 10
of A42 (Feature 152), Level 12 of A32 (Feature 168) and (most probably)
Level 12 of A33 (Feature 8). Feature 8, associated with the basal
pithouse floor (Floor 4), was surrounded by a concentration of rocks
interpreted in the field as a post support. According to a field
sketch, this particular posthole measures approximately 20 cm in
diameter (Figure 56), while a diameter of 11 cm was inferred for Feature
100 (in A14). Two additional features were situated at somewhat higher
levels, in Level 7 of A9 (Feature 102) and in Level 6 of A16 (Feature
128). Both are in the general vicinity of what appears to be a remnant
of a second pithouse rim roughly parallel and to the north of the
excavated and mapped house. Feature 102 measures 25 cm in diameter. No
further information is available for Feature 128.
·201x186y
--~----
201x185y
281
200xl86y 200xl85y
97.00m
9660 .L.._-===--L --L --I
Figure 56. Feature 8, planview and profile.
The records concerning pithouse wall shape (all relating to the
lowest occupations) are somewhat more detailed. Several profiles show
steep-sided walls with a floor excavated 40-50 cm deep. The basal floor
appears, as already mentioned, to be relatively flat. There is no clear
evidence of a wall bench. Two roughly concentric, arced "wall remnants"
were recorded north of and parallel to the main house and may account
for the northern bulge in the artifact density distribution map for
Floor 3, as well as the confusing stratigraphy.
The entrance to the original pithouse in Block A is located east
of center along its south end. An entryway projects southward about one
•282
to 1.5 m from the south wall, its surface rising in elevation from
94.64 m in the north to at least 96.95 m in the south. The shape of the
entryway suggests a short tunnel or elongated hatchway. While semi-
subterranean houses on the Columbia Plateau are frequently illustrated
with central roof entrances (e.g. Nabokov and Easton 1979), side
entrances were, in fact, not uncommon. Side entrances were
characteristic of Tenino houses, which were circular in plan, with a
conical roof of radiating poles supported by four central posts (Ray
1939:135). While less frequent, entrance tunnels were used by
Klickitat, Wenatchi, and Sanpoil (Rice 1985:96). The planview
illustration compiled for Block A shows a northeast-facing projection
which is associated with the outer of the two already-mentioned housepit
rim remnants and which resembles in shape the southfacing entryway
discussed above. It is possible that this represents the northeast-
facing doorway of another house; whether older or younger cannot be
determined.
Storage Features
Six features at 35WH14 are described as "pits" (features 128, and
142, 159, 184, 185, and 186), and one is identified as an "entryway
cache" (Feature 7). With the exception of features 7 and 142, no
information is available regarding their contents. Three of the
features (184-186) are only identified in the mapping data for the basal
floor (Floor 4). The problem of differentiating between pits and
-283
postholes has been noted above (e.g. for Feature 128, which is also
mentioned in the discussion of postholes).
A large storage pit is situated in the southwestern corner of the
pithouse floor (Feature 159, units A40, A41). It measures 40 cm east-
west and 55 cm north-south, with a depth of approximately 30 cm. Three
smaller pits are located in units A41/47, A28/35, and A43 (Features 184,
185, 186) and are also associated with the lowest house floor. They
range from 10 to 30 cm in diameter. Feature 128, the possible posthole
in levels 6 and 7 of A16 discussed above, is described as a pit or
posthole. It is in the level above Feature 142, "a shallow pit
excavated into yellow clay," containing a bone awl (Cat.if BN-44). The
precise relationship between these two features cannot be determined
from available evidence. The lowest pit does, however, appear on a
north profile of A16, and may be associated with the first of the
already-mentioned "rim remnants." It measures 35 cm from east to west
and is 10 to 15 cm deep.
Feature 7, finally, the "entryway cache," is located in the
doorway to House A. It is located in levels 10 and 11 of units A48 and
A49, respectively, and measures 37 cm east-west by 22 cm north-south,
with a depth of 6 or 8 cm, depending on the source. Feature records
show six unlabeled, cobble-like objects within the depression, which
appear to correspond to catalog entries 1159, and 1228 through 1232.
Two of these were not classified in the OMSI catalog, four others are
described as a pecked stone, a hammers tone , a digging stone, and a
pestle. Only the final of these, Cat.if 1155, is considered to be an
-284
artifact by the present analyst. It is a multipurpose tool which
appears to have been used as a pestle, a maul, and possibly as an anvil.
The implement exhibits pronounced ochre staining.
Specialized Activity Areas
Specialized activity areas are only infrequently mentioned in
field observations, probably because of the lack of emphasis on clearing
contiguous floors. Seven were, however, noted, and will be treated
here. Features 6, 118, and 119 are bone scatters (see Faunal Analysis,
this chapter). Feature 6, located at the top of Level 9 of unit A43
consists of a roughly circular concentration of cobbles and bones, about
35 em in diameter. This feature is probably associated with Floor 3.
Additional bone scatters are represented by Features 118 and 119,
centered in Level 4 of units A42 and 35, respectively. Feature 119,
identified as a "bone and flake scatter" is said to be associated with a
firepit (Feature 3?) to the northeast at the same elevation (97.30 m).
Two areas of lithic reduction are represented by flake "scatters"
or "clusters." These include Feature 101, a concentration of obsidian
flakes in Level 3 of A45, and Feature 167, a flake scatter located in
Level 12 of A32, the southwest corner of Floor 4. Feature 153 is
referred to in excavation notes as an "ochre processing area" in A47,
Level 10 (Feature 153). A concentration of ochre is also recorded in
unit A4l, Level 11, in conjunction with Feature 159, the pit already
discussed (although the ochre is outside the pit itself). Both features
•285
(153 and 159) are at comparable elevations and probably represent the
same activity. An ochre-stained pestle-maul from the entrance cache
(Cat.# 1155; Feature 7) in Level 10 of unit A48 provides added support
for the reduction of ochre within this part of the house.
The final activity which will be discussed in this context is
indicated by the presence of numerous grinding stones, particularly in
association with the lowest occupation. Artifacts catalogued as metates
and located below an elevation of 97.00 m were plotted on the p1anview
of Floor A, with relative sizes approximated as well as possible (Figure
53). This adds seven specimens to those indicated in the original
mapping data, while two mapped specimens are not accounted for by the
catalog information.-
The twelve grinding stones plotted in this manner form a distinct
cluster in the southern two thirds of the eastern half of the house,
apparently in line with the entryway. They appear, in addition, to be
associated with two pit features. One of these (Feature 186) lies at
the southern edge of the metate cluster, while the second (Feature 185)
lies in its center with the grinding stones arranged roughly in a circle
around it. The nature of these pits cannot be determined, as their
existence and location are only known from mapping notes. The central
pit appears to measure roughly 30 cm east-west by 20 cm north-south, and
would appear to be too small for a main hearth. The spatially discrete
nature of food grinding in this pithouse is, however, apparent, and will
be returned to in the later discussions of the site .
-286
Rock features
Five features associated with Block A are classified as rock
features. They are variously referred to in fieldnotes as cobble
cluster, rock concentration, or gravel concentration. Rock features
were recorded in units A15 (Level 5), A16 (levels 1-2), A28 (levels 7-
8), and A43 (Level 8).
The rock feature recorded in the greatest detail is identified as
Feature 1. It consists of a concentration of 28 unmodified basalt rocks
in level 5 of unit A15 (Figure 57). No charcoal or ash were associated.
While the profile drawings of this feature show an elevation ranging
from 97.70 m to 97.64 m, mapped elevations of the individual cobbles
indicate elevations between 97.78 and 97.56 m (levels 4-6). The
cluster measures about 90 cm from east to west and 70 cm from north to
south.
Several explanations for this feature are possible. No pit
outlines were observed, however the cluster, as drawn in the feature
record, appears to rest on a slightly dished surface, while its top is
entirely flat. While far from definitive, this may suggest the
presence of a rock-filled pit. The location of Feature 1 above the
northeast rim of House A may indicate its origin in house-cleaning
activities which may have moved cobbles away from the house floor to the
rim of the house, an explanation which was proposed by the field
director (Mazany, fieldnotes, July 1, 1981). On the other hand, a "dark
spot" surrounded by yellow clay was· mapped in Level 6 of this unit and
203x1B9y
I
97.60m
204x189y
287
-
Figure 57. Feature 1, planview and profile.
has been interpreted as a pit or posthole (Feature 128). The cobbles
may have served as additional support for a structural member. A
similar feature has been discussed above (Feature 8).
Feature 111, located in levels 1 and 2 of A16, consisted of a
linear rock feature of unknown function:
About 50% of the pit's surface is covered by fist-sized cobbles
and pebbles in a band extending from northeast to southwest across
the pit .... Excavation in 202x,88y showed that this is just a
superficial rock layer. This appears to be some kind of "wall"
extending several meters both to the northeast and the southwest
(Riddle, fieldnotes, June 23, 1981).
Features 131 and 138, were, finally, recorded in levels 7 and 8 of A28.
Fieldnotes for Level 7 comment that "the entire pit has small rocks from
pz
288
0.5 to 2.0 em in diameter, concentrated toward firepit," while in Level
8, "rocks are concentrated everywhere but the northwest corner of the
pit." Both concentrations are probably part of a single feature which
appears to be associated with the already discussed, rock-lined firepit
(Feature 3).
A feature identified as a cobble cluster/bone scatter was recorded
in levels 8 to 9 of A43 (Feature 6) has already been described (see
Specialized Activity Areas).
Block B
Occupation Floors
Block B, like Block A, exhibits a shallow upper occupation
associated with a thin band of light grey clay or clay-silt, here 10 to
20 em below the surface (see Block A for details) which is said to be
underlain by 10 em of "rich brown fill" (Mazany, fieldnotes, June 23,
1981). As in Block A, the upper occupation, Floor 1, is described as a
"charcoal layer" (Mazany fieldnotes, June 24, 1981), characterized by
"very dark, greasy, soil" (Riddle, fieldnotes, June 23, 1981). The
upper occupation floor is placed at Level 2 in unit B26 (Feature 116)
and at Level 4 in B33 and B38 (Features 114 and 117), two units which
are located at the margins of the block. Elsewhere in the fieldnotes,
alternatively, a discrete floor is postulated for Level 4. The
association of Level 4 deposits with either Floor 1 or a discrete floor
>289
of any kind, will, however, be demonstrated as unlikely on the basis of
artifact distributions. This will follow a discussion of Floor 2.
Fieldnotes indicate the correspondence of Floor 2 with a brown
silt. This brown silt is clearly identifiable on wall profiles. It
suggests a saucer-shaped depression which extends to a minimum of 5 cm
below the surface at its eastern margin to perhaps only 30 cm above the
yellow basal clay at its lowest point. An east-west diameter of more
than eight meters is indicated. The thickness of this "intermediate
occupation" layer is reflected in anecdotal feature notes, which place
it, respectively, at Levels 7 and 8 in units B6 and B7 (Feature 134), at
Level 7 in B22 (Feature B15), and Level 9 in units B15 and B25 (Features
146 and 148). It is likely that the reports of a floor in Level 4 refer
to the upper reaches of this surface. Whereas a density plot of formed
and utilized implements from Level 2 shows a diffuse scatter of tools
(Figure 48), Level 4 exhibits a distinct clustering of artifacts around
the margins of the block, corresponding to a large void in the center
(Figure 58). It is likely that this "occupation" actually corresponds
to Floor 2, which would slope upward to this elevation at its margins.
The basal occupation of Block B (Floor 3) is associated with the
surface of the yellow clay. Like the earliest occupation of Pithouse A,
the floor is characterized by a number of pit features interpreted as
storage pits and post molds which will be discussed below (Figure 59).
The yellow clay was reached at a depth of approximately 1.3 m in the
center of the pithouse. The determination of its natural elevation is
complicated by secondary deposition of backfill from the excavation of
290
94.00
92.00
90.00
88.00
86.00
84.00
82.00
80.00
78.00
76.00
74.00
72.00
196.00 199.00 202.00 205.00 208.00 211.00
Figure 58. Horizontal distribution of artifacts, Level 4.
the housepit and a limited number of profile drawings of the Block B
housepit walls. However the differential between elevations for the
center of the floor (ca. 95.50 m) and the inner edge of the rim (95.90-
96.00 m) suggests a maximum excavated depth of somewhat under 40 em,
depending on the amount of redeposited backfill. Features 181 and 182,
located in Level 14 (at 95.42 m and 95.50 m, respectively), identify the
"bottom of the lower occupation" in units B23 and B26.
Cooking- or Heating-Related Features
Twenty-five features in Block B fall into the class of cooking- or
heating-related features. They inciude charcoal stains and scatters,
• d
291
posthole?
~
o~"""'i~ 0
€I posthole? C!b({f)
o grinding ston:;:gs.
Figure 59. Planview of basal occupation floor, House B.
areas of burned or baked clay, a few ash concentrations, and three pits.
Features of this type are primarily encountered within and along the
area defined by the perimeter of the basal house. Most tend to cluster
in the southwestern quadrant of the excavation block where charcoal,
burned clay, or ash, are found in every level except levels 1 and 3 and
the lowest floor (levels 13 and 14). Here, interpretation is
complicated by the "many rodent runs" observed in levels 1 though 5 of
unit B22. With the exception of Feature 129 (charcoal noted in Level 6
of B28), the southwestern focus of cooking- or heating-related features
does not change until beginning in "Level 10, when charcoal staining and
•
292
burned clay also appear along the northern and eastern margins of the
block.
Only for levels 13 and 14 are cooking- or heating-related features
reported from the center of the house floor. These include an ash pit
measuring approximately 30 cm in diameter and 25 cm in depth in B24
(Feature 103; 95.45-95.20 m), with associated burned clay stains in
adjacent B15 (Feature 105). Also recorded for Level 14 are two pit
features in B27 (Features 106 and 183). Feature 106 consists of a
shallow circular depression excavated into the basal clay, with burned
yellow clay interior, steep sides, and a flat base. It extends from
208.23x to 208.55x, and from 77.45y to 77.75y, with a depth of 7 cm
(95.57-95.50 m). Feature 183 is described as a
circular clay spot, probably a firepit, in the northeast corner.
It is right up against a sterile clay wall of the housepit. The
firepit was dug up and disturbed but it extends roughly from
208.48x-208.69x and from 78.00y-77.67y [sic] (excavation unit
level form, unit B27).
The elevation is given as 95.60 m; whether this marks the top or the
bottom of the pit is not clear. These descriptions appear to refer to
separate features, but this cannot be corroborated as they are neither
mentioned nor plotted anywhere else.
Also associated with the lower levels are features 110 and 4.
Feature 110 is described as six soil stains and an ashy area or pit in
unit B6 (levels 12-13). The feature is subsequently interpreted as a
refuse deposit rather than a firepit (Mazany, fieldnotes, July 2, 1981).
Feature 4 is a scatter of charcoal chunks, charcoal stains, burned clay
•293
lumps, and ash in units B3l, 32, 35, and 36 just above the sterile
yellow clay, between approximately 95.54 and 95.51 m).
Radiocarbon dates of 2450 ± 40 B.P. and 2580 ± 40 B.P. were
obtained from Feature 4 (the charcoal scatter) and Feature 103 (the ash
pit), respectively (see Radiocarbon Dates, this chapter). Botanical
samples were also analyzed from both features. A floated soil sample
from Feature 4 produced macrobotanical remains of mature Populus sp.,
charcoal, CCS and obsidian flakes, burned and unburned mammal bone
(large and small mammal), and a trace of shell. Charcoal and wood
samples from Feature 103 were identified as lodgepole pine and juniper
(see Macrobotanical Remains, this chapter, and Stenholm, Appendix D).
In general, the spatial distribution of cooking- or heating-
related features suggests that the lowest levels of Block B experienced
the most substantial use, with intensity decreasing in the upper
deposits.
Structural Features
Numbered structural features consist of five postholes or possible
postholes. Other features including walls and doorway will also be
discussed in this context. As in Block A, only limited inferences
regarding structural details of the house are possible.
All recorded postholes are associated with the lower occupation
levels of Block B. Feature 158, a posthole of unknown diameter, is
located in Level 10 of B3l. A second posthole (Feature 162) is located
•294
in Level 11, on the eastern rim of the pithouse (B19). It measures
approximately 16 cm in diameter. A single posthole of unknown dimen-
sions is recorded for Level 12, B13 (Feature 171, 95.76 m). The
remaining two postholes (Features 103 and 107) were located in units
B24/25 (Levels 13-16), and B26/27 (Level 14). Based on mapping data,
their diameters measure approximately 15 and 20 cm, respectively. One
or more additional postholes may be represented by the circular stains
south of the ash feature in B6 (Feature 110; Mazany, fieldnotes, July 2,
1981).
With rim profiles limited to one unit (B2l), little information is
available concerning pithouse wall shape. As in Block A, 40-50 cm of
the original clay matrix appear to have been excavated for the house
floor. The floor itself rises gradually towards the walls, which then
rise abruptly the last 30 cm to the rim. West of Block B, a rim segment
of an additional, steep-walled, depression can be seen in the west and
north wall profiles of unit B20 (Figure 46). Its floor, at about
96.00-96.10 m, is slightly higher than the floor of House B.
A plan sketch of House B places the entrance of the house at its
northern end. Mapping data for the site, on the other hand, suggest a
continuous rim between units B5 and B2, but indicate a possible doorway
at the southwestern edge of the house (see Figure 59). The abrupt
decline in numbers of artifacts and flakes between B6 and B2 tends to
support the presence of a wall, rather than an entryway, to the north.
At present, a more definitive statement regarding the precise outline of
the house is not possible .
295
Storage Features
Eight features from Block B are identified as pits, all associated
with the lower occupation. Six are mapped on the planview shown in
Figure 59. These include features 103, 106, 109, 179, 187, and 188.
Feature 103 is a 25 cm deep pit of approximately 25 cm diameter in B24
(levels 14-16, 95.45-95.20 m). Feature 109 is located in levels 15-17
of B14, and measures approximately 25 cm in diameter and 17 cm in depth.
Feature 179, in Level 14-16 of B8 (95.59-95.38 m), measures 35 cm in
diameter and is 21 cm deep. In B16, the unit adjacent to B8, excavators
observed a "mound of sterile clay covering brown soil," presumably from
the excavation of the pit, which suggests a longer term occupation or
reoccupation of this floor. A large, pit (Feature 187) was, finally,
plotted at the boundary of units B16 and B17. It measures 60 cm east-
west and 45 cm north-south, with a depth of between 15 and 25 cm (exact
depth unknown).
Two additional pits (Features 163 and 174) are located in units
B23 (Level 11) and B36 (Level 12), respectively. Feature 163 was
postulated by the field crew to account for the vertical position of
bone and flakes in the southwestern portion of B23. Feature 174 is said
to have been excavated into sterile clay. No further details are
available regarding either of these features.
296
Specialized Activity Areas
Six areas are characterized as specialized activity areas. Three
(features 2, 147, 149) consist of concentrations of bone. All were
observed in the triangle formed by three adjacent units B22, 23, and 31.
Elevations encompass 95.76-95.63 m in B23 (Feature 2, Level 12), 96.03-
95.93 m in B22 (Feature 147, levels 9-10), and approximately 95.90-95.60
m in B3l (Feature 149, levels 9-11). The three concentrations are
probably the result of either a single activity or longer-term refuse
deposition on this part of the floor (see Faunal Remains, this chapter).
Other specialized activity features include Feature 154, an area
of burned clay with a concentration of ochre in Level 10 of B3, Feature
160, consisting of a concentration of hackberry seeds found throughout
Level 11 of B6, and Feature 172, identified as a flake scatter in Level
12 of B22 and B13.
As a result of the horizontal patterning observed in the distribu-
tion of grinding stones on Floor 4 of House A, all metates associated
with the lowest floor of House B were plotted. This includes seven
catalogued specimens and one grinding stone (#832) for which there is no
entry in the original artifact catalog. All specimens recorded in Level
12 or lower are included, spanning elevations from 95.33 to 95.63 m.
Specimens from above these levels were excluded due to the uncertainty
of floor assignment.
The distributional patterning of House B is not as clear as that
of House A, primarily because of the smaller sample and the incomplete
297
excavation of this housepit. However, here, too, grinding stones are
found in one portion of the house, the eastern portion, while they are
absent from the western third. Rather than being arranged in a circular
pattern as in House A, metates are scattered without any apparent
patterning. Their distribution appears, however, to correspond with the
distribution of pit features, with each useable grinding stone
(excluding small, fragmentary specimens #634, 1357, and 539) lying
adjacent to a pit. The only exception is undocumented metate #832. The
maximum distance between members of a pair is approximately 65 cm (Cat.#
1355 and Feature 109); members of the remaining five pairs are either
immediately adjacent to each other or within 10-30 cm. While the
association of grinding stones and storage pits may be be related to
food processing, the grinding stones may also have served to cap storage
pits (cf. Musil 1992:161).
Rock Features
Four features from Block B are identified as "rock clusters."
Features 122 and 139 were both encountered in unit B19 (levels 4 and 8,
respectively). Feature 145 was found in Level 9 of B13, while Feature
173 was excavated in Level 12 of B32. Comments regarding these
phenomena are sparse. Feature 122 was marked "no cultural
associations," while Feature 173 was said to consist of a "small pile of
fire-stained and broken rocks." No other information was recorded.
298
Radiocarbon Dates
Data on four charcoal samples submitted by OMSI for radiocarbon
dating were retrieved through a records search with the Laboratory of
Isotope Geochemistry at the Univeristy of Arizona, Tucson (Table 19).
All four samples are from buried charcoal, including two from Block A
(A-2602, A-2604) and two from Block B (A-2603, A-2605). In a letter
report of the analysis results, sample proveniences are given by site
coordinates. All y-coordinates consist of three digits (eg. 864, 764,
874, 774), unlike the standard two digits used for the north-south axis
at the site. As the last digit is consistently "4," and no decimal is
indicated, it has been assumed that this number is not of critical
locational significance.
Sample A-2602: This sample is attributed to Level 10 of unit A28.
It appears to correspond with the charcoal scatter and associated metate
identified as Feature 5. A date of 1500 ± 25 B.P. was returned.
Sample A-2604: This sample was collected from unit A22 and is
attributed to Feature 3, the slab-lined hearth associated with a surface
level of approximately 97.37 m (Level 7 in A22). A radiocarbon date of
890 ± 20 B.P. was returned. This date is stratigraphically consistent
with the earlier date of 1500 ± 25 B.P. discussed above.
Sample A-2603: This sample was collected from unit B32. It is
attributed to "pithouse floor" and is associated with the charcoal
scatter identified as Feature 4. While the vertical boundaries of the
scatter are not clear, it was drawn 'at an elevation of 95.54-95.51 m,
299
Table 19. Radiocarbon Dates and Source Information, 35WH14
Sample Lab Radiocarbon Source of Sample
Number Number Age Sample Location
1 A-2602 l500±25 B.P. Charcoal scatter, Feat. 5 A28, L.10
2 A-2603 2450±40 B.P. Charcoal scatter, Feat. 4 B32, L.l3
3 A-2604 890±20 B.P. Hearth, Feat. 3 A22, L.5-8
4 A-2605 2580±40 B.P. Ash pit, Feat. 103 B24, L.14-l6
placing it in Level 13 of B32. Sample A-2603 was dated to 2450 ± 40
B.P.
Sample A-2605: This sample is attributed to an "ash pit in
pithouse floor," in unit B24. It is undoubtedly associated with the pit
(also mapped as an "ash pit") identified here as Feature 103, extending
from 95.45 to 95.20 ill (levels 14-16). The submitted charcoal sample was
dated to 2580 ± 40 B.P.
Student's t ratios were calculated for each pair of dates using
uncalibrated age values (Thomas 1986:249-251). All four dates are
significantly different, when compared with the expected t-value of 1.96
(a=0.05). The results are presented in Table 20. While the calibrated
ages for A-2603 and A-2605 (2468 B.P. and 2742 B.P.) are separated by
almost 300 years (Table 21), their minimum ages at one sigma are fairly
close together and overlap at 2 sigma. It is felt that the occupational
episodes represented by the two early radiocarbon dates are probably
fairly similar in age. All four radiocarbon dates are internally and
stratigraphically consistent.
FTable 20. Radiocarbon Dates and Calibrated Ages, 35WH14
300
Sample Radiocarbon Calibrated Minimwn
Nwnber Age Agel Cal. Age 2
1 1500 ± 25 B.P. 1354 B.P. 1402 B.P.
2' 2450 ± 40 B.P. 2468 B.P. 2708 B.P.
3 890 ± 20 B.P. 782 B.P. 789 B.P.
4 2580 ± 40 B.P. 2742 B.P. 2750 B.P.
Maximwn
Cal. Age 2
1341 B.P.
2358 B.P.
742 B.P.
2719 B.P.
1. calibration based on Stuiver and Pearson 1993
2. calibrated age range at 1 sigma
3. multiple possible intercepts at 1 sigma
Table 21. Computed t-ratios for Paired Radiocarbon Dates
Radiocarbon Radiocarbon Age
Age 890 1500 2450 2580
890 20.61 34.88 37.79
1500 20.61 19.08 21. 84
2450 34.88 19.08 2.30
2580 37.79 21. 84 2.30
LATE ARCHAIC VARIABILITY AND CHANGE ON THE SOUTHERN COLUMBIA PLATEAU:
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE PINE CREEK DRAINAGE
OF THE MIDDLE JOHN DAY RIVER,
WHEELER COUNTY, OREGON
Vol. 2
by
PAMELA ETHEL ENDZWEIG
A DISSERTATION
Presented to the Department of Anthropology
and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
June 1994
1301
Artifacts Collected
Flaked Stone Tools
Projectile Points
Projectile points are represented by 405 specimens at 35WH14. A
large proportion are proximal fragments (37.53%), suggesting the
importance of retooling at the site. Reworked specimens are uncommon.
Almost 20 percent of the points are complete, with the balance made up
of distal, medial, and lateral fragments in approximately equal
proportions. Raw material is predominantly CCS (71.11%), although with
a substantial amount of obsidian (28.15%). Basalt makes up less than
one percent of this artifact class, and was clearly not the material of
choice.
Classifiable projectile points are divided roughly equally between
both excavation blocks, with 97 specimens recovered from Block A and 124
specimens from Block B. Densities are higher in Block B, with 2.63
points per m3 as compared to 1.86 points per m3 in Block A.
Cryptocrystalline silicates represent the dominant raw material (N=157,
or 70.72%) overall, though with a relatively large proportion of
obsidian (N=64 , or 28.83%). A single basalt point is present,
representing less than half a percent (0.45%) of the entire collection.
Both excavation blocks show almost identical representations of raw
material (Table 22).
Table 22. Distribution of Classifiable Projectile Points by Raw
Material, 35WH14
302
Raw
Material Both blocks Block A Block B
CCS 157 (70.72) 68 (70.10) 89 (71.77)
OBS 64 (28.83)* 28 (28.87) 35 (28.23)
BAS 1 (0.45) 1 (1.03) 0 (0.00)
Total 222 (100.00)* 97 (100.00) 124 (100.00)
* includes one specimen of unknown provenience
The relative abundance of obsidian among projectile points
represents a departure from the distribution of raw material among
lithic debitage. There, obsidian comprises only 5.70% of all flakes
(see Lithic Debitage, this chapter). A similar pattern was observed at
site 35WH7 (Chapter 5), although the proportion of obsidian at that site
was lower overall. It suggests that this raw material was brought to
the sites either as late-stage preforms or as finished tools. Basalt,
was clearly, not favored for the manufacture of projectile points.
Point neck widths at 35WH14 range from 3.2 rom to 15.90 rom. Like
raw material proportions, measurements for both excavation blocks are
nearly identical, with a mean of 9.51 rom for Block A (N=87 , S.D. 2.52)
and a mean of 9.89 rom for Block B (N=108, S.D.=2.6l). The distribution
of neck widths is graphically represented in Figure 60. As at 35WH7,
the distribution shows a minimum between 6 and 7 rom, separating broad-
necked dart points from narrow-necked arrow points. While a few narrow-
necked specimens (less than 7 rom) are present in both excavation blocks,
303
4C
nI I
I '
! I~, i
! i ~
DD 0.1
o
I
,.---J
I I
I I;-----1
I I I I: iI I
I
I
;
Ii I II I I
...----J ! I
n I I
I 1--'
I I
I
!
i i I Ii I I , I
I
i i 1I
,
I
I h \ .rH i, I I I 'i I II I~.----1 I I II I, I ' i I I I I I
0:2 0.5 0,4 0,5 08 0.7 o.e 02 1.0 1,1 ~2 1.:3 1.4 10 1,8
I
I
I
le, L
I
I
i
I
i
z: I
:J 20 'C)
o
COv'lFLETE NECK 'WIDTHS, BOTH HP8
Figure 60. Frequency distribution of projectile point neck widths
(complete neck widths only).
they only constitute 13% of the assemblage (N=28). Broad-necked dart
points predominate, with a mode of 11 to 12 mm.
Classification
The large number of the complete points and proximal fragments
allowed the assignment of 222 specimens, or more than half of all
projectile points, to commonly identified Columbia Plateau or Great
Basin "chronotypes" (Wilde 1985). Most specimens could be accommodated
under Dumond and Minor's Wildcat Canyon classification scheme (Dumond
304
and Minor 1983). Deviations and inconsistencies will be discussed in
conjunction with the individual types. General definitions and age
assignments have been presented in Chapter 5 and will not be repeated
here. Comparative treatment of projectile point types at 35WH14 is
reserved for the discussion of components at the end of this chapter;
the following section is devoted primarily to descriptive information.
Specific measurements and proveniences are tabulated in Appendix B.
ESI (Figure 6la-e): Eighteen specimens were identified as ESI.
These include six from Block A and twelve from Block B. Shapes vary,
including corner-notched specimens with short barbs as well as basally
notched points with long, flaring barbs. Obsidian is cornmon, with eight
specimens made of this material. The rest are CCS. One white chert
point from Block A (Cat. #661) exhibits a fragmentary base which is
uncharacteristically wide and thick and may represent the sort of
diamond-shaped base sometimes observed on points classified as DR by
Dumond and Minor (1983:171). A second fragmentary specimen with a
missing basal element has been assigned to this type on the basis of
general morphology and neck width, following Dumond and Minor
(1983:170).
Points of this type occur in levels 3 through 8 in Block A, with a
single, but mislabeled, specimen attributed to Level 12. In Block B,
ESI is found 4 through 9. This suggests that this type is not
associated with the basal occupation of the site.
ESII (Figure 6lf): This type is represented by a single chert
specimen from Block A. It is complete and exhibits long, flaring barbs
---- - - - - -------_.- - -
•
a b c d e
305
f
9 h
m n
o
k
p
Figure 61. Projectile points, Expanding Stern series, CS1, and PS,
35WH14.
a. 828
b. 1237
c. 816
d. 118
e. 366
f. 1140
g. 214
h. 1299
i. 682
j. 261
k. 783
1. 960
rn. 1073
n. 826
o. 1103
p. 1122
306
created by basal notching. The stem is notched from the base as well.
The specimen was recovered from Level 12 of Unit A28, placing it with
the earliest occupation of House A.
ES2 (Figure 6lg-j): Seven specimens were classified as ES2.
While this type encompasses some morphological variation, it is less
pronounced than among ESl (though this simply reflect the bias of a
small sample). Five specimens are made of CCS, the remaining two of
obsidian. Two, both of CC8, were recovered from the southwest corner of
Block A (A32, Level 2; A47, Level 6). The remaining specimens were
found in Block B. The two most likely associated with undisturbed
deposits were recovered from levels 10 and 12 of B23. The rest were
found in units which straddle the rim of the pithouse (Level 9 of B10
and B35; Level 3 of B38).
ES12 (Figure 6lk): Two fragmentary specimens of this type are
present, one of obsidian from Level 11 of A20, the second, of CCS, from
Level 8 of B5.
E83/E813 (Figure 62): Fourteen specimens from 35WH14 are subsumed
under ES3 as defined at the Wildcat Canyon site, twenty-two under ESI3.
Both sets are characterized by enough consistent internal morphological
variation, to warrant their division into three varieties. Because of
the intergrading of basal-shapes, and the small numbers involved in
several of the groups, both indented-based and straight- or convex-based
varieties will be discussed together, although the separation
established at the Wildcat Canyon Site will be maintained. Where
ae
b
f
c
9
d
h
307
k m
Figure 62. Proj ectile points, ES3 and ESI3, 35WH14.
a. 850 e. 241 h. 1024 k. 937
b. 1185 f. 1209 i. 334 l. 447
c. 785 g. 1039 j. 975 m. 239
d. 1178
308
measurements are not mentioned, they fall within the range stipulated
for the Wildcat Canyon Site.
ES3A/ESI3A (Figure 62a-d): This variety is represented by
relatively stout points ranging in thickness from 4.6 to 5.5 mm, and
from 20.4 to 21.9 mm in width. Lengths on the three relatively complete
specimens are 26.9 mm, 28.6 and 33.2 mm. All are basally notched and
exhibit long barbs which end at or slightly above the base. Stem
lengths range from 5.5-7.6 mm, with a mean of 6.3 mm. Barbs are rounded
or squared. Several of the points are fashioned on tear-drop shaped
blanks, resulting in convex margins. In the rest, margins are straight.
Bases are straight to convex. The nine specimens were found in
association with both blocks, generally in the middle levels (levels 5
through 10), although one specimen was recovered from Level 2 of Block
A. Eight of the specimens are manufactured of CCS, one of obsidian.
ES3B/ESI3B (Figure 62e-h): This variety is a thin, finely worked
point with straight, often serrated margins, and sharp, pointed,
rearward projecting barbs. Notches are long and deep and placed either
at the base or corner. Flaking is finer than in ES3A/ES3IA, and
frequently consists of narrow, parallel scars. The indented-based
version of this variety is considerably more common and is represented
by ten specimens, in contrast to the three straight-based examples.
Lengths on the complete specimens measure 24.8 mm, 25.7 mm, and 32.8 mm,
however the shorter two of these three have been reworked and a
considerably greater maximum length is indicated by fragmentary
specimens exceeding 30 and even 40 mm. Thicknesses range from 3.1 to
309
5.4 mm, stem lengths from 4.1 to 7.7 mm with an average of 5.9 for
straight-based, and 5.6 mm for indented base specimens. Complete widths
range from 17.1 to 21.4 mm.
ES3B/ESI3B are associated with both excavation blocks, including
two from levels 8 and 9 found in the area between the housepits (Cat.
#362, Bl/L-8; Cat. #561, A5l/L-9). Vertical associations range from
levels 6 through 12, with a single somewhat atypical fragment recovered
from Level 2 of Block A. The latter specimen is the only one of
obsidian; the rest are of CCS.
ES3C/ESI3C (Figure 62i-k): This variety is, once again, very
different from the other two, but internally rather consistent. In
spite of their broad neck widths, which would suggest use with atlatl
and dart, these are rather small, arrowpoint-sized projectiles. They
exhibit short barbs which project laterally, and broad, corner-notches
which extend rearward into the base, such that the maximum width is
always at the shoulders. Specimens with indented bases are more common
than those with straight bases (N=8, vs. N=3). Margins are usually
concave and occasionally serrated. Several of these points appear to
have been laterally reworked. Four are made of obsidian, the rest of
CCS. ES3IC, in particular, tend to intergrade with SN5 as defined at
Wildcat Canyon (Dumond and Minor 1983:171).
The eleven points grouped within this variety, while spanning
levels 2 through 10, were often recovered from higher elevations,
including one from Level 2, two from Level 3, and two from Level 4. The
most distinctive feature of their distribution is their tendency to
310
cluster above and around the margins of the pithouse depressions. While
this would seem to exclude them from the earliest occupation of the
site, it does not exclude the possibility than they were displaced from
lower levels and more central locations by one of the episodic
reexcavations of the depression.
Complete specimens measure 25.1 mm, 29.6 mm, and 40.2 mm in
length. Widths range from 12.7-17.4 mm, thicknesses from 3.4-5.3 mm.
Stem lengths measure between 5.6 mm and 7.3 mm, averaging 5.8 mm for
ES3C and 6.4 mm for ES3IC.
Unclassifiable ES3/ESI3 (Figure 62l-m): Four specimens cannot be
assigned to either of the 3 varieties distinguished above. All appear
to have been reworked from broken points by reworking of one lateral
margin. All are, as a result, aSYmmetrically barbed. Three exhibit
straight bases, one an indented base. Given the small number of points
involved, their measurements will not be detailed here, but are
available in Appendix B. But it should be noted that three of these
points were recovered from Level 12 of their respective excavation units
(A2l, B23, B32). As these were found inside the housepits (one from
Housepit A, and two from Housepit B), they would appear to be associated
with the early occupation of the site. The fourth specimen is from
Level 6 of B23. All are made of CCS.
ES4/ESI4 (Figure 63): Like ES3, ES4 type points have been
subdivided to reflect the internal variation of this type. As above,
straight- or convex-based specimens will be discussed together.
ae
b
f
c
9
311
d
h
k
Figure 63. Proj ectile points, ES4 and ESI4, 35WH14.
a. 1127 d. 462 g. 413 j. 143
b. 256 e. 211 h. 560 k. 616
c. 815 f. 15 i. 880 l. 674
312
ES4A/ESI4A (Figure 63a-d): The 23 points in this category are
shaped like ES3A/ESI3A specimens, but are slightly larger, with neck
widths of 10 mm or more. All are basally notched, with long blunt barbs
(either rounded or squared). Eighteen straight or slightly convex-based
specimens are present (including two conjoined fragments), and five with
slightly indented bases. Examples occur in roughly comparable numbers
with both excavation blocks. In Block B, all but two (from levels 4 and
6) were recovered between levels 8 and 14. This suggests an association
with the earlier occupation of this area. Less patterning is apparent
in Block A, although here, too, at least three specimens were recovered
from the basal deposits (levels 11 and 12). In addition, eight of the
ten specimens in Block A cluster in the northern portion of the
housepit, a pattern that may be associated with the earlier occupations
in this part of the site and will be discussed later. Three specimens
are made of obsidian; the remaining 20 (87%) are CCS.
Complete lengths on ES4A/ESI4A range from 26.1-47.4 mm, widths
from 22.8-26.0 mm, and thicknesses from 4.0-6.1 mm. Stem lengths vary
between 5.8 mm and 8.1 mm.
ES4B/ESI4B (Figure 63e-h): These ten points are analogous to
their smaller counterpart ES3B/ESI3B. They are relatively thin and
finely flaked, and are notched from the base at or just in from the
corner, creating sharp, well-defined barbs. Lateral margins are
sometimes serrated. As with ES3B/ESI3B, the indented-based variety is
more common. Only one straight-based specimen is present. Lengths
range from 34.9-36.7 mm, however this is based on only three complete
313
specimens. Widths are between 16.9 and 25.7 rom, thicknesses between 4.1
and 6.0 rom. Stem lengths range from 4.3 rom to 8.4 rom.
Eight of the ten points in this category were recovered from Block
B, where they range from levels 3 through 14 in elevation. The two
found in association with Block A were recovered from levels 2 and 3 of
two units situated along the edge of the depression (A15, A15). CCS is,
again, the predominant raw material, with only two specimens made of
obsidian.
ES4C/ESI4C (Figure 63i-j): This is a short-barbed variety of
ES4/ESI4, which is characterized by broad, open corner-notches, short,
sharp shoulders, broad bases, and relatively long, narrow blades.
Complete lengths are 34.9, 35.2, and 36.7 rom, widths range from 17.3-
21.3 rom, and stem lengths measure 3.8-7.3 rom. Thicknesses are between
3.5 and 6.8 rom. All 13 points are of CCS.
All but one of the eight specimens associated with Block A were
recovered from the northern half of the depression, where they occur
from levels 4 to 9. The five specimens from Block B encompass levels 6
through 12, including two specimens from Level 12 from the interior of
House B.
ES4D (Figure 63k-l): Four specimens have been assigned to this
variety. They are large, heavy points fashioned on teardrop-shaped
blanks which are merely notched at the corner, so that the points retain
their original convex margins. Barbs are short and bread, and project
backward, ranging from rounded to pointed in shape. Two of the points
are obsidian, the other is CCS. The single specimen from Block A was
¥314
recovered from Level 10; the three from Housepit B were found in levels
6, 10, and 11. The sole complete specimen is 45 rom long, 24.7 rom wide,
and 6.4 rom thick. The remaining three specimens, though now
fragmentary, were probably originally larger than the complete point.
Unclassifiable ES4/ESI4: Nine specimens cannot be assigned to any
particular variety of this type because of their fragmentary condition.
Seven are straight-based, two have indented bases. Three are of
obsidian, and five of CCS. The remaining specimen appears to be made of
fine-grained basalt, which would make it the only basalt projectile
point from the site. Specimens in and at the edge of the two house
depressions range from levels 7 through 13. One fragment from the
intermediate area (unit A53) was found in Levell, possibly displaced
from lower levels as a result of housepit reexcavation.
CSl (Figure 611-0»: Eight points were identified as CSl at
35WH14. They are generally consistent with Dumond and Minor's
definition of this type, except for one diminutive specimen (Cat. #1103;
Figure 610) which is 20.3 rom long, almost 6 rom less than the minimum 26
rom given by Dumond and Minor (1983:172). A second specimen of 25.5 rom
length (Cat. #127), falls just at the defined boundary. Another slight
variation is represented by blade configuration. While blade margins of
this type are usually straight or concave at 35GM9, they are
consistently convex, sometimes curving inward slightly just above the
barbs at 35WH14. Serration has occasionally been applied.
The three specimens found in Block A were recovered from Level 6
of units A44 and A47, near the southern margin of the depression, and in
315
Level 11 of A29 (this is the diminutive specimen mentioned above). Five
specimens were associated with Block B, where all but one were found
either along or outside the margins of the house depression. A single,
heat-affected specimen was excavated from Level 10 of B26, thus from
within the bounds of the pithouse. Remaining elevations encompass
levels 3, 4, 6, and 11.
CS2 (Figure 64a-c): Twelve projectile points from 35WH14 are
consistent with Dumond and Minor's definition of CS2. Three were
recovered from Block A (along the edge in levels 3 and 6 and in the
center in Level 9); the remaining nine were found towards the edge of
and around Housepit B between levels 5 and 14. Raw material is
predominantly CCS, although three specimens of obsidian are present as
well. Three points from Housepit B appear to be made of the same raw
material, a beige chert, and exhibit very similar dimensions and
workmanship. Two of these were recovered the lower levels of the
housepit (Level 11 in B22 and Level 13 in B18). The third, while found
at a higher elevation along the edge of the depression (Level 5 in B12),
may have been associated with the rim of the housepit or fill displaced
in the reexcavation of one of the floors. The mutual similarity of
these three points suggests a contemporaneous origin.
CB2 (Figure 64d-e): Three specimens are compatible with the type
CB2 as it is defined by Dumond and Minor (1983:172). These are foliate
points with pointed bases and serrated blades. In the two complete
specimens, the maximum width of the point falls at the juncture of the
base and blade; in the fragmentary example, the blade widens slightly,
a b c d e
316
f
9 h k
m n o p q r
Figure 64. Miscellaneous projectile point types, 35WH14.
a. 267 f. 505 k. 554 o. 532
b. 876 g. 1000 l. 967 p. 1254
c. 797 h. 244 m. 587 q. 1167
d. 1303 i. 1086 n. 1055 r. 856
e. 1157 j. 694
317
suggesting a greater original length for this specimen than for the
other two. All three are made of CCS. One was recovered from Level 2
of unit A52 at the southern edge of Block A; the other two are
attributed to levels 7 and 12 of Block B (B9 and B22).
SN3 (Figure 64h-j): Fifteen specimens are consistent with type
SN3 as defined at the Wildcat Canyon Site (Dumond and Minor 1983:171).
They are generally large, heavy specimens with thinned bases that range
in shape from straight, to concave, to eared. Most of the
representatives of this type at 35WH14 are in fragmentary condition and
a few may actually be broken Expanding Stern series points, although it
is felt that incidences of misidentification are minimal. This is the
only point type at 35WH14 for which use of obsidian exceeds that of CCS
(53%, vs. 47%).
SN3 points are found with both housepits, though they are
considerably more cornmon in Block B. The four specimens from Block A
(three of which are obsidian) are concentrated along the northern edge
of the depression, a pattern which has been noted for several other
point styles and will be discussed in greater detail below. They were
recovered from levels 5, 6, 8, and 11. The eleven SN3 points recovered
from the Housepit B show no apparent horizontal patterning, however they
may be associated with the earlier occupations, one each having been
excavated from levels 5, 6, 7, and 9, two specimens from Level 10, four
from Level 11, and one from Level 13. This vertical distribution, the
large size, and the worn surface of several of the specimens may suggest
geater antiquity than many of the other types at the site.
318
SN4 (Figure 64k-l): Three specimens are assigned to Dumond and
Minor's SN4 type, although they have narrower notches than most of the
examples illustrated in the Wildcat Canyon Site report, resulting in a
somewhat more pronounced barb. Two of the present specimens are made of
CCS, the third is of obsidian. They were recovered from Level 6 of A32,
Level 8 of A5l, and Level 10 of B3. The latter specimen (#967) appears
to have been water-rolled.
SN5 (Figure 64m-p): Twenty-two specimens are classified as SN5.
The sample from 35WH14 exhibits considerably less variability than this
category of points at 35WH7, although this may be explained by the lower
frequencies of this point style at 35WH14 (42 points were classified as
SN5 at 35WH7). Of the 19 specimens complete enough to assign to one of
the varieties identified at 35WH7, one small specimen with less
pronounced shoulders would be considered an SN5D, while the rest would
be classified as SN5B. This variety is characterized by basal ears
reminiscent of Elko Eared points of the Great Basin. While this appears
consistent with the examples illustrated in Dumond and Minor's report
(e.g. 1983:Plate 5), it contrasts with the predominance of concave-based
specimens at 35WH7. Unlike 35WH7, the present site also produced none
of the broken and substantially reworked points assigned to SN5C.
A departure from the pattern observed at the Wildcat Canyon Site
is represented by the predominance of smaller neck widths at 35WH14.
While Dumond and Minor indicate a range of 11-15 mm, this applies to
only six specimens, or less than a third of those found at the present
site. Here neck widths range from'8.6-l3.l mm, with a mean of 10.6 mm.
319
Serration also appears to be less common at 35WH14, possibly suggesting
some significance to the presence or absence of this attribute.
SN5 type points are found throughout both excavation blocks. In
Block A, they are found from levels 1 to 13, in Housepit B from Levell
to Level 12. CCS is the predominant raw material, represented by 20
specimens (91%); the remaining two (9%) are obsidian.
SN6 (Figure 64q-r): One small side-notched point of obsidian was
found in Level 7 of unit A28. While the specimen is too fragmentary to
allow a detailed identification, it does not appear to resemble Desert
Side-Notched points typical of the Great Basin (see Chapter 5). The
concave blade margins, short basal element and what appear to be the
remains of short barbs are more reminiscent of the second variety of SN6
described for 35WH7. Measurements are not given here due to the
fragmentary state of this specimen (but see Appendix B).
An additional specimen has been included under this category. It
is the basally-notched lower half of a small, triangular point.
Unfinished Desert-Side Notched points in various stages of completion--
e.g. with only a basal notch, only a side-notch, or a basal notch and a
single side notch--were observed at 35WH7, where they were included
under SN6. In light of its similarity to these items, the present
specimen (Cat. #1167) has been subsumed under this type.
PS (Figure 63p): Only one PS point, a relatively common style at
35WH7, was recovered from 35WH14. This is consistent with a greater age
of the radiocarbon-dated deposits. The single PS point from 35WH14 was
found in Level 4 of unit A43.
... F
320
BL (Figure 64f-g): Three specimens which do not resemble points
described from the Wildcat Canyon Site are provisionally referred to as
"BL", or blade-like. They are thin and narrow, ranging when complete
from 23.2 to 26.4 mm in length (N=2) and from 7.3-8.5 mm in width (N=3).
Thicknesses are 2.9 and 3.5 mm, weights between 0.43 and 0.57 g. All
are characterized by straight-edged blades, a very slight suggestion of
a shoulder, and a short, irregular and asymmetrical stem which comprises
approximately 20-25% of the length of the entire specimen. It is not
clear what purpose these implements served, although it does appear that
they were made to be hafted. The closest analog encountered in the
regional archaeological literature is Pettigrew's Type 6b from the
Portland Basin (Pettigrew 1981:16-17), which does not, however, appear
to exhibit the slight shoulder noted in the present specimens. Type 6b
occurs only in low frequencies in the Portland Basin and is not felt to
be a reliable chronological indicator (Pettigrew 1981:109).
Two of the present specimens are of CCS, the third is of obsidian.
All were found in Block A: from Level 8 of A53, from Level 11 of A20,
and from Level 9 of A35.
ES!SN: Twenty-eight basal elements of broken expanding-stemmed or
side-notched projectile points were recovered. These include 10
specimens (36%) made of CCS and 18 (64%) of obsidian, a comparatively
high representation of this material. Most of these specimens are too
incomplete to allow their assignment to a particular type, however neck
widths on all seven fragments in which this dimension is complete,
measure more than 8 mm, indicating that they were probably derived from
321
darts, rather than arrow points. This is consistent with the already
discussed high relative proportion of broad-necked points at this site.
Bifaces
Of the 661 bifaces recovered at 35WH14, 298, or 45.1%, were
complete enough to classify according to the reduction scheme employed
earlier for 35WH7. The remaining 363 specimens consist of small,
unclassifiable fragments which could only separated into "early stage"
(N=76), "late stage" (N=97), and unknown (N=190). This group will not
be treated in further discussions. Stage definitions have been
discussed in the previous chapter and will not be detailed here.
Due to the more homogeneous nature of bifaces at 35WH14, this
class was not divided into large and small varieties, as was done at
35WH7. The specimens assigned below to Callahan's stages are equivalent
to those items referred to as "Large Bifaces" at 35WH7. All others are
included under unclassifiable fragments as listed above. Descriptive
information is included in Appendix B.
Stage 1: Obtaining the Blank
As Stage 1 defines the "unmodified raw material or blank"
(Callahan 1979:41), rather than a bifacial tool per se, it is not of
concern here. Pertinent information is presented under "Cores" and
"Flake Debitage." Four specimens which are worked on one face and
322
unmodified on the alternate face, representing Stage 1/2, and Stage 1/3,
are discussed below under "Intermediate Stages."
Stage 2: Initial edging
Ninety-one specimens, or 30.54%, were classified as Stage 2/2
bifaces (Figure 65a-c). As defined, these are rather thick, bulky
specimens, although several are prepared on thin flakes and are
therefore thinner in cross-section. Thicknesses average 1.04 ern with a
standard deviation of 0.37 ern. The preferred shape, as indicated by the
32 complete bifaces in this group, is a broad ovate, with a few
specimens grading into more oval or foliate forms. Complete specimens
range from 3.42 ern to 6.68 ern in length (averaging 4.79 ern), from 2.34
cm to 4.43 ern in width (with an average of 3.23 ern), and from 6 g to
53.66 g in weight. Bifaces in this group are almost exclusively of CCS,
with the exception of one obsidian specimen. Many have been thermally
altered, including several fragments with spalled areas and potlids
which were apparently rendered unusable in this manner. Cortex is
generally absent. Although evidence on use wear was not quantified
because of the difficulty in distinguishing wear from platform
preparation, some specimens do appear to have been utilized for cutting
or scraping tasks. These do not, however, appear to represent a large
proportion of Stage 2 bifaces.
a b
323
c
d
Figure 65.
a. 844
b. 405
4J2!JlIjlP ~
e f
Bifaces, reduction stages 2/2 and 3/3,
c. 678 e. 1202
d. 1247 f. 1057
I
I
~
9
35WH14.
g. 1101
324
Stage 3: Primary thinning
Fifty-seven specimens were classified as Stage 3, only thirteen of
them complete (Figure 65d-g). Bifaces in this category are more
consistently shaped, with smaller edge angles, lenticular cross-
sections, and straighter, centered, edges. Thicknesses average 0.79 cm
with a standard deviation of 0.23 cm. Shapes vary considerably,
encompassing ovate specimens, as well as triangular and foliate forms.
Of the complete specimens, two are large, leaf-shaped bifaces (Cat. #592
and 784) and a third, refitted from two matching fragments (Cat. #141
and 724), probably represents a similarly shaped artifact. Projectile
points produced on large foliate blanks are not present at 35WH14,
suggesting that Stage 3 foliate blanks may have been intended for use as
knives, although there is no evidence of their utilization as such at
this stage of manufacture. Several acute-ended, distal fragments do
exhibit wear on one or two lateral edges, but it is not clear if this
wear is the result of use or platform preparation for further reduction.
As toolstone, CCS predominates, although as before, a small number
(N=3) of obsidian specimens are present. At this stage, stone texture
is homogeneous across the entire surface of the biface. In heat-
affected and heat-treated specimens, most of the original, unaffected
surface has presumably been removed in the shaping of the tool, which
begins to emphasize thinning rather than merely edging of the piece
(Callahan 1979:90ff.). Dimensions of complete specimens include lengths
325
ranging from 3.30-9.02 cm, widths from 2.24-2.76 cm, and weights between
5.00 g and 33.24 g.
Stage 4: Secondary thinning
Forty-two bifaces (including one refitted specimen) from 35WH14
are subsumed under Stage 4 (Figure 66a-e). Specimens in this group are
carefully finished projectile point preforms. Most are triangular, with
straight or slightly convex blade margins and straight or convex bases.
Only 10 complete Stage 4 bifaces are present, which range from 3.24-5.28
cm in length, from 1.28 cm to 2.87 cm in width, and from 0.43-0.73 cm in
thickness. Weights of the 10 complete specimens lie between 1.79 and
6.38 g. These do not include four larger and heavier "square-based"
fragments with greater basal widths (2.78-3.03 cm), and 90 0 basal
angles. The former configuration of these fragmentary pieces remains
unknown. An additional triangular specimen (Cat. #653) exhibits
incurvate blade margins, a largely convex base, and two slight notch
initiations. This appears to be a preform for a broad-necked projectile
point, in which the haft shape has been delineated, but not yet
completely executed.
Most of the Stage 4 bifaces are made of CCS. This group does,
however, include a somewhat greater proportion of obsidian (N=8, or 19%,
including two matching fragments), suggesting that this material, while
absent among cores, and uncommon among earlier stage bifaces, may in
326
h~
g
I~~~
c d e
I
i
!
I
i I
~
bI
, I
, I
'd7! 71111:>
a
f
Figure 66. Bifaces, reduction stages 4/4 and 5/5, 35WH14.
a. 1271
b. 697/830
c. 494
d. 571
e. 1071
f. 585
g. 692
h. 608
--
tr
327
some cases have entered the site as blanks, as well as finished
projectile points.
Stage 5: Shaping
This is a catch-all category for seven bifaces which appear to be
finished pieces, but cannot be integrated into any of the bifacially
flaked tool classes discussed, in part because of their often
fragmentary condition (Figure 66f-h). Most would probably be classified
as knives, although their actual function cannot be determined with
certainty. Specimen #608 is a broad, straight-based proximal fragment
with a basal width of 1.45 cm and thickness of 0.61 cm, margins which
flare outward from the base and a maximum width of 3.90 cm at the
shoulder. This artifact is very similar to what is thought to be a
hafted knife from the Wildcat Canyon site (Dumond and Minor 1983:Plate
2), dated to the Quinton Phase (1000 B.P. to Euroamerican contact).
Specimen #535 is a distal fragment with strongly convex margins which
appear to become parallel below a slight shoulder. The blade element
2.72 cm long, 2.5 cm wide, and 0.58 cm thick; the fragmentary "stem" is
1.62 cm long. Specimen #585 is a large and complete foliate biface with
slightly serrated margins along the distal two thirds of its length, and
a straight-edged and thinned base. It measures 7.92 cm in length, and
is 2.71 wide and 0.68 cm thick. Like Cat. #608, this is probably a
hafted knife. Specimens #339, 692, 793, and 993 are unclassifiable
distal fragments.
328
Intermediate Stages
As at 35WH7, bifaces at 35WH14 frequently exhibit alternate faces
which differ in degree of reduction. These include seventy-one Stage
2/3 bifaces, and fifteen Stage 3/4 specimens. Ten specimens are
identified as Stage 2/4 because of portions of the original flake
surface which remain on one face of the tool, however other criteria,
such as thin cross-section, low edge angles and sinuosity, along with
high width to thickness ratio, suggest that a later-stage classification
may be more appropriate.
Also included in this category are two Stage 1/2 specimens and two
Stage 1/3 specimens. The former two (Cat. #657 and 2128) are flakes
which are percussion-trimmed on one face and unmodified on the opposite
face. While small areas of edge damage may indicate the use of these
pieces without further modification, these are minor relative to the
complete circumference (between 9 and 15%) and probably represent
preparation of the edge for further reduction. The two Stage 1/3
specimens (Cat. #520 and 955) may, on the other hand, represent finished
tools. Both are ovate flakes that are shaped and unifacially thinned,
and both exhibit lateral wear along an entire edge. All four of these
specimens are made of CCS.
329
Discussion
To summarize, 661 bifaces were recovered from 35WH14. These
include 298 which can be classified according to Callahan's reduction
stages. They have been separated 91 Stage 2 bifaces (30.54%), 71 Stage
2/3 specimens (23.83%), 57 (19.13%) which are Stage 3, 15 (5.03%) Stage
3/4, 43 (14.43%) Stage 4, and seven which have been assigned to Stage 5
(1.68%). Two specimens each (1.34% combined) represent stages 1/2 and
1/3, and ten (3.36%) are classified as Stage 2/4.
Like other tool types, bifaces were recovered in greater numbers
in Block B. This part of the site produced 429 specimens, or 64.9% of
all bifaces, in contrast to the 230 specimens excavated from Block A
(34.8%). Two specimens are unprovenienced. In Block A, major
concentrations of bifaces are found in the northern half of the housepit
in Units A19 and A20, in and below Level 7. In Block B, large numbers
of bifaces are associated with the southwestern quadrant of the
pithouse, again especially at lower elevations, in and below Level 7.
Early-stage bifaces (stages 2, 2/3, 3) predominate at 35WH14 as
they did at 35WH7 and suggest the importance of chert procurement and
primary reduction in this area. This inference is supported by the
identification of several small quarry sites during the Pine Creek
Archaeological Survey (Endzweig 1992). The various biface stages, are,
in general, represented in similar proportions at both 35WH7 and 35WH14,
with differences not exceeding six percentage points for the more common
categories. Stage 4 bifaces provided a noteworthy exception, however,
.... ¥
330
making up 4.6% of all classifiable large bifaces at 35WH7 and 14.43% at
35WH14. It appears that the entire reduction sequence was carried out
at 35WH14, while unfinished blanks were probably removed from 35WH7 for
final finishing elsewhere.
Drills. Perforators, and Gravers
The excavations at 35WH14 produced an array of 66 drills,
perforators, and gravers, represented by a variety of shapes (Figures
67-68; see also Appendix B). This is particularly true for Block B,
from which 43 specimens, or 65% of this class, were recovered, in
contrast to the 23 s?ecimens from Block A. CCS predominates, as it does
in other categories of small flaked tools (N=56 , or 85%), supplemented
by a small amount of obsidian (N=9, or 14%). Most of the obsidian tools
in this class are reworked projectile points, a circumstance which
probably reflects the scarceness of this raw material in this area. As
at 35WH7, drills and perforators have been separated. This division is
based primarily on morphology; microscopic use wear analysis may well
lead to the reclassification of certain specimens.
Drills
Nineteen artifacts are classified as drills, including one basal
fragment of what may be either a drill or a perforator (Figure 67a-h,1).
These include four from Block A and 15 from Block B. Most exhibit
?331
f
k
q
e
p
d
o
c
n
h
b
m
g
a
Figure 67. Drills and perforators, 35WH14.
a. 829 f. 527 j . 804
b. 314 g. 490 k. 956
c. 787 h. 48 l. 660
d. 228 i. 822 m. 2667
e. 300
n.
o.
p.
q.
2893
2772
483
2201
tr
332
formed basal elements, which mayor may not have been hafted. Basal
elements are expanding-stemmed (Cat. #829, 1066), subrectangular (Cat.
#314), diamond-shaped (Cat. #787), knob-shaped (Cat. #228), ovate (Cat.
#48) or concave-based (Cat. #300). The latter specimen appears to have
been made on a reworked projectile point, although not enough diagnostic
attributes remain for specific identification. Two specimens expand
from the bit to end in a thick, irregular base (Cat. #327, 722), and one
fragment exhibits an elbow-like thickening and slight bend along its
length (Cat. #443). Two smaller specimens (Cat. #490, 660) have thin,
tapering bits of less than 4 mm in thickness and thin broad bases. Most
drill bits, however, are long, with a thick lenticular to almost
cylindrical cross-section of about 5-6 mm. Six drills (including the
already-mentioned Cat. #443) are represented only by bit fragments.
Perforators
Twenty-eight implements from 35WH14 have been classified as
perforators, including 10 from Block A and 18 from Block B. Like
drills, perforators are characterized by considerable morphological
variation, ranging from unshaped, edged flakes to formal, bifacial tools
(Figure 67i-k,p-q). This category also includes implements referred to
as "punches" by Dumond and Minor (1983:175), which are said to consist
of "long, thin flakes with retouch on the distal end forming a sharp
point suitable for piercing," (e.g. Cat. #395, 2747).
333
A common type of perforator is made on reworked projectile points,
as represented by seven examples from Block B and one from Block A. Six
of these (all from Block B) incorporate the basal element of the
original point. All are broad-necked styles including ESI4, SN3, and
SN5, which are also well-represented in the projectile point assemblage.
Obsidian figures prominently in this particular group, and is used in
six of the eight examples. It is further evidence of the value placed
on this material, which was procured from considerable distances and not
discarded casually.
Four bipointed perforators were recovered. These include one
particularly well-made, bifacially flaked specimen of white chalcedony
with a diamond-shaped base (Cat. #483). A second (Cat. #956) is small
and foliate and may have been manufactured on a reworked leaf-shaped
point, although this particular point style is not represented at
35WH14. Both of these are from Housepit B. The final two examples in
this category are edged flakes which are only worked (Cat. #638) or worn
(Cat. #892) along the functional point.
Perforators on edged flakes or chunks of raw material (N=12) are
usually roughly ovate or triangular, ranging from 1.8 cm to 6.72 cm in
length and weighing between 1.05 and 25.44 g (e.g. Cat. #2201, 2751).
The remaining four specimens consist of two thick, bifacially flaked
midsections (Cat. #128, 706), two bifacially flaked distal fragments
(Cat. #706, 761) and one lateral biface fragment which has been shaped
and reworked along its broken edge (Cat. #1224).
•334
Micro - drills
Four tiny pointed implements are classified as micro-drills
(Figure 67m-o), three of which were culled from the flake debris by the
author. Three are from Block A, one from Block B.
The specimen from from Block B (Cat. #2893; B23, Level 2) appears
to have been T-shaped, although one of the crossbars has broken. The
vertical bar of the "T" is a stout point. The specimen measures 13.1 rnm
in length, 12.4 rnm in width, and is 3.8 rnm thick. It weighs 3.12 g.
The piece is bifacially worked, made of CCS, and may have been hafted.
Specimen #2667 (A28, Level 10) is a broken obsidian flake, one
corner of which has been retouched to form a 10.4 rnm long, slender
point. The tool measures a total of 20.2 rnm in length, 9.1 rnm in width,
and is 2.2 rnm thick. It weighs 0.24 g. Like the specimen previously
discussed, it may have been hafted.
Artifact #776 (A12, Level 7) is a small, bifacially worked point,
which appears to have broken off a larger object. It may have
originally been a projectile point ear or barb, although its present
configuration does not fit any of the point styles present at the site.
It measures 11.4 rnm in length, 9.6 rnm in width, and is 0.33 rnm thick.
Its weight is 0.26 g.
Specimen #2777 (A18, Level 3), finally, is a roughly kite-shaped,
bifacially worked object which consists of a stout point, and a thinner
and narrower, but likewise pointed, contracting stern. It is not clear
whether this object functioned alo~e or as part of a composite serrated
335
tool which incorporated several specimens of its kind. It could, thus,
have been used either in cutting or graving. The specimen is 14.1 mm
long, 8,6 mm wide, and 2.4 mm thick. It weighs 0.27 g.
Gravers
Gravers, represented by eleven specimens, are relatively uncommon
at 35WH14 (Figure 68f-h). They are slightly more common in Block A
(N=6, vs. Block B, N=5). Members of this class are also less
formalized, consisting either of flakes or chunks of raw material, on
which an existing projection is retouched and used (N=6) , or biface
fragments with a small, flaked spur (N=5). All gravers are made of CCS.
Multipurpose Tools incorporating Perforators and Gravers
Four items from 35WH14 fall under this heading (Figure 68a-b).
Specimen #165 (B25, Level 10) is a roughly pentagonal CCS flake on which
most of the margins have been unifacially or bifacially retouched to
provide several functional edges. These include five concave edges
which could serve as spokeshaves and one sharp, stout point which would
here be classified as a perforator. Specimen #349 (Bl, Level 5) is an
elongate CCS flake which could be referred to as a punch (Dumond and
Minor 1983:175). It exhibits a unifacially and unilaterally worked
perforator point, a graving spur, and a long, straight to concave, low-
angle edge which could serve as a knife. Specimen #2729 (Bl, Level 3)
pa
g
b
e
c
f
h
336
d
Figure 68. Multipurpose tools, notches, gravers, and flaked bipoint,
35WH14.
a. 349
b. 165
c. 3114
d. 3141
e. 2982
f. 2943
g. 2729
h. 308
i. 1294
•337
is a burin on a CCS flake which also exhibits a convex retouched edge.
This is the only burin identified during this study. Specimen #509
(B15, Level 10), finally, is a CCS flake with a stout tip which was
probably used for graving. In addition, it exhibits adjacent unifacial
and bifacial edges which could have served in cutting and scraping
tasks. Multipurpose tools like these are relatively rare at 35WH14.
This may reflect an ample supply of raw material and the permanent
nature of much of the settlement.
Notches
Eleven notches were recovered from 35WH14 (Figure 68c-e). This
contrasts with the eighteen recorded for 35WH7, a site that was
characterized by an overall smaller artifact assemblage. Like the
specimens from 35WH7, notches from the Pine Creek Village Site are found
on multipurpose tools which combine one or more notches with other types
of functional edges. These include retouched edges, edges merely
damaged by use wear, and, in three cases, corners or spurs which appear
to have been used as gravers. All are made on flakes. Notch widths
range from 8.4 rnrn to 19.6 rnrn, averaging 12 rnrn, comparable to a mean of
11.8 rnrn at 35WH7. Except for one especially large specimen which weighs
120.31 g, and measures 9 cm in length, 6.53 cm in width, and 3.13 cm in
thickness, notches are generally smaller, averaging approximately 5 g in
weight. All are made of CCS.
338
Notches were associated with both excavation blocks, although they
are more frequent at Block B (N=8). Here, three were found in Level 7
of units bordering the western edge of the house. As all but one of
these tools were retrieved from the flake debris by the present
investgator, little more can be said about spatial associations.
Formed Unifaces
Eighty-eight formed unifaces were recovered from the site,
including 36 (41%) from Block A and 52 (59%) from Block B. Most are
made on flakes or angular chunks of stone, with the exception of a
variety of bell-shaped scrapers which will be discussed below (Figure
69d-n). Except for one specimen of obsidian, all are made of CCS.
Because of the considerable morphological variability represented in
this class, as well as the fragmentary nature of most of the artifacts,
it is difficult to standardize descriptions. As in the treatment of
formed unifaces from 35WH7, the discussion will be presented in terms of
the shape of the functional edge and its relative location on the
particular artifact. Specific measurements and proveniences are
tabulated in Appendix B.
Convex-edged unifaces predominate at 35WH14. These include
elongate specimens with slightly excurvate lateral functional edges
which would commonly be identified as sidescrapers or knives (N=ll), as
well as specimens with distally placed, strongly curved working edges
which would be identified as endscrapers (N=14). A single specimen
a9
b
e
h
c
f
339
d
k m n
Figure 69. Seam quartz knives and formed unifaces, 35WH14.
a. 1065 e. 2582 i. 580 l. 69
b. 302 f. 429 j. 1190 m. 2924
c. 946 g. 870 k. 2068 n. 656
d. 2972 h. 708
....
340
(Cat. #210) is a fragmentary discoidal which is shaped around most of
its periphery. Edge angles are variable, ranging from 50° to 80° for
the "endscrapers" and from 30° to 70° for the "sidescrapers," suggesting
a range of functional uses for both groups. Most of the endscrapers are
small, thumbnail-sized implements of less than 3 cm in diameter, while
sidescrapers measure between 2.81 to 4.85 cm in length and between 1.08
and 3.46 cm in width. A single endscraper (Cat. #3191) exhibits a
tapered stern reminiscent of the teardrop-shaped unifaces described from
35WH7, but this is the only evidence for this type of implement at
35WH14.
The most distinctive type of formed uniface observed at 35WH14 is
a bell-shaped scraper characterized by a unifacially worked, beveled
edge of 50°-60° on a bifacially worked body (Figure 69g-j). All eight
specimens exhibit short, straight, thinned bases which run parallel to
the bit, and margins which expand from the base to the bit element.
Cross-sections are biconvex, unlike the planoconvex cross-sections of
most other formed unifaces. All are of CCS, and most show textural
changes indicative of heat treatment prior to, or at an early stage of,
manufacture. It was initially assumed that these scrapers were made on
broken bifaces by unidirectional flaking of a transverse break. However
biface fragments observed in the collection are generally triangular or
ovate in shape, and therefore widest at or near the base. If the
scrapers were, in fact, recycled biface fragments, they would more
likely represent distal elements, which would necessitate reworking of
both ends to obtain the desired product. It is not known whether
341
bifacially worked scapers of this type have been recorded from other
sites, although two scrapers of very similar outline are illustrated for
Area 5 of the Wildcat Canyon Site (Dumond and Minor 1983:Plate 6), where
they were recovered from the later part of the Wildcat Phase.
Bifacially worked, bell-shaped scrapers were recovered from both
excavation blocks. In units marginal and external to the housepit
walls, they were found in levels 3, 4 and 7, while they were recovered
from levels 12 (A19) , 11 (B22), and 8 (B24) in units situated within the
bounds of the housepits. This suggests their association with the lower
occcupations at the site, and may explain the absence of this scraper
type from 35WH7, an overall more recent site. The small sample
precludes a more precise age assignment.
Other convex scrapers recovered from 35WH14 include a small ovate
specimen with a retouched lateral edge (Cat. #69; Figure 691) and a
triangular specimen with a pointed, bifacially worked stem and a
moderately steep (60°), almost straight distal edge (Cat. #656; Figure
69n). A spade-shaped implement (Cat. #2068; Figure 69k) with steep
retouch along its contracting stem as well as one lateral margin, and
evidence of wear along its opposite, sharper, lateral edge, may
represent a backed and hafted knife, although it may also have
functioned as a scraping or graving tool. This specimen is made of CCS,
and measures 4.64 cm in length, 2.69 cm in width, and 0.92 cm in
thickness. The remaining convex-edged unifaces are represented by a
variety of fragments (N=23) of indeterminate shapes and varying sizes.
<t£2-------
342
Straight-edged unifaces are considerably less common (N=lO) and
usually represented by small fragments (N=7) , so that the overall tool
shape cannot be determined. Specimen #1126 consists of a worked flake
with two parallel, lateral edges, while Cat. #1148 is a triangular flake
with a straight retouched lateral edge. A single specimen (Cat. #2578)
consists of a straight, denticulate distal edge on a triangular flake.
In several formed unifaces, dissimilar types of edges are combined
in one tool suggesting a multipurpose use of the implement. In five
specimens, a straight lateral edge is combined with a convex distal end,
while one pentagonal specimen (Cat. #2924) combines two retouched
straight edges, one retouched concave edge, and one straight edge with
use wear only. Four of these functional edges are, in addition,
separated by pronounced projections may have served as gravers. A
series of ten specimens are characterized by convergent worked margins,
generally combining either two convex edges (N=6) , a straight and a
convex edge (N=2) , or a convex and a concave edge (N=2). Most are
fragmentary and appear to have broken at their widest point, making it
impossible to infer their former shape. This category includes the sole
obsidian specimen in the class of formed unifaces.
A final group of unifacially worked tools is represented by three
curved hook-like specimens with one or two retouched margins (Figure
69d-f). Specimen #2972 exhibits two steeply retouched edges, one convex
and one concave, is 2.70 cm long, and ranges in width from 0.61 cm at
one end to 1.66 cm at the opposite end. It is 0.44 cm thick. Specimen
#429 is only retouched along its concave edge, although it generally
'4ll--------
343
resembles Cat. #2972 in outline. It is 3.54 cm long and ranges in width
from 0.75 cm to 1.75 cm, with a thickness of 0.5 cm. Specimen #2582
resembles a large, curved barb, which like the other two specimens is
steeply retouched along one margin. It is 2.21 cm long and narrows from
a 1.80 cm wide "base" to a thin, pointed tip. No patterning is evident
in the distribution of these three items, the proveniences of which
include B15, Level 7, B32, Level 11, and A40, Level 4. Their function
is unknown.
Worked Flakes
Two hundred twenty-three artifacts at 35WH14 were identified as
worked or retouched flakes, consistent with the definition applied at
35WH7. As at 35WH7, they are proportionately more common than formed
unifaces, but less frequent than used flakes, probably reflecting an
intermediate degree of effort involved in their manufacture. Almost
three quarters exhibit a single unifacially worked edge, generally
straight or convex, though the fragmentary nature of many of the
specimens and the informal nature of much of the retouch limit the
significance of this observation. A small number of specimens have
bifacially flaked edges (N=20, 9.0%). Lengths range from 1.2 to 6.4 cm,
widths from 0.4 cm to 5.0 cm, with averages of 2.9 cm and 2.0 cm,
respectively. Thicknesses average 0.63 cm. Weights of worked flakes
are generally 6 g or less (N=186, or 83.4%), and 97.8% weigh less than
16 g. Three larger specimens with weights between 43 and 48 g may have
cqpE-------
344
served a different function than the smaller implements. Corresponding
to the predominance of CCS at the site, most of the worked flakes are of
this material, which represents 95% of the entire class. Obsidian, with
seven specimens, and basalt, with four, constitute rare exceptions.
Worked flakes occur, as would be expected, in association with
both excavation blocks, although almost two thirds were recovered from
Block B (N=146, or 65%; two specimens are unprovenienced). In Block A,
worked flakes are distributed relatively evenly with regard to vertical
provenience, although they occur most commonly in the northern portion
of the depression. In Block B, minima of 2% in Level 3 and 7.6% in
Level 8 separate higher frequencies in the surrounding levels.
Utilized Flakes
A total of 494 utilized flakes were recovered from 35WH14,
representing approximately one fifth of the artifact assemblage
(excluding lithic debitage) at this site. Three quarters of these
exhibit a single utilized edge (75.51%), followed by flakes with two
(20.24%), three, (3.64%), and four (0.61%) used edges. Straight, single-
edged specimens represent more than half of this class (55.01%),
suggesting their likely function in expedient cutting tasks. Most are
of CCS (91.70%), with the remainder made up of obsidian (4.25%) and
basalt (4.05%).
Average dimensions of used flakes are almost identical to those of
worked flakes, although ranges are predictably larger, given the larger
.-------
345
sample size. Lengths average 2.8 cm, ranging from 0.4 to 7.7 cm, widths
average 2.00 cm (0.5-5.7 cm), and thicknesses average 0.6 cm. Average
weight is 4 g, however this distribution is skewed by nine heavy
specimens of more than 20 g, while 74% of all specimens actually lie
below the mean.
Liked worked flakes, utilized flakes occurred in substantially
greater numbers in Block B (N=309, or 62.55%; Block A, N=184, or 37.25%;
no provenience, N=l, or 0.2%). The highest concentrations are found in
units within the house depressions, in particular in the northwest
quadrants of both pithouses (units A19, 20, and B6; Figure 70). This
suggests a deliberate spatial patterning of associated activities,
perhaps in relation to the entryway, which may have been located along
the southern edge of both houses (see Features). Vertically, counts of
used flakes show slight peaks in levels 2 and 7 through 9 of Block A,
while in Block B, counts increase gradually from the surface through
Level 6, double between levels 6 and 7, and gradually decrease with
depth from there.
One hundred ten cores were recovered from 35WH14, comprising an
aggregate weight of 5,170.75 g, or 11.4 lbs. Most are of CCS (N=106, or
96.36%), with a small number of basalt specimens (N=4, or 3.64%). No
obsidian cores were recovered, and it is likely that this material only
entered the site in the form of preforms or finished tools. Most cores
CLIIlIJ&ii------
346
94.00
92.00
90.00 -
88.00 -
86.00
84.00
82.00
80.00
78.00
76.00
74.00
72.00
196.00 199.00 202.00 205.00 208.00 211.00
Figure 70. Horizontal distribution of utilized flakes.
were expediently produced, or "amorphous" (see Chapter 5 for discussion
of terminology). This category represents 82.73% of the collection
(N=9l). A few more formal cores are also present, including biface
cores (N=7, or 6.36%), block cores (N=8, or 7.27%), and discoidal cores
(N=4, or 3.64%), however they make up only a relatively small proportion
of the collection. Cortex was observed on many of the cores, although,
as at 35WH7, some of what was identified as cortex may actually be the
result of heat altering, rather than the original, weathered surface.
Individual cores at 35WH14 range in weight from 2.89-852.60 g,
with an average of 47.01 g. The distribution is skewed by two
"347
exceptionally large specimens (Cat. #522 at 399.95 g, and Cat. #1177, at
852.60 g), however. Without these, weights would average 36.28 g. This
is considerably less than cores recovered from 35WH7, which averaged
more than 85 g (N=106).
Cores were recovered from both excavation blocks, although Block
B, with 80 specimens, produced more of this artifact type than Block A,
with only 30 cores. In Block A, cores are most numerous in Level 3
(N=6, or 20% of the cores from this area), and in levels 6, 7, and 9,
which produced 50% of the cores in this block. No cores were recovered
from Level 8 of Block A. Cores show a more even vertical spread in
Block B, with slight peaks in levels 6, 8, and 10 through 12.
Of the eighty cores from Block B, a large number (N=34) were
concentrated in the southwestern corner of this area. In those
excavation units situated primarily within the rim of Housepit B (B22,
B23, B3l, B32, B36), most cores were recovered from levels 7 through 12,
while of those recovered at the edge of, or outside the rim (B30, B34,
B37, B38), most are associated with higher elevations. It is likely
that primary reduction of raw material was an activity associated with
the earliest occupation of the pithouse, and that material was displaced
outward and upward in the course of its reexcavation by later residents.
This conclusion is strengthened by the homogeneous nature of much
of the raw material recovered from this area. Almost half of the cores
recovered from 35WH14 consist of a white to grey, lustrous, semi-
translucent chalcedony, much of which exhibits fractures and textural
changes generally associated with the effects of heat on
IT
348
cryptocrystalline silicates. Of the 49 chalcedony cores, 38 were
recovered from Block B, twenty-two of these in the southwestern quarter
of the block (west of 205x and south of 78y). Within this part of the
site, they are associated with the lowest occupation floor, as discussed
above. It is possible that the chalcedony was affected by the heat
produced at Feature 4, a scatter of charcoal, burned clay, and ash which
has been radiocarbon-dated to 2450 ± 40 B.P. Insufficient information
is present to conclude whether the raw material was intentionally
altered in this manner, however the absence of a well-defined, excavated
hearth does not preclude this possibility (cf. Luedtke 1992:100).
Seam Quartz Knives
Thirty-one implements of flaked seam quartz were recovered from
35WH14 (Figure 69a-c). Because of this substantial number, they are
discussed as a separate artifact class. The majority (N=20) are thin
slabs with one or two straight or convex, bifacially flaked edges, which
probably served as knives. Thicknesses range from 3.3 mm to 12.4 mm,
averaging 6.71 mm. Three specimens exhibit single, unifacially worked
edges. The remaining eight specimens in this class are referred to as
bifaces. In these specimens cortical material has been removed beyond
the functional edge(s), and the piece has been shaped, possibly for
continued reduction.
Only six seam quartz tools were recovered in Block A (19.4%),
whereas Block B produced 24 (77.4%)<. Provenience on one misnumbered
349
specimen is unknown. While the sample size from Block A is too small to
identify spatial patterning, all but three of the specimens from Block B
were excavated from or below Level 7. Seven were recovered from levels
7, 9, and 10 of units B28, B29, and B33, which would place them above,
later than, and marginal to the main pithouse occupation. Seam quartz
tools do not appear to cluster with the large activity area in the
southwest of Housepit B.
Flaked Bipoint
Specimen #1294 is a flake of heat-treated CCS which has been
worked to a narrow, bipointed, blade (Figure 68i). One face is
retouched along two edges, the opposite face along a single edge. On
both faces, part of the original flake surface has been preserved. The
specimen is slightly angled at mid-length. It measures 6.39 cm in
length, 0.69 cm in width, and 0.41 cm in thickness, and weighs 1.5 g.
Some crushing of the inner (concave) edge is present, but it is not
clear if this is related to manufacturing or use. Similar specimens are
referred to as "flaked crescents" at the Wildcat Canyon Site (Dumond
and Minor 1983:174) and the Portland Basin (Pettigrew 1981:19), where
they are, respectively, associated with the Wildcat and Quinton phases,
and with the Merrybell Phase (500 B.C. - A.D. 1750; 600 B.C. - A.D.
200). The present specimen was recovered from Level 10 of A27. This
unit is adjacent to the charcoal scatter and associated metate
radiocarbon-dated at 1500 ± 25 B.P. It can most likely be assigned to
""
,
350
this date, suggesting a somewhat more recent age than appears to be
typical for the Portland Basin. The artifact had been identified as an
awl in the original artifact catalog, however its ends are thin and
appear too fragile for extended use in perforating resistant materials.
Consistent with this, they bear no evidence of wear. Other hypotheses
proposed regarding its function include a fishing-related hook or a
decorative ornament of some kind, in particular a nose ornament, used
like the dentalium shells recorded during historic times for some
Plateau peoples (Strong 1959:161). It should be noted, however, that
nose piercing was absent among southern Plateau groups interviewed for
Ray's Culture Element Distributions (Ray 1942, Element 3395).
During the course of the present study, a distinct residue was
observed on the specimen. In light of its unknown function, the piece
was submitted to Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc. for blood
residue analysis. The results are reproduced in Appendix F and are only
briefly summarized here.
Cross-over electrophoresis tests were conducted on the residue
using 15 known antisera, including bear, bovine, cat, chicken, deer,
dog, duck, goat (which will react with most artiodactyls), horse, human,
rabbit, rat, sheep, trout (which is known to react well with steelhead
and chinook salmon), and pigeon (Barr Williams, Appendix F). The
analyses produced positive reactions to the human as well as the rabbit
antiserum. Whereas the human antiserum will only cross-react with other
primate species, the rabbit serum used in the analysis will only react
with domestic, cottontail, and jack rabbit blood proteins (Barr
•
351
Williams, Appendix F). The results do not positively identify the
function of the object, however they do not appear to support a
salmonid-fishing related use. Use as a nosepiece cannot be ruled out,
though the accumulation of blood residue along the entire length of the
piece seems inconsistent with this function.
Edge-Modified Chunks
Edge-modified chunks include 18 amorphous pieces of CCS and one of
basalt with used or retouched edges. These are expedient, unshaped
tools, most of which were retrieved from material set aside as debitage.
In many, the amorphous shape is attributable to the effects of heating.
Weights range from 7.74 g to 57.83 g. Spatially, edge-modified chunks
occur in Block A (N=9) and Block B (N=lO). In Block A, all are found
either within or at the edge of the house depression. In Block B, these
artifacts are generally found around the edge of the house depression,
above the main pithouse occupation. While their location in this area
may be a function of floor cleaning and the corresponding removal of
angular pieces of rock from the house floor, this must, in light of the
small sample size, remain speculative.
Ground Stone
A wide variety of ground stone items was recovered from 35WH14.
These include 53 grinding stones, five abraders, two anvils, five manos,
------------
352
thirteen pestles and mauls, two matching pieces of a pestle in the
process of manufacture, one edge-ground cobble, one atlatl weight, one
possible net weight, and eight unidentifiable fragments. Their
distribution will be treated below after discussion of the individual
artifact types.
Grinding Stones
Thirty-seven grinding stones remain at Hancock Field Station, the
base for the OMSI archaeological fieldwork, and were not examined for
the present study. Dimensions of these specimens were, however,
recorded in the original artifact catalog. As grinding stones were
described either as "metates" or as "milling stones" in the catalog,
width-to-height ratios were calculated for complete specimens in both
categories in an attempt to determine if the two differences in labeling
corresponded with differences in shape. A -distinction between grinding
slabs and block metates or hopper mortars was postulated. However, no
difference was found between the two distributions (t=1.09; df=26; P <
0.05). A histogram of combined width-to-height ratios for complete
grinding stones labeled both as "metates" (N=ll) and "milling stones"
(N=17), on the other hand, indicates ratios between 0.5 and 2.5 for 75%
of the specimens (including a major peak of 35.71% at ratios of 1.5 to
2.0) and a secondary group at ratios of 3 to 4 (Figure 71). A single
outlier is found between 6 and 6.5. This distribution compares
favorably with mean ratios calculated for block and slab metates at
353
I I
-
,-
-
I- -
r-- I--
.-----
'- n II Io
0.0 0,5 1.0 1,5 2,0 2,5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4,5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6,5
15
5
10
Width-to-Height Ratio
Figure 71. Distribution of width-to-height ratios for unexamined
grinding stones, 35WH14.
35WH7 which are 1.92 (N=14) and 3.2 (N=4) , respectively. The ratio of
6.42 calculated for Cat. #683 (the above-mentioned outlier), is
comparable to the ratio of 5.75 for Cat. #438, which is classified below
as a palette. Thus, while all types of grinding stones appear to be
present at 35WH14, block types predominate. Whether these are hopper
mortar bases or metates, however, cannot be determined from available
data.
The inferences just discussed were supplemented by analysis of 16
fragmentary specimens which were available during the present study.
Due to their fragmentary nature, the shape of the complete artifact can
.....
354
generally not be determined. Several observations are, however, in
order. In all specimens, grinding surfaces appear to be flat and
exhibit wear across the entire face of the artifact. Wear occurs with
equal regularity on either one or two faces (N=6 in both cases). The
remaining four specimens are surface fragments only. It appears that
both slab and block metates are represented, consistent with the
complete metates described earlier. A single specimen (Cat. #438)
consists of a lateral fragment with a curved outer edge, which is only
1.36 cm thick. This artifact is best referred to as a grinding palette
(Figure 75c). On the whole, metates represented among these broken
specimens are extremely well-used specimens with incontrovertible,
smooth wear.
Pestles/Mauls
Twelve artifacts from 35WH14 are classified as pestles and
pestles/mauls (Figures 72-74). Mauls exhibit evidence of heavy pounding
wear, such as spalling of flakes from impact. Two examples of distal-
lateral spall flakes were recovered from the site (Cat. #889 and 1295).
Pestles are, in contrast, used either for grinding or for the crushing
of less resistant materials such as plant matter and meat. The distal
ends of pestles are, correspondingly, smoother. Four specimens which
exhibit both types of wear indicate that these uses are not mutually
exclusive.
a b
355
Figure 72. Pestles, 35WH14.
a. 107 b. 1198
r'
I
356
Pestles and/or mauls found at 35WH14 are conical in shape, with
straight to excurvate sides. Cross-sections range from round to
squarish, where areas of the original rock cortex remain. With one
exception, which will be discussed below, none are decorated. The only
two complete specimens, both pestle/maul combinations, are 14.73 cm
long, with a maximum diameter of 5.71 cm (Cat. #107; Figure 72a) and
21.10 cm long, with a maximum diameter of 7.22 cm (Cat. #1155). The
proximal end of Cat. #1155 is coated with red ochre, and the upper two
thirds of this specimen exhibit a moderate deposit of this pigment. One
side of the distal end has spalled off, suggesting that use shifted to
the proximal end after the base became damaged. The specimen was
recovered from Level 10 of A48. It was located on the basal occupation
floor of Pithouse A in an area characterized in the field as an ochre-
working station.
Pestles and/or mauls from 35WH14 include the two complete
specimens already discussed, and two distal ends (Cat. #1198, heavily
burned, Figure 72b; and Cat. #533) which are consistent in morphology
with the previous two specimens. An additional cylindrical midsection
(Cat. #624) measures 6.94 cm in diameter and probably represents a
larger, more cylindrical implement than those already discussed. A
single conical proximal fragment (Cat. #348; Figure 74a) , on which
cortical material has been removed to form a pecked band about 4 cm
below the top of the object, has been reused as a pestle at both its
upper terminus and its broken, lower end. Traces of red ochre adhere to
m357
the upper exterior of the artifact. This is the only pestle or maul
with any indication of decorative embellishment.
Two matching fragments of dressed stone which, when conjoined,
form a pestle-shaped implement, but show neither wear nor the careful
surface preparation of finished artifacts in this class, probably
represent a pestle broken in production (Figure 73a). The two halves
(Cat. #304 and 574) were found in B14 (Level 13) and B15 (Level 14),
adjacent units and levels associated with the lowest occupation of House
B. Specimen #556, finally, is an unmodified, albeit roughly conical
rock which appears to have been used as a pestle and exhibits ochre
residues at its distal end. Parts of other tools in this class include
one partial basal fragment, one medial fragment, and two proximal
fragments (Cat. #564, 1112, 456, and 1107, respectively). All are made
of basaltic rock.
Five specimens from 35WH14 are classified as manos. These range
in shape from a well-shaped, fragmentary loaf-shaped specimen (Cat.
#549; Figure 75a) measuring 8.76 cm in length, 8.15 cm in width, and 3.5
cm in thickness, to palm-sized rocks with little or no modification and
light to moderate unifacial grinding wear (Cat. #123, 944, 305). All
are made of basalt. A single elongate fragment (Cat. #82), probably
part of larger, loaf-shaped mano, exhibits a lightly ground facet on one
edge and possibly some pecking on the opposite edge. Longitudinal
358
'. "
b
.", .... ; \ '.
'.: :. :..
a
Figure 73. Pestle preform and abrader, 35WH14 (pestle preform 50% of
actual size).
a. 304/574 b. 374
'~~:';'')'~.::;:'I,!:·,r:.:t=~~~?)~~}.?~t~::~~~~;~1
<.
3
a b
359
c d e
Figure 74. Miscellaneous ground stone, 35WH14.
2
a.
b.
348
42
c. 600 d. 934 e. 597
360
." ..
~.: .
b
. . ~'. ~
• I. :r
.'
'f '.
r:
,
.";- . ....
: ",:,
....
, ,
..
,........
, .
. t.
Figure 75.
!III!JJ[I/Olll7Z77Zl7D7J
c
Miscellaneous ground stone, 35WH14.
2
a. 549 b. 881 c. 438
361
abrasions are present on one face of the artifact, as well. This
specimen, classified as a mano and edge-ground cobble, measures 12.26 cm
in length, and is 9.85 cm wide and 4.06 cm thick.
Edge-Ground Cobble
Specimen #42 is a fragmentary, loaf-shaped basalt specimen
measuring 7.80 cm in length, 8.98 cm in width, and 3.33 em in thickness.
One of the long edges is ground to a flat facet (Figure 74b). A flake
appears to have spa11ed away from impact to one of the corners, possibly
from use as a hammers tone , although lack of further damage suggests that
this occurred during a single event.
Abraders
Four abraders and one unmodified piece of abrasive stone were
recovered from 35WH14 (Figures 73-74). Cat. #934 (Figure 74d) is a
medial fragment with smooth, flat sides and and a pronounced
longitudinal groove, combining three functional edges. Cat. #600
(Figure 74c) is also fragmentary. Unlike the previous specimen, which
is subrounded in cross-section, this abrader is plano-convex, with a
slight indentation adjacent to the break on the flat face. No groove is
present, but the flat and convex faces may have, in themselves, served
in abrasive tasks. Cat. #915 is a small fragment with a curved
362
exterior, but otherwise unidentifiable shape. These three specimens are
made of pumice.
Two further items are discussed under this class of artifacts with
some reservation. One, Cat. #374 (Figure 73b), is a rectangular length
of prismatic basalt. Its rough, granular cortex has been flaked,
pecked, and ground away from two opposite longitudinal edges. Two large
spalls, have in addition broken off one face of the narrower short side
of the piece, creating a wedge-like shape. Diagonal striations are,
finally present in the center of one of the two flat faces of the
implement, where "soft" rubbing wear (as opposed to sharp abrasion) has
removed part of the cortex. While this specimen is classified under
abraders because of ~t apparent surface wear, it is possible that the
tool edges were used in crushing and grinding. Alternatively, it has
been suggested by a colleague that the implement may have been hafted as
an adze, with the wear created by rubbing against the wood of an L-
shaped shaft (S. Byram, personal communication, 1993).
Finally, a half-oval, plano-convex piece (Cat. #817) of an
abrasive stone may have been intended for use as an abrader. No wear is
present, however, and the piece can only be considered a manuport in its
present state.
Anvils
Two small cobbles each exhibit a small pecked area two to three
centimeters in diameter on one face, suggesting their use as anvils.
363
Cat. #467 is 14.20 cm long, 8.68 cm wide, and 5.24 cm thick. Cat. #926
is 12.80 cm long, 9.84 cm wide, and 5.42 cm thick. The latter specimen
also exhibits wear from heavy battering on two corners, possibly from
additional use as a hammerstone.
Atlatl Wei~ht
Specimen #597 is a small, date-sized piece of locally available
tuffaceous sandstone which probably served as an atlatl weight (Figure
74e). It was recovered from Level 9 of unit B36. The piece is girdled
around three quarters of its circumference, with the groove slightly
offset towards one end of the piece. The base is not girdled, but is
flat and longitudinally scored. It measures 3.98 cm in length, 2.13 cm
in width, and 2.15 cm in height.
The present specimen is consistent with the atlatl weight style
classified by Butler and Osborne (1959) as Type IlIa. This "loaf-
shaped" type is said to extend from the Portland Basin to the Vantage
area of central Washington, also occurring on Vancouver Island (Butler
and Osborne 1959:219). Centers of distribution are placed in the
Dalles-Deschutes region, and, secondarily, in the Portland-Vancouver
area and at the mouth of the John Day River. A Type III atlatl weight
with an offset groove (like the present specimen, but more intricately
carved and decorated) was also found attached to an atlatl by a
collector in a cave east of Condon (Strong 1969:102), some 25 miles
northeast of 35WH14. The weight is said to have been attached to the
7
2364
shaft with two-ply cordage and pitch, which might explain the scoring at
the base of the present specimen. A single Type III atlatl weight has
been reported from Summer Lake, the only such artifact described from
the Oregon Great Basin (Butler 1962, cit. in Mildner 1974).
At 18.70 g, the present piece is well below the range of 53-298 g
(with an average of 174 g) indicated by Butler and Osborne (1959) for
Type IlIa atlatls. The significance of this is not clear. Weights of
this type may have been used in tandem (Perkins 1993), and are, in fact,
frequently found in pairs, whereby different varieties may be matched
(Strong 1958). It is possible that the present piece, which appears
irregular and eroded, was originally somewhat heavier, and in addition,
functioned together with a second, heavier specimen. An alternative
hypothesis is, however, presented by the Condon atlatl which, while
carefully crafted, is said to have been "too slight, too delicate to
cast a dart; the handle is too small to grasp and the holes are unfit
for inserting the fingers" (Strong 1969:102). Strong attributes the
small format of the Condon atlatl to a non-utilitarian function,
interpreting it as "a symbol of rank, or an object upon which to expend
an artistic expression" (Strong 1969:103). Alternatively, it could have
been made for use by a child. The same explanations could apply to the
atlatl weight from 35WH14. As well as can be determined from the
published photograph of the atlatl (Strong 1969:Figure 56), the weight
appears to be essentially identical in size to the specimen from the
Pine Creek Village Site.
365
2
Butler and Osborne estimate an age range of between 500 B.C. and
A.D. 1400 for atlatl weights in the Pacific Northwest. A more recent
report from the Portland Basin along the lower Columbia River seems to
favor the earlier end of this range (Pettigrew 1981:119), while evidence
from the Wildcat Canyon Site (Dumond and Minor 1983) is inconclusive. A
radiocarbon date obtained on a fragmentary atlatl found together with
the Condon atlatl discussed above placed it at "about 1,500 years"
(Strong 1969:98). The present specimen was recovered from Level 9 of
B36. It is thus mostly likely associated with the intermediate
occupation of Block B. Whether this occupation is contemporaneous with
the earliest radiocarbon-dated occupation of Block A (1500 ± 25 B.P.)
cannot be determined with certainty, however the correspondence between
this age and that of the Condon atlatl supports the validity of this
inference.
Possible Netweight
Specimen #881 is a roundish pebble of coarse-grained basalt from
which two opposite ends have been snapped off (Figure 75b). It may have
served in a manner similar to notched netweights known from other sites
on the Columbia River (e.g. Cressman et al. 1960:Fig. 48; Dumond and
Minor 1983:Plate 6; Pettigrew 1981:Fig. 42). The present specimen is
6.03 cm long, 5.38 cm wide, 2.27 cm thick, and weighs 79.65 g. It was
recovered in Level 6 of unit B12.
rR
366
Miscellaneous Ground Stone
Most of the remaining ground stone items are unidentifiable
fragments with slightly ground, abraded, or pecked surfaces. A single
portion of a stream cobble (Cat. #1174) exhibits part of a banded area
from which the original cortex has been pecked away and may represent
part of a decorated pestle or maul similar to Cat. #348 (see above).
Specimen #1137, finally, is a roughly fist-sized cobble on which
cortical material has been trimmed from around one face by percussion
flaking. The result is a roughly pyramidal rock with partially trimmed
sides and one cortex-covered, untrimmed flat surface. One edge of the
flat surface and the apex of the "pyramid" show slight evidence of
grinding, in addition to the marginal retouch. The function of this
object is unknown. It is 9.92 cm long, measures 9.39 cm in width, 8.17
cm in thickness and weighs 868.5 g.
Distribution of Ground Stone
Grinding stones were recovered from both excavation blocks (Figure
76). They include 23 from Block A and 29 from Block B. At least three
were found in the area between the two house depressions, including two
specimens from unit A53 (levels 2 and 10) and one specimen from Bl
(Level 11). These are relatively small numbers and it is difficult to
draw definitive conclusions based on them. Several observations are of
note, however.
367
ates
e
-
.........---
-
35WH14
Pine Creek Villag
5,6 6
Unit, Level of Recovered Met
8 12
8,9 11,12
7 9,11, 13 3,11
t
12,13
10 10
8 4
-
I2,10 0 1 2m
- 11
8 8
- 5 5 7,15 13 7,8
9 5, 16 6
9,14
8, 11 15 4,12 8,13 13,14
8,10
8
L....--
7
I J I I I X
90
y
92
78-
84
86
88
82
76-
80
200 202 204 206 208 210
Figure 76. Spatial distribution of grinding stones. Numbers in squares
represent levels in which grinding stones were recovered.
s
368
In Block A, grinding stones are found in all but levels 1 and 3.
However, 16 specimens, or almost 70%, are associated with levels 8
through 13. Grinding stones found at higher elevations (levels 2, 4, 5,
and 6) tend to be found around the perimeter of the pithouse, possibly
representing material cleared from the interior of the pit during the
course of cleaning and reexcavation. Specimens recovered from lower
elevations are generally found in the center of the pithouse. In the
lowest levels (levels 12 and 13) this is the result of a termination of
field excavations in surrounding units; this limitation, however, does
not apply to levels 7 through 10. Grinding stones are frequently found
at comparable levels in adjacent units, such as in Level 10 of units A43
and A44, in Level 13 of units A34 and A35, and in Level 12 of A28 and
A34. It is not clear whether top or bottom elevations were measured on
grinding stones so it is not possible to determine precise associations
with occupation floors, however the grouping of multiple grinding stones
in the center of the pithouse appears to be a persistent pattern.
In Block B, grinding stones are absent in levels 1, 2, and 3.
Several peaks are recognizable below this, including a maximum in Level
8. Levels 7, 8, and 9 were assigned to an "intermediate occupation"
during the OMSI excavations, situated above the basal excavated
housepit. Above this, four specimens were recovered from Level 5 (one,
Cat. #572, however, is of questionable provenience); below, eight
specimens are associated with levels 13, 14, and 15, which are assigned
to the earliest occupation. Grinding stones in Block B are less clearly
patterned in their horizontal distribution, although, here too, all
2
~'
" .
369
lower elevation specimens (below Level 8) come from within the housepit.
Additional conclusions are limited by the incomplete excavation of House
B. Again, grinding stones are sometimes found in adjacent units in the
same level (e.g. Level 9, units B14 and B15), and in two cases, more
than one specimen was recovered from the same unit, e.g. two from Level
13 in B27 and two from Level 8 in B22. Specimens from Level 8, where
the largest numbers were found, are scattered across the excavation
block.
Other types of ground stone generally correspond with the
distribution of grinding stones as just discussed. Sixteen specimens
were recovered from Block A, twenty-two from Block B. None were found
in the first two levels of Block A, and only one each in levels 3 and 4.
Counts increase gradually to a maximum of four in Level 8, with none in
Level 9 and three recovered from Level 10. One specimen each was found
in levels 11 and 12.
In Block B, none are found in levels 1, 3, and 5, and only one or
two each in levels 2, 4, 6, and 7. Below this, counts are higher in
levels 8 through 13, comprising 68.2% of the total number found in this
area. While pestles and mauls, and unidentifiable ground fragments are
present in approximately equal number in both blocks, unique types,
occur, on the whole, more often in Block B (commensurate with the
overall larger sample size). Thus, Block B produced the only edge-
ground cobble found at the site, the only atlatl weight, the only
potential net weight, etc. Four of the five manos recovered were also
associated with Block B, where they occur in Level 8 and below.
2
m o
370
Cobble Tools
Thirty-five artifacts from 35WH14 are classified as cobble tools.
These are tools used for heavy processing, generally probably either in
chopping or pounding, although a few large scraping, adzing, and cutting
implements have also been included under this category (Figure 77).
Cobble tools from this site include 17 choppers, nine hammerstones, four
adzes, one scraper, one worked flake, one knife, one wedge, and one
multipurpose tool that could probably be accommodated under the
choppers, but also exhibits a heavily ground edge.
Choppers
This is one of the few artifact categories with a slight bias
towards the northern Block, as indicated by nine specimens from Block A
and eight from Block B. All members of this class would fall under the
term "light choppers" as defined for 35WH7 (see Chapter 5). Weights are
between 119.27 g and 886 g, a somewhat wider range than at the previous
site, probably reflecting the larger sample. Heavy choppers, two of
which were observed among the 35WH7 collection, and which weigh several
pounds each, were not observed at 35WH14.
Overall, choppers are morphologically comparable to those
discussed for 35WH7. They are fist-sized tools, generally with a
single, percussion-flaked, moderate to steeply angled edge. Raw
material is generally basalt, including fine-grained stream cobbles of
r
371
f~ ••
.':
. ..~
;.' .,'
, "
' ...
, ,
d
c
b
a
Figure 77 Cobble tools, 35WH14.
a. 2289 b. 942 c. 325 d. 1285
2
- •
372
aphanitic basalt, and coarser, angular specimens. As at 35WH7, choppers
made on stream cobbles show pecking wear on the cortex of their proximal
ends. In one case (Cat. #1225), traces of ochre were observed in the
pecked area, again reminiscent of several choppers at 35WH7. One small
fragment (Cat. #1187) appears to be part of the bit end of a stream
cobble chopper.
Choppers show little vertical patterning in their distribution in
Block A, occurring in small numbers throughout the deposits (it should
be noted that two of the specimens from Block A have questionable
provenience assignments). In Block B, choppers are only present in and
below Level 9, with three occurring in Level 9, one in Level 10, one in
Level 11, and three in Level 13, and can thus be assigned to the
intermediate and lower occupations of the pithouse. Six choppers (36%)
were recovered from the area in between the two houses, including units
A5l, A53, and B01, and may be part of the "ring zone" typically
accumulated around the rims of Columbia Plateau pithouses by repeated
episodes of cleaning and reexcavation, and often characterized by
discarded cobble tools, along with fire-cracked rock, river pebbles and
cobbles and faunal remains (Schalk 1983b:52).
Hammerstones
Only nine artifacts are classified as hammers tones although other
artifact types show wear from battering and probably served as hammers
in addition to their more apparent function. Several hammers show
tI' .
373
9
evidence of multiple types of wear, including Cat. #932, a broken cobble
with a pecked, battered, and ground edge, and #387, a split cobble on
which the edges of the break show evidence of pecking, as well as
abrasion or polish. Hammerstones are seen here to have served as
percussors, rather than in the reduction of less resistant materials, a
function which would have been served by pestles. All are made on stream
cobbles.
Six hammers tones were recovered from Block B and three from Block
A. Like choppers, specimens in Block B are only found in lower levels,
including one each in levels 8, 10, 12, and 15, and two in Level 11.
Four elongate and wedge-shaped cobble tools with unifacially
flaked edges at one or both ends are classified as adzes (Figure 77c).
Their most likely use would have been in heavy woodworking tasks.
Specimens #603 and 325 are of comparable dimensions--between 12 and 14
em long and 5 to 6 em wide, although they vary somewhat more in height
or thickness (5.38 em and 2.46 em). The first is of CCS and exhibits a
single unifacial edge with an angle of about 60°. The second is of
basalt, with two 60° edges. Cat. #603 exhibits damage on the face
opposite the flaked edge, as does Cat. #325 on the broader of its two
functional edges.
Specimen #2071 is a split pebble with one unifacially worked end.
It is smaller than the other two implements, measuring 7.24 em in
,-
374
2
length, 5.53 cm in width, and 2.01 cm in thickness. The bit end is
incomplete, precluding an assessment of wear. The fourth (Cat. #651)
specimen in this category is a cobble of tabular slate, which is broken
at both ends. Because of the exfoliating condition of the specimen, it
is difficult to determine its full shape, but it appears that at least
one end is unifacially retouched. The opposite end shows evidence of
damage, but it is not clear if this is due to direct use, retouch, or
indirect use from contact with a hammerstone. The four implements were,
respectively, recovered from units A04 (Level 3), A15 (Level 9), B30
(Level 5), and B07 (Level 5).
Specimen #651 was, additionally, refitted with two matching,
exfoliated flakes, which were associated with Level 9 of unit A42 (Cat
#1045) and Level 8 of Unit A42 (Cat. #1315). The original piece (Cat
#651) has weathered to a somewhat lighter shade of brown than the other
two fragments, and may have been reused after they broke off, although
this cannot be stated with certainty. This circumstance would, however,
explain the spatial separation between the larger fragment (B07, Level
5) and the two smaller pieces.
Specimen #1285 is a small, split stream pebble with a broad flat
end opposite a bifacially-worked, sharp, chisel-shaped bit (Figure 77d).
Small flake scars have been removed through crushing along the edge of
the bit, as well as around the edge of the flat platform. The tool is
375
•
thought to be a small wedge, probably used in woodworking, as has been
suggested for the adzes above. It measures 6.24 cm in length, and is
3.79 cm wide and 2.73 cm thick. The bit is approximately 2.6 cm long.
It was recovered in Level 7 of Unit BIO.
Worked Cobble Flake
Only one specimen, Cat. #1238, is assigned to this class. This is
in contrast to 35WH7, which, in spite of an overall smaller assemblage,
produced a dozen artifacts of this type. It consists of a large coarse-
grained CCS flake with a single, lateral, percussion-flaked edge. The
artifact is fragmentary and may originally have had a more substantial
functional edge. It measures 10.19 cm by 9.2 cm and is 4.11 cm thick.
It weighs 388.08 g, and was recovered in Level 12 of A19.
Flake Scraper
Specimen #942 is the only member of its class. It is a discoidal
CCS flake with a shaped and unifacially retouched convex edge (Figure
77c). It is 6.80 cm long, 5.90 cm wide, 1.86 cm thick, and weighs 80.85
g. It was found in Level 8 of unit B03 .
I'
I
Tabular Basalt Knife
One artifact, Cat. #2289, finally, is classified as a tabular
basalt knife. It is thin relative to its size and unifacially flaked
376
along one straight edge (Figure 77a). It is 8.97 cm long, 7.48 cm wide,
and 1.81 cm thick. It weighs 128.16 g and was recovered from Level 4 of
unit B30.
Bone and Antler Artifacts
Fifty-nine bone and antler artifacts were recovered from 35WH14.
These include 20 spe~imens from Block A, 38 from Block B, and one
unprovenienced specimen. For the present description, these are divided
into bone tools, bone ornaments, unclassifiable worked bone fragments,
and worked antler. Selected examples are illustrated in Figure 78.
Descriptive information is presented in Appendix B.
Bone awls make up the largest share of the category of bone tools,
with eleven specimens. Most are fragmentary, retaining well-formed,
intact tips, but incomplete proximal ends. Therefore little can be said
about their original shape. One is antler; the rest appear to be made
of fragmentary large mammal longbone. Specimen BN-57 (Figure 78b), a
complete lateral metapodial awl (definition after Dalley 1970b) is the
-------------------------------_.~----~-
377
f
~(j-.:z;5:" -:~.. .f.•. -
.. !' ....
k
~
9
a:=;;:;::J
c d e hb
· ...
..... ..
a
j: '. :::'.::
\ ....
Figure 78. Worked bone and antler, 35WH14.
a. BN-44 d. BN-402 g. BN-165 j. BN-766
b. BN-57 e. BN-1549 h. BN-113 k. BN-722
c. BN-402 f. BN-472 i. BN-64 l. BN-736
2
r
378
single exception. It is 7.21 cm long, 0.76 cm wide, and 0.54 cm thick,
weighing 1.45 g. Specimen BN-656, a distal fragment, differs from the
rest in its long, narrow shape and round cross-section and may represent
part of a needle. Most of the specimens in this class exhibit a highly
polished surface finish.
Flat Bone Tools
A second category of bone tools is represented by six elongate
implements which, unlike the awls just discussed, are flat in cross-
section. Distal end configurations range from tapering and acute (BN-
1330, BN-1545), to tapering and bluntly pointed (e.g. BN-44), to a
spatulate shape which has been likened in appearance to a popsicle stick
(BN-935 and 1549; cf. Oetting 1990b:204).
BN-44 is the largest of the bone tools (Figure 78a). It appears
to be made of an artiodactyl rib, and is 17.5 cm long, 2.31 cm wide at
its maximum breadth, and 0.35 cm thick, weighing 7.09 g. Its function
is unknown. Parallel-sided, spatulate artifacts with rounded ends such
as BN-1549 (Figure 78e) and possibly BN-935 (although this specimen is
too fragmentary to to allow an assessment of its shape with any
certainty) have sometimes been referred to as flakers (eg. Cressman
1942:675). The recovery of similar specimens with embedded microflakes
(eg. Hattori 1982:107), or in a context suggesting their use as part of
a flintknapper's kit (Oetting 1990b:52), tends to support this
interpretation. The polish on the functional ends of BN-1549, however,
---------------------------------------
379
?
as well as its delicate structure, suggest that this particular piece
may have been used on a softer, less resistant material. The
interpretation of a similarly shaped bone implement (albeit of Upper
Palaeolithic age) as a burnisher used in dressing skin (Semenov
1976:178) offers a plausible interpretation. An alternative explanation
is that it was served as a part of a stick or hand game. The present
specimen was found in Feature 142, a shallow pit excavated into yellow
clay along the perimeter of House A (A16, Level 8) (see Features).
Dimensions for the other specimens are presented in Appendix B.
Because of their fragmentary condition, they will not be discussed
further.
Bone ornaments
Three decorative or decorated bone objects were recovered from
35WH14. These include two beads and one piece of incised bone.
Specimen BN-113 (Figure 78h) is a tiny tubular bone bead which measures
1.07 cm in length and 0.25 cm in diameter. One end is ground, the other
is incomplete, but appears to have been worn after the break, leading to
some rounding of the irregular edge. It was recovered in Level 10 of
Unit B6.
A second bead is represented by BN-472 (Figure 78f), a lateral
fragment of a larger, thin-walled cylindrical bead. Judging by its
curvature, the complete specimen may have measured approximately 1.5 cm
380
9
in diameter. It is 1.4 cm long, and ground at both ends. This specimen
was recovered from Level 13 of B14.
Specimen BN-165 (Figure T8g) , finally, is a small segment of bone,
plano-convex in cross-section, with a cancellous interior. It exhibits
six incisions along and at right angles to each of its two longitudinal
edges. The piece is 1.55 cm long, 1.03 cm wide, and 0.66 cm thick. It
weighs 0.59 g, and was recovered from unit A30, Level 6.
Unclassifiable Worked Bone Fra~ments
The remaining members of this class include miscellaneous
fragmentary specimens of unknown function with evidence of shaping
and/or polishing. A single split and calcined longbone has been scraped
and smoothed along the broken, interior edge, resulting in an elongate
piece with a broad channel or trough (BN-1547). It is possible that
many of the other fragments represent types of implements already
discussed.
Antler
In addition to bone, six pieces of worked antler were recovered
from 35WH14 (in addition to the single specimen referred to under Awls).
At least four exhibit evidence of charring. Specimen BN-64 (Figure 78i)
is a tine tip which has been roughly cut or chopped at the base and
longtitudinally scraped along the exterior, as evidenced by a multitude
381
z
•
of sharp, convergent striations. The distal end is rounded and
polished, probably from use as an awl or similar tool, against a
relatively soft material. It was recovered from Level 10 of unit B6.
BN-736 (Figure 781) is a 5.71 cm long section of antler beam. One
end has been worked to a bulb, the opposite has either been cut or
broken by ringing. Artifacts classified as antler "cylinders" recovered
from The Dalles were believed by Cressman to be flakers, presumably for
percussion-flaking (Cressman 1960:42). It is possible that the present
specimen was used in a similar manner. BN-736 was recovered from Level
6 of A22.
Specimen BN-39l is a lateral fragment of antler beam. The
presence of several flake scars at one end of the beam suggest its
removal by ringing and breaking. A small area on the surface of the
opposite end appears to be smoothed somewhat. The piece was found in
B2, Level 13. Its function is unknown.
The remaining three pieces are unclassifiable pieces with evidence
of cutting, shaping, or notching. They were recovered from A43, Level
12 (BN-13l2) and A30, Level 5 (BN-154). The provenience of BN-766 is
unknown.
Fossilized Bone Artifacts
Seven flat, roughly rectangular pieces of fossilized longbone were
recovered from Level 13 of unit B8 (BN-722 A through G; Figure 78k).
The objects range from 2.66 cm to 3.46 cm in length, from 1.12 cm to
382
1.51 cm in width, and from 0.34 cm to 0.43 cm in thickness. Weights are
between 1.13 and 1.67 g. The pieces appear to be finished to varying
degrees. While BN-722E has been ground and smoothed along all four
edges and corners, specimen A is merely a parallel-sided bone sliver
with some shaping along one short edge. A single piece, BN-722B,
exhibits continuous retouch along one long side. Retouch may have
served in the initial shaping of the artifacts, as indicated by the
presence, on several of the pieces, of marginal flake scars which have
been obliterated by subsequent smoothing.
A single set of coordinates, 206.73x/79.30y, elevation 95.70 m
(B08, Level 13) is given for all artifacts in this group. This spatial
clustering may indicate their use (or intended use) as gaming pieces or
dice. A study of games among North American Indian tribes found dice
games to be widespread and materials to be varied (Culin 1907:45). Dice
games are listed in Ray's Plateau Culture element distributions for all
surveyed groups (Ray 1942:183). While beaver teeth are somewhat more
commonly reported as gaming pieces in this area, bone dice are indicated
for the Tenino and Umatilla. Bone pieces were also used in a common
Northern Paiute hand game (Stewart 1936:398-399; Fowler and Liljeblad
1986:453).
Although different in appearance, prehistoric bone artifacts
identified as gaming pieces are reported from the Wildcat Canyon Site
(Dumond and Minor 1983:181) and the Dalles-Deschutes region (Strong,
Schenck, and Steward 1930:58-59; Strong 1959:Figure 90). They were also
found at the Alderdale Site (45KL5) on the Columbia River, approximately
rz .-__
at
383
65 miles upstream from the Dalles (Oetting 1986a), where they are
assigned to the early subphase of the Wildcat Phase (ca. 500 B.C. to
A.D. 1). This would be consistent with the age of the specimens at
35WH14, which are associated with the early occupation of House B.
While archaeological finds of this type appear to be infrequent in the
southern Plateau, sets of bone objects similar to those recovered at
35WH14, and interpreted as gaming pieces, are more common in the
American Southwest (cf. Dalley 1970b and sources). The absence of
incised or painted markings may be the result of their unfinished
condition.
Discussion
Classifiable bone and antler artifacts at 35WH14 are comprised
primarily of utilitarian items, such as awls, and ornamental, as well as
possibly recreational objects. Bone implements traditionally related to
fishing, such as harpoon parts comparable to those recovered from the
Columbia River (e.g. Strong, Schenck, and Steward 1930; Cressman 1960;
Dumond and Minor 1983) or bone bipoints like those found in the Klamath
Basin to the south (e.g. Cheatham 1991), are absent.
While bone and antler artifacts are found in both blocks, their
distribution is not even. In Block A, members of this class were
recovered primarily from lower levels (levels 11 and 12) in the southern
half of the house or from higher elevations around its periphery (levels
5 through 8). In Block B, too, worked bone and antler are associated in
384
a 7
large part with the lowest floor, with a scattering in higher levels
around the margins of the house. Only a single item, BN-905, a small
unclassifiable fragment from Levell of A42, was found above Level 4.
This distribution will be returned to at the conclusion of this chapter.
Beads
Stone Beads
Five stone beads were recovered from 35WH14 (Figure 79). They are
made of a variety of materials, most of which are locally available.
One exception will be discussed below. Materials were identified by Dr.
Gregory Retallack, Department of Geology, University of Oregon.
Specimen #248 (Figure 79f)is a small gravel-sized piece of basalt
or fine-grained volcanic with a straight drilled hole. A 0.5 mm wide
area of string wear on one face of the bead suggests that is was sewn to
a backing rather than merely strung. The specimen has a maximum
diameter of 6.1 mm.
Specimen #639 (Figure 79g) is a cylindrical bead with a straight
bore and flat sides, and may have been cut from a longer section. It is
made of ash flow tuff from the local John Day Formation. The specimen
measures 6.5 cm in diameter.
Specimen #958 is a fragmentary, biconically drilled disc bead of
an unidentifed stone, possibly quartz. It has flat faces and rounded
ah
b
e
c
f
f)" 'it!" -"
'""
d
9
k
385
2
Figure 79. Decorative and/or unique artifacts, 35WH14.
a. 565 d. 2356 g. 639 j. BN-393
b. 1242 e. 1063 h. 939 k. BN-472
c. BN-51 f. 248 i. 2997
386
edges and may have been ground to attain this shape. It measures 1 em
in diameter.
Specimen #1063 is a subtriangular flat pebble of serpentinite with
a biconical bore. It has rounded edges and exhibits fine,
multidirectional scoring across both faces. This material is not
locally available and may have been procured from the Canyon Mountain
Complex in vicinity of present-day John Day some 90 miles to the
southeast of Pine Creek (Joseph Jones, personal communication, 1993;
Walker 1977). This area is also the main source of obsidian for the
Pine Creek sites (see Chapter 7). The bead measures 13.9 mm by 11 mm.
The final member of this group (#255) is a broken disc bead of an
unidentified stone. It is biconically drilled. The mode of manufacture
is not entirely apparent, but it may have been cut and ground. It
measures 10 mm in length, 5 mm in width, and is 1.8 mm thick.
While beads were found in both excavation blocks, only one, Cat.
#639, was recovered from Block A (A25, Level 5). The remainder were
associated with Level 9 of B03 (Cat. #958), Level 10 of B06 (Cat. #248
and 255), and Level 12 of B08 (Cat. #1063). Whether the recovery of
these beads from units located near each other, and even from identical
units and levels, reflects a single prehistoric activity or merely
exceptionally keen perception on the part of the excavators is not
known.
_______________________________rCF _
.,,----------------------- a
387
Shell Beads
Two shell beads were found at 35WH14 in addition to the stone
beads already discussed (Figure 79j-k). Both were originally curated
with worked and unworked bone, as indicated by the catalog prefix "BN".
BN-393 (Figure 79j) was recovered from Level 10 of B29. It is a small,
circular, saucer-shaped bead with ground edges and a small, biconically
drilled, central perforation. It measures approximately 11 mm in
diameter and is 2 mm thick at its maximum, with a hole diameter of
approximately 1.5 mm. The species of origin is unknown.
Specimen BN-472 (Figure 79k) was associated with Level 13 of unit
B14. It is a burned segment of dentalium shell, measuring 15.6 mm in
length and ranging from a diameter of 3.6 mm at its broad end to 2.9 mm
at its narrow end. Its broad end is rough and appears to be broken; its
distal end appears unmodified. Its use as a decorative item and/or
medium of exchange may be be inferred from ethnographic accounts and
portraits (cf. Erickson 1990:94-105).
Dentalium shells, of which Dentalium pretiosum was most commonly
circulated throughout the Columbia Plateau, are found along a large
portion of the Pacific Coast. Their procurement appears, however, to
have been limited to the shallow beds surrounding the coastal islands of
British Columbia (Erickson 1990:131), hundreds of miles from the Pine
Creek drainage basin. It has been suggested that the trade in dentalium
shells developed sometime between 2000 and 3000 B.P., implying a change-
-either shift or expansion--in existing trade patterns. The association
~....,
'f'" ..
388
of the present specimen with the earliest occupation of House B, as well
as its provenience near the radiocarbon-dated features on this floor
1 1't in this period of changing trade relations, and testifies topaces
connections between Plateau and Coastal groups at this time.
Tubular Stone Artifacts
Specimens #565 and BN-1242 (Figure 79a-b) are tubular fragments of
bored stone. Specimen #565 was recovered from Level 13 of unit B15. It
is a cylindrical piece of local siltstone, measuring 2.43 cm in length,
and ranges in diameter from 1.0 cm at the ground and finished end to 1.1
cm at the opposite, broken end. It weighs 2.59 g. The specimen has
been drilled slightly off center with a 0.43 cm diameter straight bore.
It tapers slightly just above the finished end, but is otherwise
parallel-sided. The finished end is also slightly darkened, suggesting
possible use as the mouth piece of a tubular pipe. No smoking residue
is, however, present.
Specimen BN-1242, recovered from Level 6 of unit A14, was
originally mistakenly catalogued as bone and has not been recatalogued.
It is a tubular, longitudinally split, terminal segment, made of a soft,
orange stone which tapers from approximately 0.9 to 1.07 cm in diameter.
The partially complete, narrow end appears to be ground to a smooth
finish, though the fragmentary state of the piece limits inferences.
Bore diameter is approximately 0.49 cm except at the narrow end of the
piece where the bore appears to constrict slightly. Internal striations
~-----------------------------_.""..-------
389
are parallel to the length of the piece, suggesting a longitudinal
rather than a rotational drilling motion. The function of the piece is
unclear. It may be part of a tubular pipe, but any evidence of residues
or wear is missing. It weighs 0.54 g.
Sun-Dried Clay
Two pieces of clay were found by the author while sorting debris
from 35WH14. Specimen #2997 is from Level 6 of unit B28 (Figure 79i).
It is thin, roughly rectangular, and may be part of a larger artifact.
One face is flat and somewhat porous and appears to have been pressed
against a resistant surface, possibly a rock. The opposite face is
slightly convex and exhibits several curved cracks or grooves which may
represent fingernail incisions. The piece appears to be sun-dried. It
is 2.84 cm long, 2.18 cm wide, and 0.75 cm thick. It weighs 3.70 g.
Inclusions appear to be minimal, but no freshly broken surfaces are
visible for a more precise determination.
Sun-dried clay figurines have been recovered from the Wildcat
Canyon Site (Dumond and Minor 1983:183) and elsewhere along the Columbia
River (Endzweig 1989 and references). Temporal associations have
remained uncertain but can generally be assigned to the last 2,000
years. The presence of clay artifacts would therefore not be out of
place at 35WH14, although their presence cannot be ascertained at this
point.
diameter. The exterior of the piece is irregular and exhibits a slight
lustre on raised areas. It was recovered in Level 7 of B33. Its
function is unknown. It may have been part of the superstructure of a
house, but other possibilities, including a fortuitous and/or natural
origin are equally likely. The close spatial proximity of both clay
specimens (in adjacent units and consecutive levels) is at present
unexplained.
Specimen #2306 is part of a hardened clay cast of a grassy plant
The stem appears to have measured approximately 1.0-1.5 cm instem.
390
Historic Artifacts
Only two Euroamerican artifacts were found at 35WH14, both of
which may be modern in age. Specimen #1129 is a white, four-hole
porcelain button with convex face and back and a depressed central hole
panel. It measures 7/16 inches in diameter and about 1/16 inch in
thickness and was recovered from Level 2 of unit A33. Buttons of this
type were introduced in the 1840's (South 1964) and stocked by the
Hudson's Bay Company at Fort Vancouver (Ross 1976). They are, however,
still made today and do not represent a reliable chronological
indicator.
Specimen #593 was identified by a colleague as a "mushroomed" lead
bUllet (D. Jenkins, personal communication, 1993). It was recovered
from Level 3 of unit A24. It measures 11/16 inches in diameter, is 6/16
inches thick, and weighs 12.83 g. The base measures ca. 0.43 inches in
391
diameter, suggesting 40 caliber-range ammunition, specifically perhaps a
41 caliber bullet. According to Jenkins, bullets of this type were
present in the previous century, however, like the button discussed
above, they have a wide potential age range and constitute poor time
markers.
Lithic Debitage
A total of 50,606 flakes were recovered from 35WH14, or an average
of 509.11 flakes per m3 , based on a total excavated volume of 99.40 m3
(Table 23). Based on the size of the flakes retained, it is likely that
quarter-inch mesh SCYeens were used, suggesting that this figure could
have been considerably higher, had smaller-mesh screens been employed.
This assumption is supported by anecdotal evidence, such as comments
like, "there are also dozens of small flakes which are too small to be
collected" (Riddle, fieldnotes, July 8, 1981, with reference to Level 13
of B24). During the course of investigations at the site, flakes were
separated by raw material (CCS, obsidian, and basalt), counted, and
weighed by OMSI lab assistants. The following summary utilizes this
data. While all flake lots were examined for overlooked tools during
this analysis, resulting in the retrieval of more than 1150 formed or
used artifacts, debitage was not re-counted.
Of the 50,606 flakes found at the site, 20,982 were recovered from
Block A (41%) and 29,624 (59%) from Block B. Translated into density
values, this indicates an average density of 401.95 flakes per m3 in
.z s1Jpp _
Table 23. Distribution of Lithic Debitage by Level and Excavation
Block, 35WH14
Block A Block B
Level Count Percent Count Percent
1 919 4.38 757 2.55
2 2100 10.01 1836 6.20
3 2591 12.35 1567 5.29
4 2525 12.03 1909 6.44
5 2017 9.61 2280 7.70
6 1691 8.06 2258 7.62
7 1842 8.78 2843 9.60
8 1653 7.88 3080 10.40
9 1678 8.00 3054 10.31
10 1314 6.26 2763 9.33
11 1616 7.70 2435 8.22
12 706 3.36 2484 8.39
13 316 1. 51 1903 6.42
14 14 0.07 396 1. 34
15 59 0.20
Total 20982 100.00 29624 100.00
392
Block A and 627.63 flakes in Block B, correponding to the overall denser
concentration of artifactua1 material in Block B. Most of the flakes
are of CCS, comprising 87% of the assemblage, with small proportions of
obsidian (6%) and basalt (7%). Relative frequencies of raw materials
are almost identical for both excavation blocks (Table 24), with
obsidian making up 7% of the assemblage in Block A and 5% in Block B,
and basalt comprising 7% of all flakes in both blocks.
Compared by unit, proportions of obsidian range from a minimum of
o in units with very low flake counts overall (e.g. A1), to a maximum of
14%. Unit A45, with 55 obsidian flakes (23% of this unit's flake
assemblage), represents an exception. Almost 70% of the obsidian flakes
in this unit were found in levels 2 and 3, which correspond to the
--------------------------------------
Table 24.
393
Distribution of Lithic Debitage by Excavation Block and Raw
Material, 35WH14
F
Excavation Raw material
Area CCS OBS BAS Total
Block A 18,125 1,400 1,457 20,982
Block B 26,143 1,482 1,999 29,624
All units 44,268 2,882 3,456 50,606
obsidian flake scatter recorded as Feature 101. Proportions of basalt
by unit range from 1% (e.g. in A50 and B33) to several units with more
than 20% in the northeast of Block A (Al, 25%; A2, 20%; A15, 22%).
The horizontal variability in flake counts, caused by the
"smearing" of former discrete activity areas and the presence of
multiple, sloping, living surfaces, is probably responsible for the
absence of clearly recognizable and significant peaks in lithic debris
which could be correlated with the postulated floors. This is true both
for individual units as well as across each excavation block.
Nonetheless, some behavioral inferences are possible.
Counts for Block A show a substantial number of flakes below the
elevation of the lowest, radiocarbon-dated feature of Block A (N=2652,
or 12.6%), supporting occupation prior to 1500 ± 25 B.P. In Block A, in
general, flakes tend to cluster in the northern portion of the block,
shifting from its northwestern quadrant in levels 2 through 5, to a more
uniform distribution in Level 6, and then in subsequent levels to the
northern and eastern portions of the excavation block. This final
reorientation coincides with the lucalization of debris within the
______s1iR _
394
n
pithouse margins and is particularly striking in Level 11 (Figure 80).
The concentration of flakes and tools in this area complements the
distribution of pit features and metates in the opposite (southern and
eastern) portions of the lowest floor. It suggests a deliberate spatial
separation of lithic reduction activities from food processing and
storage areas.
The distribution of debitage in Block B is somewhat different.
Unlike the northern portion of the site, where flake counts peak in
levels 3 and 4, then gradually decline, flake counts in Block B
gradually increase to a maximum in levels 8 and 9, corresponding to
Floor 2. The significance of persistent high counts in unit B22 is not
clear, and interpre~ation is complicated by a field reference to "eroded
soil from pothunter's mound in northwest corner [of Levell]"
(Excavation Unit Level Form, B22), the observation of "many rodent runs"
in levels 1 through 5 of B2l, and a rodent hole at the bottom of Level 2
(Excavation Unit Level Form, B2l). The suggestion of post-depositional
disturbance within this particular area makes any inferences regarding
prehistoric cultural use highly questionable.
From Level 8 downward, debitage becomes increasingly concentrated
within the housepit margins. Highest densities are centered on unit B23
in Level 12 and units B14 and B24 in Level 13. While this places the
highest flake densities of Floor 3 towards the western margin of the
space occupied by grinding stones and pit features, the absence of
information from the unexcavated southeastern portion of House B
------------
7 7
395
94.00
92.00
90.00
88.00
86.00
84.00
82.00
80.00
78.00
76.00
74.00
72.00
196.00 199.00 202.00 205.00 208.00 211.00
Figure 80. Horizontal distribution of lithic debitage, Level 11.
precludes firm conclusions regarding the spatial organization of
activities in this part of the site.
Miscellaneous Rocks and Minerals
Specimens included in this category are geological specimens which
were either catalogued by the original OMSI staff or removed from debris
bags during the present analysis. They include modified and unmodified
locally available minerals or rocks, as well as at least one item of
non-local material which must have been brought to the site.
7,.../
" ,:
7
396
Quartz
Specimen #2550 is a small chunk of rock crystal which was
retrieved from the debris of unit A32, Level 6. It measures 3.54 cm x
3.30 cm at the base and is roughly 2.32 cm tall. This clear,
crystalline quartz occurs locally in the Pine Creek drainage.
Muscovite
A small sheet of unmodified muscovite (Cat. #3234) was recovered
from Level 8 of unit B38. According to Joseph Jones (written
communication, October 1993), muscovite is found in the Wallowa
Mountains or the Elkhorn Mountains, some 110 to 140 miles east of the
Study Area. It is not known whether local sources exist.
Pebble
A symmetrical ovoidal st~~am pebble with a small heat-spalled area
was collected from Level 10 of unit A35 (Cat.# 1026). The specimen
measures 2.63 cm in length and about 2 cm in diameter, and weighs 15.75
g. The pebble is brown with light speckles, resembling a bird egg, and
may have been curated as a keepsake.
Schist
Vein Quartz
Specimen #939 is an elongate, needle-like piece of local schist
(Gregory Retallack, personal communication, 1993) with aSYmmetrically
tapering ends (Figure 79h). It was recovered from Level 9 of unit A4l.
Surface striations appear to reflect intentional shaping but no wear is
evident. The specimen is 10.64 cm long, 1.07 cm wide, and 0.86 cm
thick. It weighs 13.90 g.
397
Cat. #2366 is a blocky rectangular chunk of vein quartz with
cortical material on both exterior faces. It could have served as a
core for tool production. The specimen measures 7.25 cm in length, 3.5
cm in width, and 2.5 cm in thickness, and weighs of 115.25 g. It was
recovered in Level 4 of unit A47.
Cryptocrystalline Silicates
It is 2.57 cm long, 1.19 cm wide, 0.59 cm thick, and weighs
The specimen was found in Level 2 of A47 .2.32 g.
Specimen #2647 is a small, tabular piece of local CCS (Gregory
Retallack, personal communication, 1993). One face is flat, polished,
and exhibits parallel striations, the other consists of a rough cortical
surface.
• F ~ c*n _
7398
Slate
Six small pieces of platey slate are included under this heading.
All but one (Cat. #2385) exhibit multiple uni- or multi-directional
striations on one or two faces (Figure 79c-d). One fragmentary specimen
from Level 4 of unit A13, Cat. #BN-5l (formerly miscatalogued as bone)
exhibits parallel sides and smoothed edges, and may have been
intentionally shaped (Figure 79c). Dimensions of BN-5l are 2.42 cm x
1.2 cm x 0.19 cm. Its weight is 0.8 g. The other specimens in this
group are of comparable size or smaller. They include Cat. #2356, 2372,
2385, 2795, and 3236, from B33/L-lO, A19/L-3, A19/L-2, A6/L-2, and
A26/L-l, respectively. The recovery of all but one of these items from
the upper four levels of units clustered in an eight square-meter area
suggests a more than accidental association, possibly the result of a
single activity.
Ochre
Red ochre was reported from both blocks at 35WH14. Three larger
fragments were collected by OMSI personnel and catalogued (Cat. #237,
440, 514). The rest were weighed by level, bagged with the flake
debris, and noted as a separate entry in the flake catalog. For the
present analysis, weights have been extracted from these data and
combined with weights from the three numbered specimens. In general,
material which was identified as "ochre" appears in large part to be
s
399
burned rock with exposed areas of red, crumbly material, which could
presumably serve as a pigment with further processing. During the
present analysis, only a single, compressed lump of solid red pigment
was observed (Cat. #237), which could be used without further
manipulation.
A combined weight of 141.5 g of red ochre was recovered from Block
A. Most ochre found in this area clusters along and outside of the
northern margin of House A, regardless of elevation. An exception is
represented by a large concentration (38.5 g) observed in Level 11 of
unit A4l. This material appears to be associated with a combination of
features identified by excavators as an ochre processing area (features
153 and 159; see Specialized Activity Areas, under Features, Block A).
A total of 288.7 g of ochre was recovered from Block B, more than
two times the amount recorded for Block A. Unlike in Block A, ochre
appears to be present thoughout Block B, although it is possible that
this is merely the result of differential collection strategies. Ochre
found in the center of the block tends to be recovered from the lower
elevations (levels 9 though 15), while material is, in addition, also
found at higher elevations towards the margins of the house feature.
This distribution suggests an association with the two lower floors of
House B. 178.2 g, or 62% of the ochre recovered from Block B, was found
in the five eastern units (B19, 27, 28, 29, 33). Its significance is
unknown.
In addition to the ochre residues observed on the cobble tools
discussed earlier, traces of red coloring were observed on specimen
_____________________________2 _
400
#133, a flat, split river cobble measuring 4.45 cm x 5.74 cm x 2.01 cm,
with a weight of 82.50 g. The pigment on this specimen is not powdery
and appears to be firmly bonded to the rock surface, possibly by the
addition of binding agents. The cobble is from Level 10 of unit B27,
consistent with the distribution of ochre in Block B as indicated above.
Other
Specimen #3176 is a small, prismatic piece of dark gray to green
stone with dense parallel striations on all surfaces. It was recovered
from the debris of unit B18, Level 10. The specimen measures 2.12 cm in
length, 0.93 cm in width, 0.8 cm in thickness, and weighs 1.82 g.
Specimen #3235 is a thin, tabular piece of soft sedimentary rock
with irregular striations on both flat faces. It is 1.54 cm long, 1.03
cm wide, and 0.24 cm thick. It weighs 0.50 g. The piece was recovered
in Level 4 of unit A49.
Faunal Remains: Vertebrates
As for site 35WH7, faunal remains were identified by Dr. Joanne M.
Mack of Pomona College, Claremont, California. Mack's report is
reproduced in Appendix C. It is abstracted for the present discussion,
and expanded with additional contextual information. The same cautions
recorded in Chapter 5 regarding screen size and the application of
shellac to selected specimens apply here and will not be repeated. An
.,- ..0 _
"....... , .
......... '
401
additional complication of the 35WH14 assemblage is the often
fragmentary condition of the bone, which Mack (Appendix C) attributed to
the prehistoric occupants of the site:
The vast majority of the bone items are not only partial but
can only be described as fragmentary, often the medial
section of long bones. This is only partly due to the
extremely poor condition of some of the bone. Much of these
bone pieces seem to have resulted from manual breaking of
the bone, likely to extract marrow.
This circumstance is reflected by the presence of only 39 complete
elements in the site.
The analyzed assemblage consists of three parts. Specimens BN-l
through BN-877 were catalogued by OMSI staff and frequently represent
point-provenienced items. In additional, fieldworkers collected
screened "debris" which included overlooked artifacts, flakes, charcoal,
and bone. Because of limited funds, only a sample of the bone from this
debris was examined. The sample includes all material from selected
one-meter grid squares comprising three transects. The transects were
selected to cross-cut the house depressions in close proximity to
radiocarbon-dated features, and to incorporate areas exhibiting high
densities of faunal material as indicated by talleys derived from OMSI
counts. The two transects across Block A span units A39 to A45 from
west to east and units A7 through A52 from north to south, totaling 14
one-by-one units. The third transect extends from west to east across
Block B, encompassing 10 units between B20 and B29. Specimens BN-878
through BN-1349 represent identifiable specimens withdrawn from the
debris sample, which have been individually counted, examined, and
classified to the extent possible. Specimens BN-1350 through BN-1544
~
I
-----------
402
consist of individual lots of undentifiable bone which were weighed only
and will not be further considered here.
Distribution
A total of 1,341 specimens were assigned to a taxonomic level of
class or better (apparent discrepancies between catalog numbers and
specimen counts are the result of the occasional inclusion of more than
one specimen under a single catalog number). Of these, 364 were
recovered from Block A and 845 from Block B, corresponding to the
overall greater richness of artifactual material observed in Block B.
Provenience was unknown for 132 specimens. Classes identified include
birds, mammals, fish, and reptiles, and are represented by sixteen
identifiable species and twenty genera. Taxa are tabulated below by
excavation block and level (Table 25).
As at 35WH7, mule deer dominate the assemblage, with 286 specimens
(21.3% of identifiable items). Many of the 32 specimens identified as
"Cervidae" and the 170 specimens identified as "Artiodactyla" can
probably also be attributed to mule deer, as can in all likelihood many
of the 507 bones assigned to "large mammal," boosting the proportion of
deer even higher. Other artiodactyls represented in much smaller
numbers are bighorn sheep (NISP=9), elk (NISP=40), and pronghorn
(NISP=4) .
Leporids constitute the second most important family, represented
by 47 specimens of cottontail, five specimens of jackrabbit, and two
Table 25. Identifiable Faunal Remains at 35WH14, by Block and Level
Block A Block B
Provo
Taxon 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ? Tot. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 ? Tot. Unk.
Birds - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - 2
Large - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1
Medium - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - 2
Passerine - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1
Numenius americanus - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1
Bonasa wnbe1lus - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1
Fish - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - - - - - 2 1 - - - - - - 3
Large - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - - 1 - 2 - - - - - - - - 3
Medium - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - 2
Mamnals - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - 1 - 1 4 1 3 2 - - 14 1
Artiodactyla unspec. 1 - 1 9 6 5 3 5 2 5 - 1 - 1 - 39 - 2 3 - 7 5 12 10 8 11 9 22 10 - - 99 32
Antilocapra americana - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 2 - - - - 1 - - - - - 3 -
Ovis canadensis - - - 4 - - - - - - - - - - - 4 - - - - - 1 - - 2 - - - 1 - - 9 1
Cervidae unspec. - - 1 4 - - - 1 - - - - - - - 6 - - - - - - - - 7 - - 2 11 - - 20 6
Cervus canadensis - - - 2 1 - 1 - 1 1 - - - - - 6 - - - - - 2 1 - 6 6 3 5 9 - - 32 2
Odocoileus sp. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1
Odocoileus hemionus - 3 6 12 5 1 4 4 5 7 14 5 - - 1 67 1 - 1 5 4 9 12 14 25 22 10 50 23 6 - 182 37
Carnivora unspec. - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1
Canis sp. - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 1
Canis latrans 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a
Felis concolor - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1 1
Procyon lotor - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1
Rodentia unspec. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - - - - 1 4 1 - 1 - - - - 7
Spermophi1us sp. - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - 2
Eutamias sp. - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1
Marmota f1aviochtris - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - 2
Thomomys talpoides - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - 2 1
Zapus princeps - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a 1
Microtus sp. - - - - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a 1
Neotoma cinerea - - - 1 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - 3 - - - - - - 1 - 1 - - - 1 1 4
Erethizon dorsatum - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1
Leporidae unspec. - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1
Sylvilagus nuttal1ii - - - - 1 2 1 - 1 - - 4 - 1 - 10 1 - - - 4 1 3 11 5 1 2 3 - - 31 6
Lepus sp. - - - - - - 4 - - - - - - - - 4 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1
Mamnal. large - 2 2 31 17 31 23 10 4 13 28 2 5 2 - 170 - - - 9 15 14 19 23 48 33 25 79 31 5 - 301 36
Mammal, medium-large - - 2 4 2 6 2 6 3 2 2 1 - - - 30 - - - 3 5 6 5 10 8 6 4 17 7 1 - 72 4
Mammal, medium - - - 3 - - 1 2 - - - - 1 - - 7 - - - - - - 2 - 4 3 5 14 6 1 - 35 2
MBlllDal, small-medium - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1
Mamnal, small - - - - - - - 1 3 - - - - - - 4 - - - 1 2 1 1 1 1 - - 2 - - - 9 1
Reptiles
Clemmys marmorata - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1
Colubridae unspec. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - a - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1
Total 2 5 12 70 34 47 41 31 20 31 44 15 7 4 1 364 2 2 4 18 40 40 62 80 121 93 61 202 105 15 - 845 132
.p-
O
W
~
~.,~', ,I
404
unidentifiable leporids. The problem of screen mesh size bias for small
body-size taxa has been treated for 35WH7 and will not be detailed here;
while it may affect the specimen counts to some extent, it probably does
not alter the fundamental relationships observed. Other small mammals
consist of a variety of rodents, the smaller of which may be natural
residents of the site rather than culturally introduced. Rodents
include ground squirrel (NISP=3), chipmunk (NISP=l), yellow-bellied
marmot (NISP=2), northern pocket gopher (NISP=3), western jumping mouse
(NISP=l), unspecified voles (NISP=3), woodrat (NISP=8), and porcupine
(NISP=l). A small number of carnivores observed at 35WHl4 includes
coyote (NISP=l, also Canis sp., NISP=2), cougar (NISP=2), and raccoon
(NISP=l).
Avian species include long-billed curlew (NISP=l) and ruffed
grouse (NISP=2), as well as an unidentified passerine (NISP=l), and a
few specimens identified only as "medium" and "large" bird (NISP=2 and
NISP=l, respectively). Eight specimens were assigned to unidentifiable
pisces (three specimens of "large" and two specimens of "medium" fish).
Reptiles are comprised of two elements of western pond turtle and one
element of snake.
Whereas the most commonly represented species are found in both
excavation blocks, many rare taxa are found in Block B only, where bones
are more than twice as abundant as in Block A. These include, for
example, all specimens of fish, raccoon, chipmunk, pocket gopher,
cougar, porcupine, marmot, snake, and long-billed curlew. In order to
determine whether the diversity of Block B is merely a function of its
~r,". ",.-
405
larger sample, relative percentages of specimens of common species
(NISP>lO) and rare taxa (NISP<lO; with birds, fish, and reptiles each
treated as a single taxon) were compared for both excavation blocks.
The results indicate no significant distributional difference between
Blocks A and B (X2=1.47, df=l, p<0.25). This suggests that sample size,
rather than, e.g., cultural preference is, in fact, the reason for the
difference in diversity between the two excavation blocks. It does not,
of course, explain the higher density of material in Block B (17.9
identifiable specimens per m' as compared to 7.0 identifiable specimens
per m3 in Block A).
In order to assess the relationship of the intensively analyzed
transect sample to ~he smaller sample of specimens catalogued by OMSI
staff, the 'present investigator compared frequencies and taxonomic
composition of "catalogued" specimens from the transect with those of
the "debris sample" specimens (material removed from debris including
BN-878 through BN-1349). Frequencies for each excavation unit are
presented in Figure 81.
Comparison of the two sets shows increases in counts of
identifiable specimens which range from zero to 71 (an average of 17.6),
reflecting gains of between zero and 1200 percent (an average increase
of 313%). While addition of the transect sample generally increases the
volume of bone examined, the gains tend to favor the most common taxa,
as well as fragmentary specimens which can only be identified to the
level of class, order, or family. Only one taxon previously unaccounted
for from the site as a whole was "discovered" as a result of examining
406
mples
analysis
210208206204202200
-
35WH14-
2/6 Pine Creek Village
7/16
Faunal Remains from Transect Sa
11117 identified by OMSII total after present
1110
7/13
t1/3 5/5 3/24 13/61 12/51 1/2 3/5
1n
I
on 0 1 2m
-
-
-
3/15 1
49/ 70/ 30/45 5/29 11/31 9/21 7/161/13 10/39 107 141
-
+ I I I I I X
84
90
88
86
y
92
82
78
80
74
198
76
Figure 81. Distribution of faunal remains recovered from transect
samples.
----------------- 0 ______
407
the debris sample, namely the single raccoon element. "Rare" taxa
(NISP<lO) were generally not recovered from the debris sample (Table
26). It is concluded that the faunal materials originally catalogued by
OMSI staff are, in fact, representative of the range of taxa present at
the site, albeit perhaps not of their total counts. No significant
further information gain would be expected if all debris samples were
analyzed.
The vertical distribution of identifiable faunal remains in the
two excavation blocks generally parallels the occupation floors already
identified on the basis of stratigraphy and features. Peaks of more
than 10% of all identifiable specimens (calculated separately for each
excavation block) occur in levels 4, 6/7, and 11 of Block A and in
levels 9/10 and 12/13 of Block B. Only Floor 1 of Block B is not
characterized by high bone counts, perhaps indicating less emphasis on
the processing of game in this part of the site at the time of its
latest occupation.
Implications
As for 35WH7 (see Chapter 5), Hancock Field Station Director
Joseph Jones was consulted regarding the present distribution of faunal
taxa recovered from 35WH14. Acccording to Jones, most of the identified
species are found within less than a mile of 35WH14, with a few
exceptions that occur from one to five miles from the site (Jones,
written communication, 1993). Bighorn sheep, western pond turtle, and
~'", !" ',' I ,'!':'.. ),','I
g a
408
Table 26. Rare Taxa Recovered from Transect Sample, 35WH14
Taxon Catalog Nos. 1-877 Catalog Nos. >877
Birds 7 3
Fish 5 1
Snake 1
Ovis 8
Canis 3
Microtus 3
Neotoma 6 1
Erethizon 1
Felidae 2
Thomomys 3
Lepus 3
Sylvilagus 44 3
Eutamias 2
Marmota 2
Spermophilus 3
Procyon 1
Zapus 1
Clemmys 1 1
Antilocapra 2 1
Cervus 33 7
long-billed curlew are exceptions which are only encountered at a
distance of more than ten miles from the site. The first two of these
have been discussed under 35WH7 and will not be further treated here.
Long-billed curlews are migratory birds which today are associated with
perennial grasslands of the lower John Day River brakes (Jones, personal
communication, December 1993). It is possible that they were more
widespread before grazing restricted this particular habitat.
Tentative inferences regarding seasonality of site occupation at
35WH14 can be made on the basis of identified juvenile individuals and
species with seasonally variable availability. A total of 38 specimens
representing juveniles were identified, including mule deer, bighorn
~. '7", I '
"
409
sheep, elk, coyote, cottontail, chipmunk, and unidentifiable rodents.
Nine of these, all jaw fragments and teeth, allow a more precise
determination of age at death. They represent a bighorn sheep aged to
between 30 and 32 months, an elk aged to 18 to 20 months, and mule deer
aged to 18 to 20 months, 23 to 24 months, and approximately 2.5 years.
Most of these cases probably represent a single individual, although two
maxillary fragments of 2.5-year old mule deer could conceivably
represent two individuals, given their degree of spatial separation
within the site (B07, Level 12 and B3l, Level 10). Based on the
artiodactyls observed at the site, Mack concludes (Appendix C):
The juvenile Artiodactyla mandibles and teeth which can be
accurately aged indicate they were taken in late Winter or early
Spring and late Spring or early Summer. Mule deer fawn are born
from April through June, while both elk and big-horn sheep are
born from May to June. Since the juvenile mule deer and elk age
to approximately a year and a half old and the sheep to two and a
half years old, they must have been killed in late Winter or early
Spring. The two-year old deer would indicate presence in late
Spring or early Summer. Since the males shed their antlers in
March or April, the males represented in the assemblage may have
been killed in early summer, but the large specimens likely
represent specimens killed in late Summer or even Fall.
In addition to inferences derived from juvenile individuals,
tentative suggestions are possible based on the presence of species
which migrate, hibernate, or estivate for part of the year. The
question of pond turtles has already been discussed and cannot be
resolved at this point. Other relevant taxa are marmot, ground
squirrel, long-billed curlew. Yellow-bellied marmots, a cornmon source
of food for southern Columbia Plateau peoples, are characterized by a
combination of hibernation and aestivation (Runn 1990:142), spending
winter, as well as late summer and fall, asleep in their dens. The pale
--------------------------------~----~-
410
yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris ~), which ranges
throughout the low country east of the Cascades, is said to appear
earlier and hibernate earlier than the related Marmota flaviventris
flaviventris which disappears in August or September and reappears in
February or March (Bailey 1936:160), although no specific times are
given by Bailey for this particular subspecies. According to Jones
(personal communication, 1993), marmots are active from mid-March
through July in the Pine Creek basin.
Townsend's ground squirrels were, similarly, a popular source of
food among Plateau peoples (Hunn 1990:142). Like the yellow-bellied
marmot, they spend much of the year in their burrows, an adaptation
which is attributed to the long, dry summers of their semi-arid habitat
(Bailey 1936:153). Townsend's ground squirrels are typically active
between late February or early March into the early part of July (Bailey
1936:153). According to Hunn (1990:142), a common practice of Mid-
Columbia River Indians was to flush ground squirrels out of their
burrows by diverting a stream or hauling in water. If this was possible
at any season, it would, of course, limit the value of this particular
species as a seasonal indicator. It is perhaps equally or more likely
that the three specimens attributed to this species are present
naturally at the site and not a reflection of cultural behavior at all.
Long-billed curlew, finally, are migratory birds which winter from
northern California south to Guatemala (Peterson 1961:80). According to
Jones (written communication, 1993), the species is present along the
lower John Day River from May through September. The risks inherent in
I
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411
projecting present seasonal patterns to species in the past have been
discussed with particular attention to migratory birds by Grayson
(1984:174-177) and are compounded at 35WH14 by the presence of only a
single specimen of curlew bone. While all potential sources of
information are considered here, it must be emphasized that any
conclusions must be treated as hypotheses to be tested in future studies
rather than as answers in themselves.
All present faunal evidence on seasonality of site use is
presented in Table 27. Identified seasonal indicators span late winter
through summer in Block B (levels 8-12) and late winter through early
summer in Block A (levels 4-9).
In the earlier discussion of specialized activity areas at 35WH14 ,
several features were identified as bone scatters (Table 18). In Block
A, these include Feature 6 (A43 , top of Level 9), Feature 118 (A42 ,
Level 4), and Feature 119 (A35, base of Level 4, top of Level 5 at an
elevation of 97.30 m). In Block B, they are represented by Feature 2
(B23, levels 11 and 12), Feature 147 (B22, levels 9-10), and Feature 149
(B31, levels 9-11). It was suggested that the latter three features be
viewed as part of the same single activity or longer-term refuse
deposition.
The bone scatters listed above consist in large part of
artiodacty1 remains. Specimens described in fie1dnotes as Feature 6
(BN-764 and BN-769 through BN-773) include pronghorn and mule dear, as
well as unidentifiable large mammals. Additional specimens from this
level represent less specifically identifiable taxa including
412
Table 27. Potential Seasonal Indicators in the Identified Fauna, 35WH14
Taxon
Block A
Uni t Level Season
Block B
Unit Level Season
Spermophilus
Odocoileus
Numenius
A42 4 late winter/early spring
A16 9 late winter/early spring
ASl 6 late winter/early summer B19 10
Bl 11
B31 10
B7 12
B2 9
B13 8
B32 12
late winter/early summer
late winter/early summer
late winter/early spring
late winter/early spring
spring-late summer
spring-early summer
spring-early summer
- •
artiodactyls, cervids, and large mammals. Materials from the other two
bone scatters in Block A similarly represent these categories, with the
absence of pronghorn. Feature 118 also included four specimens of 2.5
year-old bighorn sheep.
Whereas the three bone scatters located in Block A consist of a
combined total of roughly 84 specimens, the units and levels which
comprise bone scatters designated as Features 2, 147, and 149 in Block B
produced more than 200. Here, too, artiodactyls predominate, together
with unidentifiable large mammal bones, most of which are probably also
from artiodactyls, and the occasional isolated element of porcupine,
packrat, grouse, raccoon, and marmot. Leporid remains, which make up
4.5% of all identifiable bone from 35WH14, are absent from the scatters
described for Block A, as well as Block B. The paucity of rabbit bone
is particularly evident in the richest level of the site, Level 12 of
Block B, which produced 202 identifiable specimens, or 17% of all
413
provenienced and identifiable bone from 3SWH14. Leporids represent only
1% of this material. It is evident that artiodactyls were the favored
game resource at 3SWH14, even if potential screen size bias is taken
into account.
Faunal Remains: Invertebrates
A small amount of mussel shell (102.7 g in all) was recovered
during excavations at 3SWH14. A few larger pieces were collected in
situ, but most was bagged, weighed, and tabulated by OMSI personnel as a
separate entry under screened "debris." For the present analysis,
OMSI's original weights have been used and supplemented by those of the
three in situ specimens. Shell stored with the flake debris was not
examined separately, primarily because of the deteriorated condition of
most of this material. The spatial distribution of mussel shell by
weight has been plotted in Figure 82. Two in situ specimens, from Level
11/12 of A40 and Level 3 of AS3, are valves which are complete enough to
identify. Both appear to represent Margaritifera sp., a freshwater
mussel commonly used as food by prehistoric peoples on the Southern
Plateau (Lyman 1980). This identification is consistent with mussel
shell recovered from 3SWH7.
Because of the small amount of this material, little can be said
regarding its use at this site. Mussel shell was recorded in both
excavation blocks. In Block A, all mussel shell was recovered in and
immediately around the house feature, making a cultural origin likely.
414
hell
210208206204202200
-
-
35WH14
Pine Creek Village
0.5 (3)·
0.517) 0.5 (6) Unit, Level, Weight of Recovered S2.0 (11)
0.5 (13)
0.5 (6) 0.5 (11) 0.5 (13)
* weight (level)3.3113)
0.6 (9) 0.5 (1) ~7.4 (11-12)
N1.0 (3) 0.5 (9) 0.5 (9) 4.516) 9.516)
0.518r 7.5 (7) 0.611 1)
27.1 (3) I
0 1 2m
-
1.012!_f-0.5 (3)
3.518)
0.5 (10) 0.5110)
3.7 (11) 0.6 (11)
- 0.617)
0.518)
8.0 (10) 3.0110) 0.5 (12)
2.5113)
- 0.5110) 2.619) 1.0131 0.5 (13) 1.0 (9)
//
3.0 17!/
/'
1.018)
- 0.619)
0.6112)
+ I I I I I X
y
92
86
90
88
84
82
78
74
198
80
76
Figure 82. Spatial distribution of unmodified shell (all weights in
grams) .
•
415
Most shell found in Block B was recovered from its northwestern
quadrant.
Macrobotanical Analysis
The few soil and charcoal samples collected at 35WH14 were
submitted to Dr. Nancy A. Stenholm for macrobotanical analysis. From
Block A, two soil samples, two charcoal samples, one wood sample, and
one vial of material that had previously been floated by OMSI personnel
were analyzed. Samples examined from From Block B included two soil
samples, one charcoal sample, one wood sample, and another vial of
previously floated material. Most of the samples are associated with
radiocarbon-dated features. Results are therefore grouped by excavation
block and feature for the following discussion. Stenholm's report is
reproduced in Appendix D.
Block A
Feature 3, a slab-lined hearth radiocarbon-dated to 890 ± 29 B.P.,
is represented by one soil sample and one charcoal sample. Botanical
taxa from both the soil sample and the charcoal sample consist
exclusively of juniper (both burnt and unburnt), along with two pieces
of lithic debitage. Several juniper fragments which may have been
culturally modified were identified by Stenholm (Appendix D):
A small amount of juniper (9 pieces at 0.2 g) ... appears
artifactual in nature. These are fragments from possibly
416
two incompletely charred artifacts. The fragments have
surviving lengths which vary from 3.5 rom to 18 rom each. The
pieces may represent two skewer-like items with square to
rectangular cross sections (they vary from 3.5 x 3.5 rom to
3.5 x 2.5 rom in cross section) and they have a slight
curvature at the tip.
Carbon content of the soil sample is relatively high, at 0.94%, in
keeping with its hearth association.
Three samples submitted from Feature 5 included a soil sample, a
charcoal sample, and a sample of wood. Feature 5 is characterized as a
charcoal scatter with an associated metate. It was radiocarbon-dated to
1500 ± 25 B.P. The soil sample submitted for flotation from this area
exhibits a very low carbon content of 0.02%. Cultural debris is,
however, somewhat higher than in the preceding samples, including eleven
flakes, red pigment and burned earth, as well as a small amount of
calcined and unburned bone. Plant remains are represented by juniper,
buckthorn or cascara, as well as "a trace of hardwood twigs, a fragment
of leathery seed coat, and epithelial tissue which could not be
identified further" (Stenholm, Appendix D). The charcoal spot sample
contained a large proportion of serviceberry (82%), as well as smaller
quantities of juniper and buckthorn, while the sample of wood was
identified as unburned juniper with good surface and excellent interior
condition.
A final sample from Block A was associated with Level 13 of unit
A27, which appears to represent the basal occupation floor of House A.
The material consisted of a vial of plant matter previously separated
through flotation by OMSI staff. Contents were identified as yellow
417
pine (either ponderosa or lodgepole, Stenholm personal communication,
1993) and bitterbrush charcoal.
Block B
Feature 103 consists of a metate, a pit, and a posthole associated
with the lowest occupation floor of House B, and radiocarbon-dated to
2580 ± 80 B.P. Charcoal and wood samples were submitted from the
vicinity of this feature. The charcoal sample was found to contain
approximately equal parts of juniper and lodgepole pine. The wood
sample consisted of six pieces of charred, semi-charred, and uncharred
lodgepole pine, probably from a single branch.
Another sample from the early occupation of House B was
represented by a soil sample from Feature 4, a charcoal scatter
radiocarbon-dated to 2450 ± 40 B.P. This sample was characterized by a
higher carbon content than the other flotation samples from this site
(1.09%), as well as a relatively high content of cultural debris,
comprised of flakes (N=2l), burned and unburned mammal bone, and a small
amount of bivalve shell. Botanical remains consisted of a large amount
of charcoal from a mature poplar.
Two final samples from 35WH14 were submitted for analysis. One
consisted of a small soil sample from Level 11 of B33. Project records
indicate that it was collected from the base of metate #832, at what
appears to be the eastern margin of the lowest occupation floor in House
B. No specimen bearing this number was catalogued, however, precluding
•
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a description of the object itself. The second sample consisted of
418
az ..o _
floated botanical material from unit B26, which was labeled merely as
"upper occupation." Its association with the upper floor of Block B
indicates a likely origin in Level 2 (see Feature 116).
Carbon content in the soil sample was very low (less than 0.01%).
Lithics and uncharred bone were present in small numbers. Botanical
materials included a trace of conifer, which, based on the spot samples,
is attributed to lodgepole pine, and a fragment of an edible fruit pit
which may represent a member of the rose family, probably cherry or
hawthorn (Stenholm, Appendix D). The second sample produced only a
small amount of herbaceous tissue.
Most of the species present at 35WH14 were also identified in the
macrobotanical samples from 35WH7, and their potential uses are
discussed in the previous chapter (see Table 28). Additional taxa
recovered from 35WH14 include buckthorn or cascara; a member of the rose
family, such as cherry or hawthorn; and lodgepole pine. Buckthorn bark
was used as an emetic or laxative by native Plateau peoples (Runn
1990:357), and its wood may have served as construction material
(Stenholm, Appendix D). The rose family specimen probably represents a
food source, a conclusion which may be strengthened by its apparent
association with a grinding stone on the lower floor of Rouse B (cf.
Runn 1990:128). Lodgepole probably served as fuel, although it is also
cited for medicinal uses (Runn 1990:356). Its name suggests structural
connotations as well, and the association of lodgepole remains with the
F rr. I',.' I
419
Table 28. Macrobotanical Samples and Associations, 35WH14
No. Type Provenience Associations
Flot. sample B26,
Soil B33,
B24, 205x/77y
A22, 204x/87y
A2l, 202. 90x
/87.l0y
A28, 202x/86y
A28, 202x/86y
A27, 20lx/86y
A35, 202x/85y
B24, 205x/77y
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
46
Charcoal
Soil
Charcoal
Soil
Flot. sample
Wood
Charcoal
Wood
Soil B32, 204-204.40x
/76-76.50y
207x/77y
209.20x
/76.50y
Feature 3, 890±20 B.P.
97.35m (L-6), presumably Feat. 3
Feature 5, l500±25 B.P.
With metate, contemp. w. Feat. 5
96.70-96.60 m (L-13)
97.00-96.90m (L-9), contemp. w. F.5
Feature 103?, 2580±80 B.P.,
95.45 m
Feature 103?, 2580±80 B.P.,
95.45 m
Feature 4, 2450±40 B.P.,
95.53-95.51 m
Upper occupation, no elevation
Base of metate #832, 95.70 m (L-ll)
b a
pit, metate, and posthole of Feature 103 may suggest use in house
construction.
Lodgepole poses the only problem with regard to local availability
of the botanical taxa identified at 35WH14. According to Joseph Jones,
director of OMSI's Hancock Field Station (written communication, 1993),
all other plant species mentioned, presently grow within a radius of no
more than five miles from the site, and most within less than one mile.
Lodgepole pine, however, is now found in the vicinity of Kinzua, roughly
fourteen miles northeast of 35WH14 and at an elevation of over 3000
feet, about 800 feet higher than the site. The significance of the
lodgepole wood at 35WH14 is not known. As a pioneer species, lodgepole
pine is a rapid invader of severely disturbed sites, frequently becoming
established after fires, logging, and on volcanic pumice and ash soils
~.. . ~.::.J,", ~
2
420
(Franklin and Dyrness 1973:185). Its presence may reflect changes in
local edaphic conditions. The wood may, alternatively, have been
brought to the site for purposes other than as fuel. It is, on the
other hand, also possible that the samples represent ponderosa pine, the
branch material of which is often difficult to distinguish from
lodgepole (Stenholm, personal communication, 1994). Unlike lodgepole,
ponderosa pines grow within five miles of 35WH14 today.
The species from Feature 3, the slab-lined hearth in Block A,
suggests that this feature was used primarily for heating. Animal bone
is absent. Feature 5, on the other hand, is interpreted as "general
purpose midden," reflecting "several activities, such as food (faunal)
or possibly tool preparation featuring hardwoods" (Stenho1m, Appendix
D). Little can be said about the sample of yellow pine (ponderosa or
lodgepole) from Level 13 of Block A, other than noting its similarity to
material identified from the lower floor of Block B.
Botanical material from the lower levels of House B may indicate
food preparation activities involving the processing of hawthorn or
cherries, although conclusions based on a single specimen must remain
speculative. Presence of wood for use as fuel or structural elements
has been suggested. The lack of significant findings from the upper
occupation does not contradict the impression of a more ephemeral later
use of the site inferred on the basis of other analyzed evidence.
Limited information on seasonality which can be derived from the seed
coat and the possible fruit pit tissue suggest summer activity
(Stenho1m, Appendix D).
421
Discussion
The radiocarbon dates from 35WH14 suggest long-term or repeated
occupation of this site. The disparate ages of 1500 ± 25 B.P. and 890 ±
20 B.P. from Block A and 2450 ± 40 B.P. and 2580 ± 40 B.P. from Block B,
taken at face value, would seem to imply that the two house occupations
were greatly separated in time. The dates alone do not, however,
adequately represent the ages of the two house depressions. This
question will now be addressed.
The presence of multiple occcupation components in each of the
houses at 35WH14 was suggested in a small unpublished paper, the only
known previous analysis of this material (Sheldon 1981). In an attempt
to identify individual living floors by peaks in the density of cultural
materials, Sheldon (1981:3) used a "PDP-ll timesharing computer" to plot
counts of artifacts by 10-cm excavation levels in both housepits.
Separate plots were produced, both for the assemblage as whole, as well
as for several individual classes, including milling stones, abraders,
and projectile points. Counts were graphed separately for the "upper"
and "lower" "pithouses" (referred to as Blocks A and B in the present
analysis).
While the graphs for milling stones and abraders are inconclusive
because of the small artifact samples involved, two other analyses
proved instructive. For the entire assemblage, Sheldon's results
indicate two peaks in the vertical distribution of specimens in both
excavation blocks, separated by a small trough, which occurs at Level 6
r.·'I'~• 'I".1
'., '
i
422
in both cases. Peaks are found in levels 2 through 5 and Level 9 in
Block A, and in levels 4 and 9 in Block B. Projectile point
distributions show peaks in levels 6 through 9, and Level 11 in Block A,
and levels 7 through 10 and Level 12 in Block B. Graphs for both blocks
are remarkably similar in shape, with a slight bimodal tendency during
the intermediate peak. Block A, in addition, shows a peak in Level 3
which is absent in Block B. If artifact counts are equated with
intensity of site use, both sets of graphs suggest early and middle
phases of occupation in the two excavation blocks, followed by a late
peak in Block A only. The "middle occupation" as graphed for Block A
encompasses the two later dates returned from the site (Feature 5,
radiocarbon-dated to about 1500 B.P., is situated in the uppermost
portion of Level 10 and can therefore probably be included under Level
9). The "early occupation" in Block B would appear to be correlated
with the early dates of 2450 B.P. and 2580 B.P. from that structure.
Sheldon's graphs have been updated using the current artifact
counts (Table 29) and are shown in Figures 83 and 84. The general
picture remains the same, though some differences can be attributed to
the larger sample of artifacts (including artifacts removed from the
debitage during the current analysis) and the correction of errors in
provenience records. Two major additions appear in the graphs depicting
the entire assemblage. These consist of a small but distinct peak in
Level 2 of Block B, and small, comparable peaks in Levels 11 of Block A
and Level 12 of Block B, corresponding to the early occupations in these
areas. The peaks representing projectile point concentrations have
Table 29. Inventory of Artifacts by Excavation Block and Level, 35WH14
Block A
Tool Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Oth Total
Proj. pts. (class.) 2 6 13 10 4 8 10 10 9 7 8 6 3 1 97
Proj. pts. (frag.) 2 7 14 7 5 9 7 4 12 4 8 2 1 1 83
Bifaces 9 26 15 26 17 10 22 28 27 12 17 10 8 3 230
Formed unifaces 2 4 5 4 5 3 3 4 3 1 - 1 1 36
Worked flakes 4 8 8 7 8 6 7 6 7 5 2 5 1 74
Used flakes 4 23 15 14 12 13 23 19 21 17 13 7 3 184
Cores 1 1 6 1 1 5 4 - 6 1 3 1 - 30
Drills/gravers - 1 5 2 - 1 3 4 2 3 - 1 1 23
Notches - - 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - 3
Seam quartz tools - 1 1 2 - - 1 - - - 1 6
Edge-mod. chunks 1 - 3 1 1 - - 2 - 1 - 9
Worked bone/antler 1 - - 2 2 4 3 1 - 5 2 - - 20
Cobble tools - 1 3 1 2 - 1 3 - 3 2 - - 16
Other ground stone - - 1 1 2 - 3 4 - 3 1 1 - - 16
Metates - 1 - 1 2 2 1 3 2 3 3 3 2 - 23
Pipes, - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1
Clay - - - - - - - - - - - - 0
Rocks/minerals - 1 - 2 - 1 - - 1 1 - - 6
Slate 1 2 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 5
Historic items - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 2
Stone beads - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1
Shell beads - - - - - - - - - - - - - 0
Flaked bipoints - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1
Tool Total 27 82 89 84 65 64 86 85 95 58 64 42 20 5 866
Debitage Total 919 2100 2591 2525 2017 1691 1842 1653 1678 1314 1616 706 316 14 20982
Ident. Faunal Remains 2 5 12 70 34 47 41 31 20 31 44 15 7 5 364
~"'.-- ~
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Table 29. (Continued)
Block B Blk B Blk A No Grand
Tool Class 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Oth Total Total Prov Total
Proj. pts. (class.) 2 3 3 6 8 13 10 15 11 17 12 16 6 2 - - - 124 97 1 222
Proj. pts. (frag.) 1 6 3 5 8 5 17 5 11 11 9 9 5 2 - 1 98 83 2 183
Bifaces 8 21 17 37 25 25 42 46 56 51 34 34 27 5 1 - - 429 230 2 661
Formed unifaces - 4 2 3 2 4 5 6 7 4 6 4 2 3 - - - 52 36 - 88
Worked flakes 3 11 3 12 10 13 15 11 16 18 12 12 9 1 - - - 146 74 3 223
Used flakes 4 13 15 19 23 23 43 38 34 33 19 25 15 2 2 - 1 309 184 1 494
Cores 1 2 3 2 6 10 7 12 6 8 10 11 2 - - - - 80 30 - 110
Drills/gravers 2 3 2 4 3 3 4 5 7 5 - 3 1 1 - - - 43 23 - 66
Notches 1 - 1 1 3 - - 1 1 - - - - - 8 3 - 11
Seam quartz tools 1 1 - - 1 - 3 1 5 4 4 3 1 - - - - 24 6 1 31
Edge-mod. chunks 1 - - 4 - 2 1 1 - - - 1 - - - - 10 9 - 19
Worked bone/antler - - 4 - 3 1 2 - 5 5 4 13 1 - - 38 20 1 59
Cobble tools - - - 1 2 - 1 2 3 2 3 1 3 - 1 - 19 16 35
Other ground stone - 2 - 2 - 1 1 4 3 2 3 - 3 1 - - 22 16 38
Metates - - - 1 3 1 3 7 2 1 2 1 3 2 2 1 29 23 1 53
Pipes - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 1 - 2
Clay - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 - 2
Rocks/minerals - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 6 7
Slate - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 5 6
Historic items - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 2 2
Stone beads - - - - - - - - 1 2 - 1 - - - - 4 1 - 5
Shell beads - - - - - - - - 1 - - 1 - - - - 2 - - 2
Flaked bipoints - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 1
Tool Total 24 66 48 96 96 103 158 156 163 166 119 125 93 20 6 1 2 1442 866 12 2320
Debitage Total 757 1836 1567 1909 2280 2258 2843 3080 3054 2763 2435 2484 1903 396 59 - - 29624 20982 - 50606
Ident. Faunal Remains 2 2 4 18 40 40 62 72 121 93 61 202 94 14 1 - - 845 364 132 1341
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425
200
~ 150
~
...
...
.(
'0 100
...
u
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Z so
o
r---
/
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--- Endzweig B
- - - Endzweig A
......... _. Sheldon B
Sheldon A
2 ! , 5 , 7 I 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 16
Level
Figure 83. Vertical distribution of artifacts by block and level.
--- Endzweig B
- - - Endzweig A
.... -...... Sheldon B
- - - . Sheldon A
I 9 10 11 12 13 14 IS 162 ! , 5 ,
I~
I \
I \1\1\
/ \ I \
I/', \ rj, / \ '.. .
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1, , , ~ .~. ~ ../~ __ ~ \ l\:), / ~ \1":,!, ' V
:' . \ I , , ,
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30
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Figure 84. Distribution of projectile points by block and level.
.-:.",:'1
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426
become more pronounced, and a small late peak is now apparent in Level 2
of Block B. In sum, both sets of graphs show comparable vertical
patterns of artifact distribution for the two excavation blocks,
reflecting four "episodes" or periods of occupation within each area.
They may also indicate roughly contemporaneous occupation, a question
will be further addressed below by comparison of associated projectile
point types.
The information produced by the graphs suggested that the cultural
assemblage could be divided into components, which could then be
compared to each other. Initial attempts at defining components on a
square-by-square basis by either stratigraphy, debris densities, or a
combination thereof, failed. In the first case, this was due to
inadequate records, which, while mentioning the presence of floors
anecdotally, do not provide consistent information on stratum breaks.
In the second case, widely variable distributions of debris in adjacent
excavation units made a simple correlation of density peaks impossible.
As a consequence, it was decided to partition the deposits by specific
levels across each excavation block, determining cutoff points from
field observations and feature descriptions, as well as from artifact
and debris frequencies. This accommodates topographic variation to some
extent, but must clearly be considered an approximation of the true
cultural stratigraphy.
For reasons discussed below, Block A was divided into three
components which are numbered from bottom to top. Component A-III
encompasses the first four levels and includes the already-mentioned
2
PF''" . '. _ . ,{ . L" ,/t 'i
427
peaks in projectile points and artifacts. It is associated with the
shallow upper "floor" identified between levels 2 and 4 (see Features).
Component A-II extends from levels 5 through 10. It incorporates both
the second and third occupation floors dated to about 890 and 1500 B.P.
While this component could arguably be subdivided further, this was not
done for several reasons, including the stratigraphic uncertainty of the
break, the potentially relatively short duration of the two intervals,
the advantage of larger sample size, and the achievement of better
comparability between excavation blocks. Component A-I consists of all
material recovered from Level 11 and below, generally no deeper than
Level 13. This incorporates any deposits predating the 1500 B.P. floor
and includes peaks in Level 11 of artifacts, debitage, and faunal
remains, as well as the activity area postulated on the basis of pits
and grinding stones.
The deposits of Block B were, similarly, divided into three
components. Component B-III encompasses levels 1 through 3. This
component includes Floor 1, identified in Level 2, and is marked by
minor peaks in artifacts and flakes, albeit not in faunal remains.
Level 4, which includes material associated with the underlying house
rim (see Occupation Floors, Block B), was assigned to component B-II,
which extends from Level 4 through Level 10. Project fieldworkers
observed an intermediate occupation within this elevational range,
associated with a layer of brown silt (see Features). It is not clear
whether more than one floor is present, a problem which is complicated
by inconsistencies in the elevational assignment of the occupation
• ~__..s_ _..~
"
•......
'/"\'
,pd" I
'.1
..
428
surface (in Levels 7/8 of units B6 and B7, in Level 7 of B22, and in
Level 9 of units B15 and B25). However, both debitage and faunal
remains show single peaks towards the base of the component as defined
here, as do artifact frequencies. The large number of projectile points
which occur in Level 7, are clustered around the rim of the house and
therefore probably do not represent a discrete floor. A genuine peak in
projectile points is, however, found throughout Level 10. Component B-
I, finally, extends from Level 11 to the base of the cultural deposits,
including the roughly 2500-year old radiocarbon-dated features (Features
4 and 103).
In order to compare relative densities of cultural material, the
volume of cultural deposits was calculated for each component on a
square-by-square basis. For this purpose, a constant 0.1 m3 volume was
assumed for each level, ignoring sloping surfaces in the top and bottom
levels. The results indicate highest artifact densities for components
B-1 and B-II (36.8 and 36.2 artifacts per m3 , respectively) (Table 30).
Not unexpectedly, B-III trails with only 12.1 artifacts per m3 • Flake
densities show the same relative distributions, with 735.1 and 702.2
flakes per m3 in B-1 and B-II, and 364.9 flakes per m3 in B-III.
In spite of relatively low artifact counts, the lowest component
of Block A (A-I) exhibits the highest relative densities of cultural
materials in this area of the site, a function of a low volume of
excavated deposits, with excavation frequently terminated at the base of
the intermediate component around the housepit margins. The A-I average
density of 22.1 artifacts and 454.8 flakes per m3 is trailed by the 17.2
7
429
Table 30. Density of Cultural Materials by Block and Cultural Component
Block A Block B
cultural Data I II III All I II III All
m3 Excavated 5.8 26.3 20.1 52.2 9.9 25.9 11.4 47.2
Total Artifacts 128 453 282 863 64 938 138 1440
% of Total 14.8 52.5 32.7 100.0 25.3 65.1 9.6 100.0
Artifacts/m3 22.1 17.2 14.0 16.5 36.8 36.2 12.1 30.5
Flakes 2638 10195 8135 20982 7277 18187 4160 29624
Flakes/m3 454.8 387.6 404.7 402.0 735.1 702.2 364.9 627.6
Ident. Fauna 66 204 89 359 383 454 8 845
Fauna/m3 11.4 7.8 4.4 6.9 38.7 17.5 0.7 17.9
artifacts and 387.6 flakes per m3 produced by A-II. A-III, with only
14.0 artifacts per m3 , exhibits the lowest artifact densities of Block
A, but does not, however, show a comparable decline in average flake
density (404.7 flakes per m3 ). This circumstance is consistent with the
large peak in projectile points identified for A-III (Figure 84), as
well as with a distinct peak in faunal remains in Level 4. This point
will be taken up later in the summary of indvidual components.
Cumulative frequency graphs were created to allow comparison of
the six components (three recognized in each excavation block) by their
relative proportions of artifact types. All artifact classes were
plotted, with the exception of lithic debitage and rare types
represented at the site by fewer than ten specimens. The results are
presented in Figure 85. The six components are almost indistinguishable
from one another with regard to artifact type and frequency composition.
This applies, in particular, to projectile points, bifaces, scrapers and
1IIm------------------------.-..a-.--
....
~
u
u
...
u
~
100
80
60
40
20
o
1/
a
,r
.:II
Ijf
'i
tl
,,'/ /
ry"
,
o'(16~ ~\tt~t~.co¢..~"«-ai\-s.~i.\,," oDt:~V.1i. ~~~~~'I.~~G">~:~'(lCI~°i.\.~~\~~·~O,,,.'l.1
Tool Class
BIll
BII
BI
AlII
All
AI
-'.
-:- .~
Figure 85. Cumulative frequency graphs, by component and artifact type.
.p-
w
o
-----------------
431
worked flakes, although projectile points make up a somewhat higher
proportion of A-I, for example, and a somwhat lower proportion of B-III.
Components A-I and B-1 tend to cluster together and somewhat apart from
the remaining four components by virtue of smaller proportions of used
flakes and larger proportions of worked bone. This closer relationship
between these two components supports the existence of a postulated pre-
1500 B.P. occupation in Block A, comparable in function to the early
floor of Block B. Component B-III is, as already mentioned, set off by
somewhat lower proportions of classifiable projectile points, and higher
proportions of bifaces and drills/perforators/gravers. The differences
are slight, however, in the face of the striking similarity of the
graphs.
An attempt to order the components by relative frequencies of
diagnostic projectile point types was undertaken in order to track
potential changes over time. Figure 86 shows the resulting "battleship
curve" seriation. In this method, bar-shaped representations of the
relative frequencies of individual point types are arranged in such a
manner as to yield a best fit to lenticular curves, type by type. The
resulting "battleship curves" are thought to illustrate the introduction
of a type, its gradual increase in popularity, and its eventual phasing
out, thereby placing the assemblages in a chronological sequence (Ford
1962). Of projectile point types identified at 35WH14, only the ES/SN
"type," created as a catchall for fragmentary side-notched or expanding-
stemmed specimens (both broad- and narrow-necked) was excluded due to
the internal variability of this catagory. Types represented by only
s
~..... , ~'·i.,. I.!,I..'.:\
:' 432
Bill
A III
All
BII
AI
BI
PS CB2 CS1 CS2 ES1 ES2 ES3 ES4 SN3 SN4 SN5 SN6 BL
Figure 86. Battleship curves for relative proportions of major
projectile point types, by component.
two or three members were included, though their interpretive potential
is clearly limited.
The best fit achieved by the seriation supports the relationships
proposed. Thus A-I and B-1 have the same type/frequency pattern,
suggesting that both are contemporaneous and occupy the early end of the
sequence. Components A-II and B-II are similarly paired, and are
chronologically intermediate. Components A-III and B-III, together,
represent the latest portion of the sequence. B-III exhibits the worst
fit, a circumstance which is at least in part related to its small
sample size (N=5, or 3% of the entire collection). The somewhat
anomalous nature of this assemblage has, however, also been suggested by
the cumulative frequency graphs for which both A-I and B-III have
approximately equal, albeit proportionately small, counts (N=128, and
N=138, respectively, or each 6% of the provenienced artifact
assemblage).
It is, in conclusion, suggested by artifact type/freqency
analysis, that blocks A and B were both characterized by roughly
433
contemporaneous upper, intermediate, and lower occupation zones, here
identified as components. High artifact densities and thick cultural
deposits suggest that the identified peaks in cultural materials may
represent the trends shown by a larger number of discrete occupations.
Reexcavation of houses is also reflected in the presence of disconnected
rim segments which may represent previous structures (see Structural
Features, Block A). Cumulative frequency graphs of respective artifact
assemblages, and projectile point seriations generally suggest
persistence in the kinds of activities conducted at the site, although a
change in intensity of use is indicated over time. A summary of the
components and functional inferences is presented in the following
synopsis.
Summary and Comparisons
The following section presents a narrative account of the sequence
of occupations identified at 35WH14. Observations on living floors and
other features (Figures 87 to 92) are combined with distributional
information on artifacts, faunal, and floral debris. Of particular
concern are continuities and changes over time. The discussion is
therefore organized in terms of the components defined in the preceding
pages. This section is followed by a brief comparison of sites 35WH14
434
and 35WH7, before proceeding to a treatment of larger-scale local and
regional relationships.
Swnmary
Two of nine housepits recorded at 35WH14 were excavated in part or
completely during excavations conducted by the Oregon Museum of Science
and Industry in the swnmer of 1981. Data resulting from these
excavations have been synthesized for the present analysis. Cultural
materials analyzed include 2,320 artifacts, 50,606 flakes, and 1,341
identifiable faunal specimens. The results of this study indicate a
pattern of repeated occupation of 35WH14 between about 2600 B.P. and
sometime after 900 B.P. (calibrated to between about 2750 and sometime
after 800 cal B.P.), diminishing in intensity over time. While duration
of use appears to have decreased at the sampled portion of the site,
there is little evidence of concomitant change in the types of resources
utilized and the types of activities conducted at 35WH14. Differences
between early and late occupations appear to be quantitative, but not
qualitative in scope. This also applies to differences between Blocks A
and B, with B consistently showing higher densities of cultural remains,
and, accordingly, a consistently higher diversity.
The earliest occupations in Blocks A and B (components A-I and B-
I) are characterized by the highest artifact densities, with 22.1
artifacts per m3 and 36.8 artifacts per m3 , respectively. High
densities in formed and utilized artifacts are paralleled by high
,r,11.. I.'" >1
.'
~ J 435
c1aylfirepH? F-190
(L-13)
-185
, 96.8Q-96.70m)
scatter F-167
m (L-12)
[L . 96.8096. Om] "Entryway cache" F-7
96.62-96.55m (L-10 to 11)
Generalized planview of Component A-I.
-
Possible posthole F-168
96.71m (L-12)
Bumed
./ 96.65m
~~
~ I-f- Flake~ 96.68
-"
.~ '''",~ I
/! ..... ~/" ','" ()..', !'-Pit F
/ )\ [L-12I & rocks F-8
t 96.65m (L-12) (/.
,jPH or posthole F-184 '--
[L-11,96.8Q-96.70m]
Ochre !concentration PH F·186
& storage pH F-159 [L-11,96.7Q-96.60m]
-11 7
Postho
Base a
Figure 87.
Hackbeny seed concent. F-160
[L-11, 96.00-95.g0m]
5 soil stains and ash F-110
95.87-95.72m (L-12 to 13)
Clay concentration F-169
[L-12, 96.0Q-95.90m]
F-182
Charcoal stain F-175
5.65m (L-13)
Charcoal/bumed
95.61m (L-11)
Pit or posthole F-109
95.42-95.25m (L·15 to 17)
Flake scatter F-172
95.65m (L.12)--;::=::::l=_::::::"b=-+--':rl~~+-...::.:,;q.__+----=-I--=--'~_""L-'
Pit F-179
95.59-95.38m (L-.!:14~to~1~6;)f=~~~~~~i=lt~1'-"'=T=:~~9:{
Circular soil stains F-176
95.5fm (L-13)
Figure 88. Generalized planview of Component B-1.
~.... 'r.l,{~,~;.1,!
: I 436
densities in lithic debitage (454.8 and 735.1 flakes per m3 ).
Exceptionally high densities of unmodified bone are found in B-1 (38.7
identifiable specimens per m3 ) but not paralleled in A-I, with only 11.4
identifiable specimens per m3 • The earliest occupations in both blocks
are represented by pithouse floors excavated into the underlying clay.
Measuring between five and six meters in diameter, the floors
exhibit evidence of multiple activities (Figures 87, 88, 53, 59),
including lithic reduction and the processing of meat and (probably)
plant foods. Storage is suggested by several pit features, including a
cache in the entryway of House A. Patterning is evident in the spatial
distribution of activities conducted on the lowest floors of both
houses. In House A, pits and grinding stones are clustered south and
east of a diagonal extending from northeast to southwest across the
house, while flakes and many flaked stone tools (including large
proportions of used flakes and bifaces) are concentrated in the northern
half of the floor. This distribution suggests a deliberate separation
of storage and food processing, on the one hand, and lithic reduction,
on the other. The twelve grinding stones located on the floor appear,
in addition, to be grouped in a roughly 1.5 meter-diameter circle in
line with the doorway and may be associated with two adjacent pit
features. Worked bone, with highest frequencies found in the lowest
components, is concentrated in the southern third of the floor.
House B, while not completely excavated, shows a consistent
pairing of grinding stones and pit features. Both pits and grinding
stones are absent from the southwestern sixth of the floor, an area
a
J. t
437
which exhibits a particularly high concentration of animal bone,
charcoal and baked clay (including Feature 4, radiocarbon-dated to 2450
± 40 B.P.). A central "ash-pit" is located in unit B24 (levels 14-16,
radiocarbon-dated to 2580 ± 40 B.P.), and there are additional
references to a "firepit" in Level 14 of B27 (Feature 183) and an "ash
area" in levels 12-13 of B6 (Feature 110). An area of baked clay in the
western portion of Level 13 (Feature 190; A25, A26, A32, and A33)
constitutes the only possible evidence for a hearth in component A-I.
Bone awls and a partially finished pestle reflect energy-intensive
and time-consuming activities such as basket-making, sewing of clothing,
and manufacture of ground stone, while ornaments and other non-
utilitarian objects, including stone and shell beads, a possible
siltstone pipe fragment, and seven fossil bone gaming pieces, complement
artifacts related to basic resource acquisition and processing. Direct
information on seasonality of site use from faunal and macrobotanical
remains is missing from component A-I and scarce for component B-1.
However, evidence of substantial pithouses, together with storage
features, and a rich and frequently non-portable assemblage representing
diverse activities, suggest intensive and long-term habitation, and by
analogy with ethnographic Plateau peoples, either winter or year-round
occupation of the site.
At least two episodes or series of occupations characterize A-II
(Figure 89), the intermediate component of Block A, and are reflected in
stratigraphically consistent radiocarbon dates of 1500 ± 25 B.P. and 890
± 20 B.P. In contrast to the lowest floors, intermediate occupation
438
surfaces were not cleared as contiguous units during excavation and
potential floors are mentioned only anecdotally in fieldnotes. The
nature of habitations in A-II and B-II can therefore not be described in
detail. It does appear, however, that large, dished house floors
replaced the steeper-sided pithouses of the preceding period (see
Occupation Floors, under Features). Artifact frequencies for A-II
decrease with declining depth after a peak in Level 9, while B-II counts
peak in Level 10, and subsequently decline. Multiple discrete floors
are thus not identifiable on the basis of artifact fequencies.
Stratigraphic evidence is similarly inconclusive. Component B-II
(Figure 90) is generally undifferentiated with regard to cultural
materials and may e~ther represent a series of closely-spaced
occupations, or a single long-term use of Block B. As for A-II, no
resolution is possible on the basis of wall profiles.
Artifact density decreases slightly in Block A, declining from
22.1 artifacts per m3 in A-I to 17.2 artifacts per m3 in A-II. This
trend is parelleled by flake density, which declines from 454.8 to 387.6
flakes per m3 • The relative density of faunal remains also declines,
from 11.4 to 7.8 identifiable specimens to per m3 •
In Block B, densities of artifacts and lithic debitage remain
almost identical. Component B-1 is characterized by a density of 36.8
artifacts and 735.1 flakes per m3 , while B-II produced 36.2 artifacts
and 702.2 flakes per m3 • Only faunal remains change significantly,
decreasing from 38.7 identifiable specimens per m3 in B-1 to 17.5 in
• 0-.........._
439
/
Posthole F-'52
96.70m (L.10) Cobblelbone cluster F-6
I 96.90m (L-BI9)"Entryw.y caChe" F·79682-96.55m (L·10 \0 11)
Bonelflake scatter F-119
97.30m (L4/5)
Charcoal and charred bar1<: F-132
[L-7. 97.20·97 'Om]
j.-..<:::-f--7-!"::....-+---H---l----h--t---"'-<!. Charcoal stains F-133
9712m (L-7)
l,.-<C..-1__-+-"......_L-J.-J'-_>,+__+-_-I"Charcoal scaner, 1500±25 BP. F-5
96.99-96.97m (L-10)
Ochre concentrabon
96.78m (L·'O)
Compacted surface F-130
97.49m (L-7)
Packed soil/possible posthole F',00!
97.29-S7.25m (L-9) ~_-+__-1
Compacted surtace r:~127
97.54m (L-6)
Gravel concentration F.131
97.35m (L-7)
Possible posthole F-102
97.43m (L-7)
Prt F-142
Charcoal concentrations F.143 (L-8? 97.??97.35mJ
97.1 G-97.04m (L.9) __-.:,..-_-1--_--l_-.:~,..--+"'<__+1-"TT_F:,.,4_.LC:_;,:obbJeconcentration F-1
f-_+__f-.....:::*""=_-I-_--fO!!Pf+-~.40m(L-5 to 7)
Prt or posthole F·,26
IL-6. 97.60-97.50m]
r---+--+--t---=::±::;Tf.~==t=;:::=i-slab.lined firepit. 690,20 BP. F-3
Charred branch F.l44_L-~--+--r-li 9746·97.15m (L-4/5 to 7/6)
97.01 m (L-9) , 9round level 97.37m~:t=:J:~~~~~
Rod<. concentration F·138
[L-B.97.2G-97.10m)
Charcoailbaked clay F-151
(L-10. 97.OG-96.90m)
Figure 89. Generalized planview of Component A-II.
Bumed cley F-156
IL·10, 96.00-95.90m]
Charcoal scatter F.129
96.35m (L-6)
Occup. floor F·124
96.50m (L-4)
Bumed clay/red ochre F~154
[L-10. 962G-96.10m)
I
Occup. floor F·14B
I 9S.96m (L·9)
5 circular soil stains F~104
[L-8. 96.1 G-96,00m]
Occup. floor F·125
96.20m (L-4)
Generalized planview of Component B-II.
ASh concentraUon F-136
(L-7,96.1D-96.00m]
ChercoaVcl8y scaner F-126 L.,l_~'-,L..--t::_-:::.:t-Bone concentraUon F-149
96.20m (L.5) [L·9 to 11. 95.90-95.60m]
Charcoal scat\~r F-140 Grey ashy layer F.141
(L-8, 96,OG-95.90mj 95.95m (L-B)
CompaCled surface F·150
[L-9, 95.90-95.80m]
Posl- or rodent hole F·137
(L-7, 96.00·95.90m]
Possible posthole F.156
95.74m (L·'O)
Charcoal slain F-155
96.94m (L-1 0) """r',"""":::-..-IH-_-+L-I-1L':::::::::::;~~'-r--,,---,,/Rock cluster F·139
96.15m (L-8)
Figure 90.
Rock cluster F-14
(L·9, 96.10·96.00mJ"i""-+-----fl,--I-++--+--t---++-1
Charcoal & burned bone F·147
96.03-95.93m (L-8 to 9) r=:===t--,j.---+-..:.-+---:+--f---+--+-..=::""'!""",..----;
Prthouse edge F-'57
[L·10.95.9G-95.80m]
7
440
B-II. This is, however, still a higher density than that observed in
House A.
In both houses, relative proportions of artifacts remain constant
throughout this portion of the occupational sequence for most classes,
with a few slight changes in emphasis. Small decreases in the relative
share of worked bone, cobble tools, grinding stones, and classifiable
projectile points correspond with slight increases in worked flakes,
utilized flakes, and drills and gravers in both A-II and B-II. The
percentage of obsidian in lithic debris, initially close to identical in
both excavation blocks (5.9% of all flakes in component A-I and 6.9% of
all flakes in component B-1) increases to 7.8% in A-II, while it
decreases to 4.1% in Block B-II. Unique or unusual objects recovered
from the middle components of the two blocks include an atlatl weight, a
possible netsinker, and an edge~ground cobble. A flaked stone bipoint
was recovered from Level 10 of A27 which is probably contemporaneous
with the 1500 ± 25 B.P. date from Level 10 of the adjacent unit.
Components A-II and B-II produced, in addition, four of the five
abraders recovered from the site, four of the site's five manos, two of
its five beads, and the two anvil stones examined during this analysis.
The most prominent feature associated with component A-II is the slab-
lined and juniper-stocked hearth which is probably best associated with
Level 7.
Activities identified in the intermediate components include the
processing of game (including pronghorn, which is missing from the upper
and lower components of both blocks), food~grinding (probably including
r.. ·····,·,I,../. .',
b _
441
plant foods, though direct evidence is scarce), and lithic reduction and
tool manufacture. Evidence for storage is scarce for A-II and absent
for B-II, but the methodology employed in excavation and recording
limits a final assessment regarding the presence or absence of such
features.
Ochre processing is suggested by field observations of ochre in
the southwest corner of House A (levels 10 and 11), but ochre is also
concentrated along and beyond the northern margins of the house. A
large proportion (by weight) of ochre from B-II was recovered from the
eastern margin of Block B, which also produced high frequencies of seam
quartz implements and the only two specimens of sun-dried clay from the
site. This may indicate a distinct function for this area.
Evidence regarding seasonality of site occupation is, again,
scant, with faunal and botanical indicators spanning late winter through
summer. While extended residential use is reflected in the range and
number of cultural materials, winter or year-round occupation remains
probable, though not certain.
Component III marks a substantial change in the utilization of
35WH14 (Figures 91, 92). Cultural materials decrease in density
relative to earlier periods in both excavation blocks, but particularly
in Block B, which exhibits a decline from 36.2 artifacts per m3 in B-II,
to 12.1 artifacts per m3 in B-III. Artifact density in Block A declines
from 17.2 specimens per m3 in A-II to 14 specimens per m3 in A-III,
placing this area roughly on a par with Block B. Faunal density shows a
similar decline, from 7.8 identifiable specimens per m3 in A-II, to 4.4
s
[
J
442
floor F·\\4
7.\Om (L.2)
ake cluster F·\O\
(L·3)
floor F·\2\
97.10m (L-4)
concentration F~111
2,96.1o-97.90m]
ceup. floor F.\17
, 97.90·97.8OmJ
Bonelflake scatter F·\\9
97.30m (L-4/5)
r---
Oceup. floor F·113
97.90m jL.2)
I
i::? Rock~. [L·1 to
0
lL-3
epo F·1S9
.6Orn (L·3)
,
\ Iscatter F·112
·2) ~~.::: \ 0-~k 1 Obs. fl97.36m); ~ - Oceup97.20·
eT F·120
L ~ -(L-4) Bone scatter F·116 >l,U Livin9[L-4, 97.4o-97.30m] 97.17-9[l-3,97.40.97.30m]
Fir
97
Ash scatt
97.40m
Charcoal
97.70m (L
Figure 91. Generalized planview of Component A-III.
,----
I
..
I i
/
'---V Oceup. floor F·116(L·2, 96.70-96.60m]
oal stain F·\15
.60·96.50m]
Chare
[L-2, 96
Figure 92. Generalized planview of Component B-1!!.
s
~~I'
443
identifiable specimens per m3 in A-III, and from 17.5 specimens per m3
in B-II, to 0.7 specimens per m3 in B-III. Lithic debris, while
decreasing in density in B-III (from 702.2 flakes per m3 in B-II, to
364.9 flakes per m3 ), actually increases slightly in Block A, resulting
in an average density of 404.7 flakes per m3 , in contrast to the earlier
387.6 flakes per m3 • A similar convergence between Block A and Block B
is indicated in the percentages of obsidian among lithic debitage for
both blocks. Obsidian decreases from 7.8% to 5.6% in Block A, and
increases from 4.1% to 5.7% in Block B,resulting in essentially
identical proportions for both areas.
Evidence of habitation structures is absent for components A-III
and B-III, although a layer of very dark, "greasy" soil, coincident with
a peak in cultural materials, was encountered in both blocks in the
vicinity of Level 3, and appears to mark a discrete occupation surface.
While people used the area of the old house depressions, there is no
evidence for the presence of formal structures. Artifacts and flakes
are deposited without obvious reference to the circular boundaries of
the underlying house floors. A spatial focus of activities represented
by a concentration of debris in the northwestern half of Block A is,
however, evident. Features recorded in Block A include a firepit,
charcoal, and ash scatters southwest of and adjacent to this area, a
concentration of obsidian flakes in its southeastern corner, and a
linear rock feature, possibly a wall of unknown extent and function, in
the northeast. A bone scatter centered on Level 4 of A42 in the south
of Block A produced a variety of artiodactyls, including mule deer, elk,
I" \
444
and an approximately 2.5 year old bighorn sheep which was probably
killed in late winter or early spring. A charcoal stain in Level 2 of
B31 is the only feature reported for B-11I.
Level 3 of Component A-III is marked by a distinct peak in
projectile points, producing more than 13% of all identifiable points
and almost 17% of all unidentifiable point fragments recovered from
Block A. However, density per cubic meter actually decreases for
classifiable specimens and remains constant for unclassifiable
fragments. Bifaces, formed unifaces, worked flakes, and utilized flakes
persist, as do small numbers of cores, drills and gravers, and cobble
tools. Ground stone is rare, limited to two pestle/mauls, a slab metate
fragment, and one block metate or hopper mortar from AS3, on the
southern margin of this excavation block. In addition to the familiar
artifact complement, A-III produced four of the five small fragments of
worked slate recovered from the site (along with one unmodified piece).
All were recovered from the northwestern corner of Block A. Two other
pieces of striated stone were found along the southern edge of the
excavation block, contributing to the high representation in A-III of
what has here been referred to as "Rocks and Minerals." Other unique or
unusual items comparable to the pipe fragment, the beads, or the gaming
pieces recovered from lower elevations are not represented in the latest
assemblage.
Component B-III is set off somewhat from the rest of the site with
regard to its relative artifact fre~uencies (see Discussion), primarily
because of its small sample size (N=138 from Block B, vs. N=282 from
445
Block A). Absolute numbers are low, and many classes are absent,
including grinding stones, cobble tools, and worked bone. Ground stone
as a whole is represented by only two small and unidentifiable
fragments.
The latest radiocarbon-dated occupation at 35WH14 is represented
by Feature 3, the roughly 900 year-old, slab-lined hearth in component
A-II. Clearly, use of the site persisted after this date, but appears
to have ended before late projectile point styles, such as PS, SN6, and
CS6 became common. Features and artifacts show a heavy emphasis on
hunting and processing of large game, primarily artiodactyls, including
mule deer, elk, and bighorn sheep. While scant evidence on seasonality
suggests a continuation of the earlier pattern of late winter and early
spring use, a shorter-term occupation of the site may be hypothesized
based on the absence of house features. The strength of this inference
is, however, limited by lack of information from the rest of the site.
A shift in the spatial focus of activities including use of one or more
of the other housepits would clearly produce the same outcome. No
unequivocal evidence for post-contact Native American use of 35WH14 is
evident. Euroamerican artifacts are limited to a porcelain button and a
mushroomed bullet which may well be modern in age.
Comparisons
Two sites have been discussed in the preceding analyses, Cove
Creek-2 (35WH7) and the Pine Creek Village Site (35WH14). The first of
....----------------------7---
r 446
these was sub-divided horizontally into western, eastern, and central
areas, comprised of excavation units associated with particular "test
trenches." Only two housepits (comprising Block A and Block B) of the
second of the two sites, 35WH14, were excavated. These have been sub-
divided into vertical components, including three in Block A (A-I, A-II,
and A-III), and three in Block B (B-1, B-II, B-III). The "components"
in 35WH14, as well as the "areas" in 35WH7, have been shown to be
distinguishable with regard to age and function. A comparison of the
two sites in terms of these sub-divisions is presented below,
highlighting temporal relationships between the two. The question of
site function and implications for local settlement and subsistence is
taken up in greater detail in Chapter 8.
The radiocarbon dates returned on the cached atlatl dart shafts
from Cove Creek-2 (35WH7) indicate that the earliest use of this site
was roughly contemporaneous with component B-1, and, by extension,
component A-I of the Pine Creek Village Site (35WH14) (see Figure 93).
Their greatest overlap occurs between roughly 2300 B.P. and 2400 B.P.
Unlike the long-term (winter or year-round) occupation signified by the
housepits at the Pine Creek Village Site, Cove Creek-2 appears to have
been used primarily for the caching and refurbishing of hunting
equipment at this time. Projectile points in TT2, the middle area and
oldest excavated portion of 35WH7, are dominated by broad-necked
varieties, particularly broken and reworked SN5 types. Projectile
points in components A-I and B~I of 35WH14 are comprised, in large part,
of ES4 specimens, with smaller numbers of other types, including SN5 .
...----------------------7---
447
Years 35WH14 35WH7
B.P.
0
+
500 oj< Tf-4/TT-I
I'J
Compo +
[A-III.
B-IIl)
+ ?
1000 Compo i
A-II 1'+1 Tf·3[B-1I)
1500 +
2000
2500
3000
j''tt'" Darl cache[Tf-2]
Figure 93. Generalized temporal sequence, 35WH7 and 35WH14. Square
brackets indicate inferred age.
The difficulty in separating certain Expanding Stem series points from
SN5 specimens (particularly in cases where they have been reworked) has
been noted and may contribute to the differential representation of
these types at the two sites.
The intermediate components at the Pine Creek Village Site (A-II
and B-II) are represented by two radiocarbon dates from House A. These
include an age of 1500 ± 25 B.P. for the charcoal scatter from Floor 3
and an age of 890 ± 20 B.P. for the ,slab-lined hearth assigned to Floor
2. Occupation at WH14 appears to have persisted into this period
448
without major changes. An exception is the shift to shallow, saucer-
shaped housepits from the earlier steep-sided variety. Component B-II
is inferred to be roughly contemporary with A-II, based on similarities
in the distribution of projectile points and other artifacts.
A radiocarbon date of 1160 ± 90 B.P. from a charcoal lens in the
western portion of Cove Creek-2 (the area of TT3), appears to indicate
occupation of this site during the interval of the two component A-II
ages, although the temporal relationship of this date to the main
cultural deposits remains problematic. An increase in SNSA projectile
points, a concave-based, often slighty serrated variety of SNS, has been
observed, as was an increase in ESl and PS types. Types ES3 and ES4 are
absent. Unlike the radiocarbon dates, the TT3 projectile point
assemblage is not consistent with that recorded for components A-II and
B-II of 3SWH14, which retain relatively large proportions of ES3 or ES4,
and include only small numbers of ESl points and no Pinstem (PS) points.
The TT3 projectile point assemblage is generally comparable to
that of TT4 at the same site, though TT4 is marked by fewer SNSA type
points and a correspondingly higher proportion of narrow-necked
specimens. The major feature in TT4, a small house floor, is
radiocarbon-dated to 470 ± 90 B.P, consistent with a somewhat later
emphasis. TT3 and TT4 have been combined analytically to represent the
"western area" of the site.
TT3 has been interpreted as a work area. A large concentration of
metates reflects a specialized focus of food grinding. Evidence for the
production of large bifaces and various other manufacturing and
s
449
processing activities has been presented. It has been suggested that
the excavation of a house floor in TT3 could explain the relationship of
the radiocarbon-dated charcoal lens to the underlying cultural deposits,
but there is no unequivocal evidence for the former presence of such a
structure.
No radiocarbon dates were obtained for A-III and B-III, the most
recent components of 35WH14. Evidence of structures is absent at this
time, although a discrete occupation surface is marked by dark, "greasy"
soil, a firepit, a scatter of bone, and a peak in cultural materials.
The small representation of ESl points, the almost complete absence of
PS points (only one specimen was recovered), and the absence of such
late types as SN6 and CS6, all of which are well-represented at 35WH7,
suggest that activity declined or ceased at 35WH14 during the time that
35WH7 was most intensively used, i.e. after about 600 years ago.
At 35WH7, this period is radiocarbon-dated by charcoal from the
TT4 house mentioned above, and from superposed hearth features in the
eastern area of the site, i.e. TTl and its vicinity (580 ± 120 B.P., 468
± 80 B., and 350 ± 90 B.P.). As indicated in Chapter 5, these dates are
statistically comparable, and suggest repeated occupation of this site
during the centuries immediately preceding Euroamerican contact. Major
activities conducted at this time include lithic reduction and game
processing, whereas fewer grinding stones appear to be present.
Historic Euroamerican materials and artifacts are absent from
35WH7 and 35WH14, suggesting that use of both sites was discontinued
before major contacts had taken place.
..1
r
•
450
CHAPTER 7
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF PINE CREEK OBSIDIAN ARTIFACTS
Ninety obsidian artifacts (Tables 31, 32) were submitted for x-ray
fluorescence analysis to Dr. Richard E. Hughes of Geochemical Research
Laboratory, Rancho Cordova, California (Appendix E). In light of the
non-local source of this raw material, it was hoped that
identification of the sources of '" diagnostic artifacts
will elucidate ... procurement patterns and their stability
or variation ~hrough time, and may allow broader inferences
regarding regional and extra-regional cultural ties
(Endzweig 1990).
Specimens were selected to represent all sites in the Pine Creek
drainage from which obsidian points had been collected, including both
excavated and surficially recorded sites. Approximately half of all
classifiable obsidian points were chosen, respectively, from 35WH7, 14,
21, and 2, along with 25% of classifiable obsidian points from 35WHl3.
Selections were made to encompass as many stylistic types as possible,
and to maximize vertical and horizontal dispersion across excavated
sites. In addition to excavated materials, all classifiable obsidian
projectile points collected during the Pine Creek Archaeological Survey
(see Chapter 4) were submitted for source analysis. A third category,
finally, consisted of four non-projectile point tools including one
early-stage biface, two utilized flakes and one retouched flake. It was
II1II....-----
0
-........_
451
Table 31. Specimens Submitted for X-Ray Fluorescence, 35WH7 and 35WH14
Catalog
Nwnber Type Unit Level Source
35WH7
CC2-109" ES1 3B 3 WOLF CREEK
CC2-199 ESI2 2D 4 WHITE WATER RDG
CC2-274 ES1 1C 3 GLASS BUTTES
CC2-333 ES1 PH2 WHITE WATER RDG
CC2-406 SN5 2H 2 WHITE WATER RDG
CC2-494 PS 3E 4 WHITE WATER RDG
CC2-516 CS1 5A 6 LITTLE BEAR CRK
CC2-601 UFL 1A 4 WHITE WATER RDG
CC2-66 ESI4 3C 1 UNKNOWN
CC2-79 SN6 1P 7 WHITE WATER RDG
CC2-825 ESIl 4H 3 LITTLE BEAR CRK
CC2-900 SN6 1F 2 WHITE WATER RDG
CC2-927 ST 1F 3 WHITE WATER RDG
CC2-937 CS1 1F 3 WHITE WATER RDG
CC2-95 CS6 3A 4 WHITE WATER RDG
CC2-978 SN4 3G 3-4 WHITE WATER RDG
35WH14
WH14-1086 SN3 A22 11 LITTLE BEAR CRK
WH14-1167 ST A50 7 LITTLE BEAR CRK
WH14-1181 CS2 A43 9 WHITE WATER RDG
WH14-122 SN3 A13 8 LITTLE BEAR CRK
WH14-244 SN3 B06 10 OBSIDIAN CLIFFS
WH14-252 UFL B22 10 WHITE WATER RDG
WH14-261 ES2 B23 12 WHITE WATER RDG
WH14-328 ES4 A13 12 WHITE WATER RDG
WH14-344 ES4 B25 13 LITTLE BEAR CRK
WH14-36 ESl B24 5 OBSIDIAN CLIFFS
WH14-366 ES1 B32 6 HORSE MOUNTAIN
WH14-4 SN5 B22 1 WHITE WATER RDG
WH14-412 ES4 B02 6 LITTLE BEAR CRK
WH14-413 ESI4 B06 14 WHITE WATER RDG
WH14-442 ES1 A37 3 WOLF CREEK
WH14-461 ESI4 A53 1 WHITE WATER RDG
WH14-573 ESIl B36 6 WHITE WATER RDG
WH14-594 CS2 B14 14 WHITE WATER RDG
WH14-606 ES4 A04 4 WHITE WATER RDG
WH14-713 ES4 B38 8 WHITE WATER RDG
WH14-715 BIF B38 8 WHITE WATER RDG
WH14-723 CS2 B35 8 DELINTMENT CRK
WH14-788 ESI3 B38 10 QUARTZ MOUNTAIN
WH14-n SN3 A16 6 GLASS BUTTES
WH14-n9 ES2 B35 9 WOLF CREEK
WH14-785 ESI3 B35 9 LITTLE BEAR CRK
WH14-804 SN3 B19 8 LITTLE BEAR CRK
WH14-823 SN4 A32 6 LITTLE BEAR CRK
WH14-882 CS2 B34 7 BALD BUTTE
WH14-919 SN5 A46 3 GLASS BUTTES
WH14-937 SN5 A41 8 WHITE WATER RDG
452
Table 32. Pine Creek Basin Specimens Submitted for X-Ray Fluorescence,
excluding 35WH7 and 35WH14
Site Catalog
Number Number Type Source
35WH2 WH2-1046 PS WHITE WATER RUG
35WH2 WH2-1l2 ES2 NEWBERRY
35WH2 WH2-1l4 ES4 WHITE WATER RUG
35WH2 WH2-1570 CSl WHITE WATER RUG
35WH2 WH2-16 SN6 LITTLE BEAR CRK
35WH2 WH2-361 ESl UNKNOWN
35WH2 WH2-66 ESl OBSIDIAN CLIFFS
35WH2 WH2-932 PS LITTLE BElIR Cm:
35WH13 IC2-1030 SN2 LITTLE BElIR CRK
35WH13 IC2-106 CSl LITTLE BEAR CRK
35WH13 IC2-1274 ESl LITTLE BEAR Cm:
35WH13 IC2-197 SN6 LITTLE BEAR Cm:
35WH13 IC2-263 ESPS UNKNOWN
35WH13 IC2-366 ESI3 NEWBERRY
35WH13 IC2-453 ON LITTLE BElIR CRK
35WH13 IC2-463 ST LITTLE BElIR CRK
35WH13 IC2-464 PS CHICKAHOMINY
35WH13 IC2-500 SN6 LITTLE BEAR CRK
35WH13 IC2-579 SNl LITTLE BEAR CRK
35WH13 IC2-6991 SNl WHITE WATER RUG
35WH13 IC2-7742 ESl WHITE WATER RUG
35WH13 IC2-7665 ESSN WHITE WATER RUG
,. 35WH13 IC2-6066 ES4 NEWBERRY
" ~ 35WH21 JC-113 SNl NEWBERRY
35WH21 JC-1l9 RFL WHITE WATER RUG
35WH21 JC2-1302 SNl WHITE WATER RUG
35WH21 JC-159 ESPS CHICKAHOMINY
': ~., 35WH21 JC-186 ESl WHITE WATER RUG35WH21 JC2-226 ESI4 QUARTZ MOUNTAIN
35WH21 JC-261 CB2 GLASS BUTTES
I ' 35WH21 JC2-269 ES2? OBSIDIAN CLIFFS,: 35WH21 JC2-54 ESl BROOKS CANYON
.t . 35WH21 JC2-66 CB2 GLASS BUTTES
, \
35WH42 WH42-76E PS GLASS BUTTES
i 35WH42 WH42-B PS LITTLE BEAR CRK
\ 35WH42 WH42-C ESl CHICKAHOMINY
J 35WH46 WH46-A PS WOLF CREEK
J 35WH46 WH46-B ESIl WHITE WATER RUG,
35WH164 C106-3A CSl WHITE WATER RUG
35WH166 C106-5C CB2 OBSIDIAN CLIFFS
35WH166 C106-5WW SNl WHITE WATER RUG
35WH166 C106-5XX SNl WOLF CREEK
35WH166 C106-7A SNl WHITE WATER RUG
b
s
..
453
reasoned that these larger and more expedient tools might represent less
distant sources of raw material than the more readily curated arrow and
dart points.
Source analysis results are presented in Tables 33 and 34. As a
result of recent fieldwork and source identification conducted by Hughes
south of the Study Area, 87 of the ninety samples could be successfully
matched to a known geochemical signature, a considerable improvement
upon earlier analyses in the region (cf. Connolly et al. 1993:99ff).
Twelve known sources are represented, including Bald Butte, Brooks
Canyon, Chickahominy, Delintment Creek, Glass Buttes, Horse Mountain,
Little Bear Creek, Newberry Volcano, Obsidian Cliffs, Quartz Mountain,
White Water Ridge, and Wolf Creek. Three of these, Little Bear Creek,
White Water Ridge, and Wolf Creek, are clustered about 30 km east of
Seneca, Oregon (see Appendix E) and will for this discussion be referred
as the II Seneca area sourc'es. II
All sources represented in the Pine Creek sample are located
within 200 km south, southeast, and southwest of the Study Area, with
most, including the Seneca area sources, situated along an arc centered
on Pine Creek with a radius of approximately 150 to 160 km (Figure 94).
Contrasting with this regular dispersion of utilized source areas,
however, is the preferential representation of Seneca area obsidian,
which comprises 70% of the sample (N=63). Each of the remaining sources
is represented by between one and six specimens. Only one specimen each
is assigned to Horse Mountain and Bald Butte, the most distant sources.
Obsidian Source Locations
o IlOkm
454
2
Figure 94. Source locations for Pine Creek basin obsidian artifacts.
The Seneca area sources referred to in the text are Little
Bear Creek, White Water' Ridge, and Wolf Creek.
,,
. r
,1.
'. I.~
j:
455
Table 33. Distribution of Obsidian Sources by Site
Source 13 14 164 166 168 2 21 42 46 7 Total
Bald Butte 1 1
Brooks Canyon 1 1
Chickahominy 1 1 1 3
Delintment Creek 1 1
Glass Buttes 2 2 1 1 6
Horse Mountain 1 1
Little Bear Creek 8 8 2 1 2 21
Newberry Volcano 2 1 1 4
Obsidian Cliffs 2 1 1 1 5
Quartz Mountain 1 1 2
White Water Ridge 3 13 1 1 1 3 3 1 11 37
Wolf Creek 2 1 1 1 5
Unknown 1 1 1 3
Total 15 31 1 3 1 8 10 3 2 16 90
Specimens assigned to the Seneca locality were found at all ten
sampled sites (Table 33). In most cases, obsidian from this source area
constitutes between 60% and 100% of the sample. Seneca obsidians, for
example, represent 87.5% (N=14) and 73.3% (N=23) of material submitted
from 35WH14 and 35WH7, the two excavated sites investigated in this
dissertation (Figure 95). 35WH2l and 35WH42 represent two exceptions.
While the strength of the relationship for 35WH42 is limited due to the
small sample size of three specimens, only one of which is attributable
to the Seneca sources, the highly diverse sample from 35WH2l, with a
sample of ten specimens drawn from a total of seven sources, is less
easily dismissed. Only three specimens from this site are made of
Seneca area material. An explanation for this deviation is not
immediately apparent.
Projectile points made of obsidian from the Seneca locality
encompass most of the temporally sensitive types in the analyzed sample,
reflecting consistent use of the Seneca sources through time (Table 34).
456
35WH2
N=8
GUSS BUTTES
'MJ..F CREEK
35WH13
N=15
35WH7
N=16
35WH21
N=lO
DB..NTMENT C
BP.CX:l<S C
08S1DI'N CL
IJTTLE BEAR
Q..ASS 6.lTTES
35WH14
N=31
NEW8ERF\Y
Cl3SJCAAN CL
OUARTZ MCllMT
Figure 95. Relative contribution 6f obsidian sources by site, Pine
Creek basin.
rTable 34. Distribution of Obsidian Sources by Projectile Point Types and Other Tool Types 1
Diagnostic Projectile Point Types Other Tools
Source ST SN6 CS6 PS SN3 SN5 ES1 ESI1 ES2? ES2 ESI2 ESI3 ESI4 ES4 ON CS1 CS2 SN1 SN2 SN4 CB2 ESPS ESSN BIF RFL UFL Total
Bald Butte - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - 1
Brooks Canyon - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Chickahominy - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - 3
Delintment Creek - - - - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - 1
Glass Buttes - - 1 1 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 2 - - - 6
Horse Mountain - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 1
Little Bear Creek 2 3 2 3 - 1 1 - - - 1 - 2 1 2 - 1 1 1 - - - 21
Newberry Volcano - - - - - 1 1 - 1 - 1 - - - - - - - 4
Obsidian Cliffs - - 1 2 - 1 - - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - 5
Quartz Mountain - - - - - - - - - - 1 1 - - - - - - - - - 2
White Water Ridge 1 2 1 2 - 3 3 2 - 1 1 2 4 - 3 2 4 - 1 - - 1 1 1 2 37
Wolf Creek - - - 1 - - 2 - - 1 - - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - 5
Unknown - - - - - 1 - - - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - 3
Total 3 5 1 7 5 4 13 3 1 3 1 3 4 7 1 5 4 7 1 2 3 2 1 1 1 2 90
1 Temporally diagnostic projectile points ordered chronologically based on Dumond and Minor (1983:Fig. 7.1) and present study. ST, SN6, and
CS6 are not reported in Dumond and Minor (1983). Age increases from left to right.
~
U1
"
""'-"-~
·,.,-
. J'
458
",
.~ .
....----------------~---2-.--
The type identified as CB2 (Dumond and Minor 1983:172) is the sole
exception. It includes one "typical" Cascade point from 35WH166 (the
only specimen from the Pine Creek basin which can be labeled as Cascade
with some degree of confidence) and two tiny, foliate points from
35WH2l. The former is sourced to Obsidian Cliffs in the High Cascades,
while the latter are of obsidian from Glass Buttes, in the High Desert
country south of the Study Area. A number of types are only represented
by Seneca area obsidian, including CSl (N=5) , CS6 (N=l) , ESIl (N=3) ,
ESI2 (N=l) , SN2 (N=l) , SN4 (N=2) , SN6 (N=5) , ST (N=3) , and an
asymmetrically notched small triangular specimen which is classified as
"ON" (one notch) in keeping with Dumond and Minor (1983:173) but which
may represent an unfinished Pin Stem (PS). A somewhat greater emphasis
on Seneca obsidians during the latest period of prehistoric occupation
(as represented by SN6, ST, and possibly CS6) is supported by a
relatively high proportion of PS points attributed to this source (five
of a total of seven). The slightly earlier, albeit still late
prehistoric ESl type points, on the other hand, show a somewhat lower
than expected representation of Seneca area obsidian (X2=4.l2; df=l; P <
0.05). A contraction in the obsidian procurement range is also
suggested to have occurred at Mitchell Cave in the upper John Day River
basin between Component III (1500-1300 or possibly as late as 800 B.P.)
and Components 1/11 (after 300-400 B.P.), as defined for this site
(Connolly et al. 1993:102-103). The Pine Creek data do not contradict
this scenario, but the samples for the individual types are very small,
and may be the true reason for these apparent patterns .
459
Temporal differences in source use are not apparent from the
stratigraphic distribution of sampled specimens from 35WH7 and 35WH14
(this study). Seneca source material is present from the surface
through the lowest levels of both excavation blocks at 35WH14 and it is
found throughout the site at 35WH7, where only two of 16 analyzed
specimens are not of Seneca area obsidian.
The results of the x-ray fluorescence analysis show a persistent
pattern of obsidian procurement from the White Water Ridge, Little Bear
Creek, and Wolf Creek sources east of present-day Seneca. Recent
analyses extend the range of this material to sites in Umatilla County
to the north and east of Pine Creek (Hughes, personal communication,
1993), and may explain the Nez Perce reference to the John Day as
"obsidian river" (Spinden 1908:184). The worked flake, biface, and two
used flakes submitted for identification match the Seneca source profile
as well, indicating utilization of this source for both expedient and
non-expedient varieties of tools.
Linear distance being roughly equal for most of the sources
represented among the ninety obsidian specimens analyzed, the Seneca
area focus suggests the importance of additional factors, such as
facility of travel via the John Day River corridor, the inclusion of the
upper John Day within the customary seasonal round of Pine Creek
peoples, and/or social linkages allowing exchange between groups in the
Study Area and their southern neighbors. The complete absence of
obsidian from Dooley Mountain, located in the Baker area 200 km east of
....--------------- ~.s_..._
:i
~.r _
460
the Pine Creek sites (McDonald 1986), may also reflect physical as well
as social barriers affecting toolstone procurement.
F
: t
ilItr.:: _
461
CHAPTER 8
COMPARISONS: THE ETHNOGRAPHIC AND THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORDS
The Pine Creek Basin
Since the publication of Binford's seminal paper on hunter-
gatherer settlement systems and archaeological site formation (Binford
1980), it has become conunonplace to refer to the "logistical" resource
procurement strategy of Columbia Plateau hunters and gatherers. This
strategy is seen as characteristic of "collectors," who "supply
themselves with specific resources through specially organized task
groups" (Binford 1980:10). Relying heavily on storage, this adaptation
resolves the problem of spatial and temporal incongruities in critical
resources, moving goods to the consumer ("logistical mobility"), in
contrast to the alternative "forager" strategy, by which a group "maps
onto" resources ("residential mobility"). It is the development of a
logistical strategy which is seen as pivotal in the evolution of
sedentism on the Columbia Plateau, making possible the large, riverine
conununities observed by the the earliest Euroamerican explorers. Aside
from the evolutionary implications of Binford's model, it provides a set
of archaeological expectations for settlement patterns of logistically
2
,t'
I:;..
L.· _
462
organized hunters and gatherers which are applicable to the southern
Columbia Plateau (e.g. Chatters 1987, 1989).
According to Binford, a collector subsistence-settlement system is
characterized by five site types, including residential base, field
camp, location, station, and cache (Binford 1980:10). The "residential
base" is considered to represent the "hub of subsistence activities ...
where most processing, manufacturing, and maintenance activities take
place" (Binford 1980:9). Field camps, on the other hand, are defined as
... a temporary operational center for a task group. It is
where a task group sleeps, eats, and otherwise maintains
itself while away from the residential base. Field camps
may be expected to be further differentiated according to
the nature of the target resources, so we may expect sheep-
hunting field camps, caribou-hunting field camps, fishing
field camps, etc. (Binford 1980:10).
"Locations" are characterized as places where extractive
activities are carried out (Binford 1980:9), while "stations" are "sites
where special-purpose task groups are localized when engaged in
information gathering, for instance the observation of game movement"
(Binford 1980:12). "Caches," finally, involve temporary storage of high
bulk resources (Binford 1980:12), although this definition can be
expanded to include equipment storage as well (Thomas 1983:81).
Moving beyond the model, Thomas attempts to "bridge the gap
between the behavioral event and its archaeological consequences" to
provide "concrete, observable, testable archaeological categories"
(Thomas 1983:72). While specific material correlates given by Thomas
are tailored to the Great Basin Shoshone, his more general definitions
are applicable to the present case.
s
463
The typical base camp may contain evidence of domestic dwellings
and site furniture, specialized utilitarian structures and outdoor
work areas, service centers, diversified tool fabrication and
repair, child rearing, diversified food consumption (and perhaps
storage), temporary storage of raw materials and tools, a
relatively high degree of internal site structuring, luxury items,
and debris from recreational and ceremonial activities.
Variability in these remains is directly conditioned by the
overall subsistence strategy in which that residential base
functioned (Thomas 1983:73).
:;
l1~
r
11.-.....-..... _ s
This straightforward definition of base camps stands in contrast to the
more subjective characterization of the temporary field camp. Many of
the distinctions between the two site types are primarily quantitative,
with field camps exhibiting:
... limited artifact inventory, low diversity byproducts,
restricted faunal (and floral) inventory, little investment
in construction of dwellings or features, absence of child-
rearing, more concern with logistic than domestic
positioning (Thomas 1983:80).
More concrete differences include more specialized subsistence, which is
said to be biased toward consumption of either plants or animals, but
rarely both (Thomas 1983:79), and limited artifact inventory
consisting primarily of highly curated personal "gear,"
specialized implements for extraction, and debris from
limited artifact repair. Boredom reducers might be brought
along, but since they are quite portable, only the
byproducts--such as debitage or whittling debris--would
enter the archaeological record. Primary manufacture would
rarely occur in such a camp, although artifacts might be
"staged" if adequate lithic resources were available nearby.
Such field camps should contain few high-bulk artifacts,
except those left as site furniture (Thomas 1983:80).
Interpretive difficulties are created by variability in the
duration of field camp sojourns, as well as by the palimpsest effect of
repeated occupations, particularly when different site types are
superimposed (Thomas 1983:80). The problems involved in distinguishing
i
"
'~ .
464
field camps from residential base camps highlight the importance of
sample size, necessitating large numbers of sites, as well as large
artifact assemblages for comparison and classification.
Locations, or sites involving primary extractive activities,
include hunting sites resulting from such actvities as kill and primary
butchering, plant harvesting sites, and quarries. Hunting locations may
be marked by relative permanent features or "facilities," such as
blinds, rock walls, and cairns (Thomas 1983:84), while plant harvesting
is characterized by relatively low visibility (Thomas 1983:85), with
processing activities mOKe likely to be observed at nearby field camps
or residential bases. Quarries are recognizable where initial
processing takes place on site. Locations are placed within 10 km (a
daily foraging radius) from the residential camp (Thomas 1983:82).
While the identification of the "station" is of less importance to
the present study, it should be noted that Binford and Thomas differ in
their interpretation of this site type. Whereas Binford sees stations
as including, for example, the hunting stands or ambush locations of
f
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specialized task groups (Binford 1980:12), Thomas subsumes under this
category the sites of fandangos, large-scale ceremonial gatherings held
in conjunction with communal rabbit or antelope drives and which may
attract up to 300 people (Thomas 1983:85-87). While both Binford and
Thomas emphasize the information exchange function of the respective
"locations," it is difficult to conceive of both as the same
manifestation, given such different scales of magnitude.
~.
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465
Caches, finally, discussed by Binford primarily in connection with
resource storage (Binford 1980:12), can also consist of processing
equipment, which is deposited near the projected location of use to
reduce transport costs (Thomas 1983:81-82). While not the exclusive
property of collectors, they do indicate the type of logistic strategy
that is more characteristic of this adaptation.
Historic accounts of native John Day River peoples, as reported by
Ray, Murdock, Suphan, and Hunn (see Chapter 3), allow the derivation of
general expectations regarding the ethnographic use of Pine Creek. This
information can, in turn, be compared to archaeological findings from
excavations at 35WH7 and 35WH14. Based on the general ethnographic
record, only four of Binford's five site types should be found in the
Pine Creek basin. The "residential base," best equated with the winter
village, is located well outside of the Study Area; for Tenino it is
near the Columbia River, for Northern Paiute along the Upper John Day.
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Field camps used for varying amounts of time should serve as temporary
residential bases. Members of expeditions traveling from Columbia River
villages to interior field camps would be expected to live in mat-
covered dwellings or "tipis" (Murdock 1958:300-301). Similarly,
Northern Paiute are said to have lived in brush windbreaks or shades
during the warmer months of the year (Fowler and Liljeblad 1986:443).
Limited ethnographic information on local site use and subsistence
activities is contained in Verne Ray's unpublished Indian Claims
Commission records (Ray n.d.) and in eyewitness accounts by local
residents. The following activities can be extracted.
~.
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466
Plant collecting and processing: The springtime gathering of cous
and "Indian root" by Columbia River peoples is mentioned by Conlee
(Gannon 1975). It is possible that the plant involved here is
bitterroot, which, like cous (also known as biscuitroot), grows in dry,
rocky areas and is harvested in the spring. Ray (n.d.), indicates only
that "roots" were dug. Ray also reports the gathering of chokecherries
at the mouth of Pine Creek. Chokecherries ripen in summer (Hilty et al.
1980).
Conlee mentions that cous was ground into flour and (probably)
pressed into cakes (Gannon 1975). "Indian root" was stewed with meat
(Gannon 1975).
Hunting and processing of game: Pronghorn were hunted in the
mountains east of "Sawi'tki," (Ray n.d.), a site located in the
vicinity of 35WH14. According to the same source, deer were hunted near
Cove Creek, and diversified hunting was conducted from the mouth of Pine
Creek. Small mammals including rodents also appear to have been
captured (Gannon 1975). There is no further information on processing
other than the use of small game in stews.
Fishing: Fishing of non-salmonids is reported for the mouth of
Pine Creek for Sahaptins (Ray in Suphan 1974), while a Deer-Eater Paiute
reports the use of fishing sites upstream from Clarno (Suphan 1974:64).
Conlee mentions encountering an Indian woman cooking eel, but the
location of this actvity is not given (Project files, Oregon State
Museum of Anthropology),
" I
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467
The information listed above and the ethnographic summary
presented earlier do not contradict the regionally documented seasonal
round, which would indicate spring, summer, and fall use of the Pine
Creek drainage by Sahaptin-speakers, and a non-winter use (if at all) by
Numic-speaking peoples from the south. It is difficult, however, to
estimate the length of time spent in the area. Ray's unpublished
description of Sawi'tki suggests that an extended sojourn was possible.
The designations "village" and "permanent" suggest longterm and/or
repeated occupation, although winter or year-round use is ruled out by
other ethnographic accounts (see Chapter 3). Sawi'tki is probably best
considered a long-term field camp, with activities related to at least
two target resources (game, roots). Additional field camps may be
represented by two or three other permanent sites in the hills to the
east, which were "closer to the actual hunting operation," but other
interpretations are possible.
Assignment of sites 35WH7 and 35WH14 to particular site types is
possible, though with varying degrees of confidence. At 35WH14,
components A-I and B-1 clearly satisfy most of Thomas's requirements for
a residential base (Thomas 1983:73). Semi-subterranean houses suggest
long-term winter occupation, as do the variety of activities conducted
within the houses (no information is, of course, available regarding
potential outdoor activities), and their discrete spatial patterning.
IEvidence for the manufacture of both flaked stone and ground stone is
represented by raw materials (e.g. cores), debris, and unfinished
~-._-------------- s
rejects. Additional technologies (such as fabrication of clothing and
468
baskets) are indicated by the presence of a variety of stone drills,
perforators, gravers, and bone implements. Diversified food consumption
included a variety of game animals, and presumably plant foods, although
this is primarily inferred from the presence of grinding stones. Both
local and "exotic" raw materials are represented, the latter including
dentalium from the Northwest Coast, obsidian and possibly serpentinite
from the south. Recreational objects include gaming pieces and a pipe
fragment, though a ceremonial function for the latter is conceivable.
Only a portion of the milling stones were examined for the present study
but several large specimens, one of which weighed 68 lbs, were recovered
from the lowest components at 35WH14, and would seem to qualify as site
furniture. Storage is represented by several pits and a cache in one of
the entryways. Radiocarbon dates place the earliest occupation of B-1
at roughly 2600 radiocarbon years before present.
The most recent components at 35WHl4 (skipping for the moment the
intermediate occupations designated as A-II and B-II) most likely
represent a temporary field camp. No evidence of structures is present
in the sampled portion of the site, although a discrete occupation floor
is marked by change in sediment consistency and an, albeit minor, peak
in cultural materials. A campsite of at least some duration is
suggested by the presence of a firepit, and associated charcoal, ash,
and bone scatters. Artifact density decreases overall, and a marked
decline is particularly evident in the categories of worked bone and
s
ground stone. Exotic raw material is limited to obsidian. Unique
items, while always rare, are almost absent. Hunting and the processing
469
of game, in particular artiodactyls, appear to represent the focal
activities. The single recovered seasonal indicator points to a late
winter or early spring kill. An age of sometime after 900 B.P. is
postulated, with a likely termination before the most recent
radiocarbon-dated occupation of 35WH7 (350 ± 90 B.P.), or at least
before the common occurrence of such projectile point styles as PS, SN6,
and CS6 at the latter site.
It is, due to the absence of information on individual floors in
components A-II and B-II of 35WH14, more difficult to assign the
intermediate occupations to a specific site type. The overall
assemblage is, however, similar enough to A-I and B-1 to suggest a long-
term residential base. The only major change in artifacts is a decline
in bone implements, but this may represent a culture historical
development, rather than functional difference. Exotic raw materials
include obsidian from the south and southwest and a small piece of
muscovite which probably orig~nated to the east in the Wallowa or the
Elkhorn Mountains. Dwellings differ, and appear to have been built in
large, saucer-shaped depressions, unlike the steep-sided housepits
characteristic of the earlier occupations. Seasonal indicators, while
scant, span late winter through summer. Winter or at least a non-summer
occupation may also be indicated by the internal, slab-lined hearth in
A-II (cf. Dumond and Minor 1983:113). A single storage pit containing a
bone implement may be assigned to this set of occupations. Radiocarbon
ages of roughly 1500 and 900 B.P. date A-II and may also apply to B-II,
although this component was not directly dated.
~------------------ s-.__
470
Site function at 3SWH7, as at 3SWH14, appears to have varied
through time. Its most ephemeral use is represented by the cache of
atlatl darts recovered from the rock crevice which overlooks the site,
and which is dated to approximately 2300 B.P. It has been suggested
that the area of TT2, characterized predominantly by reworked projectile
points, point fragments, and small bifaces, also reflects a limited and
short-term use. This inference is supported by shallow depth of
cultural deposits, an absence of such features as hearths, and a near-
absence of faunal remains. Based on present evidence, TT2 may be
interpreted as a station, or, if taphonomic processes are responsible
for the absence of bone, perhaps as a location. The predominance of
A change in site function is indicated by the occupation of TTl
short-term use, may indicate contemporaneity with the dart cache.
of which overlap within one standard deviation. The most discrete
J
Since occupation during late winter and
broad-necked projectile points in this part of the site and its presumed
and TT4 (and, by extension, TTS and 7), all calibrated radiocarbon dates
the floor of which is taken up by a hearth, a grinding stone, and an
feature is the floor in TT4, which has been interpreted as evidence for
a small structure. The small size of this dwelling or shelter, much of
No evidence for storage is present. This stands in contrast, however,
to the effort expended in clearing rocks from the surface and the
associated scatter of bone, would not seem to suggest an extended stay.
game processing and preparation, lithic reduction, and, possibly, the
manufacture of bone beads.
accommodation of multiple activities within the its confines, including
2
471
early spring is suggested, the structure may simply represent an attempt
to avoid the rain or snow that would be likely for this time of year.
This explanation may be supported by the persistent attraction of the
sheltering overhang in TTl, the artifact assemblage of which complements
that observed for TT4. The level of permanence represented here is
clearly difficult to assess. It illustrates the difficulty of
distinguishing between long-term "temporary" camps and residential
sites, particularly for an overall more mobile adaptation, such as that
characterized by the Great Basin peoples who may have used the Study
Area intermittently during historic times. The most that can be said is
that, at roughly 500 B.P., the site was used during late winter and
early spring as either temporary fieldcamp or a small residential base.
An assessment of the role of TT3 is hampered by an uncertain
relationship between the main cultural deposits and a charcoal lens
radiocarbon dated to 1160 ± 90 B.P., as well as the absence of a clearly
identifiable occupation floor. It has been suggested that activities
are consistent with those represented in TTl and TT4. As such, they
include lithic reduction, particularly the manufacture of large bifaces,
as well as specialized tasks utilizing large numbers of drills,
perforators, gravers, notches, and formed unifaces. Bone is somewhat
less abundant although this may be attributed to a higher degree of
processing, and a resulting reduced retention of small fragments. A
localized concentration of grinding stones may also suggest intensive
processing of plant foods, while the presence of small amounts of
freshwater mussel shell, recovered primarily from this area and TTle,
i '.'
. t
472
indicates that this resource was also utilized. The information at hand
is consistent with either a residential base or a temporary camp. A
final resolution, not possible at present, hinges on the functional and
temporal relationship of this part of the site to TTl and TT4.
Three major implications follow from the discussion presented
above. First, the presence of pithouses at about 2600 B.P., with the
associated correlates of a permanent residential base, suggests a type
of occupation which is inconsistent with that documented by the
ethnographic record, both with regard to the regional settlement system
as well as locally observed site types. The absence of similar sites in
the Pine Creek basin may be attributed to sampling error, but may, on
the other hand, suggest a centralized focus that is complemented by the
roughly contemporaneous dart cache. Second, shorter-term occupation at
35WH7 and 35WH14 coincides with an increase in numbers of sites dated to
approximately 500 B.P. in the Study Area. Residential use persists to
approximately 300-400 B.P. at 35WH2l, situated in Jones Canyon along an
intermittent stream which drains into Pine Creek (see Chapter 4). The
degree of permanence of occupation at this site cannot be determined on
the basis of present evidence. Third, occupation of the Study Area may
have encompassed late winter and/or early spring from as early as 2600
B.P., or about 2800 calibrated years ago, until sometime after A.D.
1400 .
...---------------_~ s_...._
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•--------------------
473
The John Day anrr Deschutes Rivers
Regional changes in settlement patterns predating the ethnographic
record can be also seen in the distribution of archaeological sites with
surface evidence of housepits along the lower reaches of the John Day
and Deschutes rivers, from Township lOS to the Columbia River. Site
information has, for this purpose, been summarized from archaeological
reconnaissance surveys (both published and unpublished), archaeological
site records compiled by the Oregon State Historic Preservation Office,
and a computerized site database prepared for the Prineville District
Bureau of Land Management (Endzweig n.d.).
Published ethnographic accounts by Verne Ray and George Peter
Murdock indicate a total of twelve camps and villages along the
Deschutes River and nine along the John Day (Figure 96, based on
Murdock 1980:132-136 and Suphan 1974:Petitioner's Exhibits 403, 404c).
Archaeological surface evidence, in contrast, although without the
benefit of temporal control, suggests a considerably more intensive use
of the two lower river courses. Survey of BLM lands along the Deschutes
River between Macks Canyon and Warm Springs Bridge in 1976 identified
135 archaeological sites, 27 of which exhibited definite housepits
(Hibbs et al. 1976). Although not specified in the cited report, a
tally of BLM lands by river length suggests that ca. 50% of land between
Macks Canyon and Warm Springs Bridge was surveyed, or about 40% of the
lower Deschutes as a whole. As of early 1992, the count for the 95
lower river miles stood at 160 sites, 40 or 25% of which exhibit
2
474
(}yernt. "'trip
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Tenino sites
o Murdock 1980
o Supban 1974
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Figure 96. Tenino sites along the lower John Day and Deschutes rivers,
according to published ethnographic sources (after Murdock
1980 and Suphan 1974).
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475
depressions identified as housepits. Archaeological reconnaissance
surveys along the lower John Day River (see Chapter 4) have recorded 113
sites (Jackson et al. 1990; Moratto et al. 1991; Polk 1976; Wilde et al.
1983). Housepits have been noted at forty-five of these, or 40% (Table
35) .
Inferences on site distribution remain highly tentative because of
disparate survey strategies and attendant gaps in the record. Some
generalizations are, however, possible. On the lower Deschutes River,
firm evidence of pithouses ends south of Trout Creek. No housepits
were, for example, observed at 31 sites recorded during a survey in
conjunction with the construction of Round Butte Darn, some 20 miles
farther upstream (Ross 1963). The archaeological distribution of
pithouse sites matches the general distribution of ethnographic sites
recorded along this stretch of river. The large number of prehistoric
habitation sites contrasts with the historic preponderance of "hunting
camps" and "fishing sites," however, and may suggest changes in the way
the area was used, e.g. a shift towards more specialized resource
exploitation, with shorter, and seasonally more restricted stays. The
absence of chronological controls, unfortunately, precludes an
assessment of the potential contemporaneity of these sites. The
northern limit of housepit sites along the Deschutes remains uncertain.
As the unsurveyed portion of the river between Macks Canyon and the
Columbia River is coextensive with what appears to be a gap in
ethnographic sites, the question of prehistoric occupation remains open .
2
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476
Table 35. Distribution of Pithouse Sites by Township and River
Township lN lS 2S 3S 4S 5S 6S 7S 8S 9S Total
Deschutes R. 0 0 10 13 2 5 1 4 3 2 40
John Day R. 1 2 11 9 4 13 2 2 0 1 45
Total 85
The absence of pithouse sites along the lower 33 miles of the John
Day River, on the other hand, does appear to reflect a cultural reality
in light of thirty-five other sites, primarily lithic scatters, which
have been recorded along this stretch. Consistent with evidence from
the Deschutes River, the currently held southern limit of pithouses
along the mainstem of the John Day is at Township 9S, with the exception
of three sites near Spray, 40 miles farther upstream and outside of the
area of present concern.
The spatial distribution of prehistoric pithouse sites along the
lower John Day River bears less resemblance to the ethnographic picture
than that along the Deschutes. All lie within traditional Tenino big
game-hunting territory (Suphan 1974:Petitioner's Exhibit No. 404A)
(Figure 97). The high density of prehistoric habitation sites south of
Thirtyrnile Creek and south of Ferry Canyon is particularly striking, in
light of the historic void along this stretch. Equally impressive is
the high density of archaeological pithouse sites in Townships 28 and 38
along both the Deschutes and John Day rivers.
A clue to this distributional parallel may be found in the
ethnographic resource areas documented by Verne Ray for the Tenino. Not
2
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Tenjno Sybsistence Areas
(aJIor SupIwJ 1974)
Scal.
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Figure 97. Tenino large game hunting areas (after Suphan 1974).
477
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478
only are the two riverine site clusters located where the Deschutes and
the John Day are closest to one another (separated by a mere 20 miles),
but they also coincide with the indicated northern limits of the root
and landfowl-hunting areas situated on the divide between the two
drainages (Suphan 1974:Petitioner's Exhibits No. 404b,c) (Figure 98).
Habitation sites placed along this stretch of river thus have access not
only to fish (and game along the John Day), but also to the broader
resource catchment of their "sustaining hinterland" (Burghardt 1959,
cited in Flannery 1976:174), the nearby uplands. The proximity of John
Day and Deschutes communities provided by this arrangement may have
presented an additional, social, incentive.
The apparent i~portance of resource diversity is also reflected in
the location of 35WS42, 35WS43, 35SH23, 35WS66, and 35WS9l, the largest
pithouse sites along the lower Deschutes. Sites 35WS42 and -43, with a
minimum of 27 and 11 housepits each (or a maximum of 45 and 18, if all
recorded depressions are counted, including those not definitively
identified as house depressions in the field), are situated in Oak
Canyon, within a half-mile of the Deschutes. Based on environmental
setting and surface artifacts, Hibbs et al. (1976) suggest that 35WS42
and -43 functioned as specialized acorn processing sites. The Mack
Canyon Site, 35SH23, with between 33 and 55 depressions, is one of only
two pithouse sites along the lower Deschutes and John Day rivers at
which some archaeological excavation has taken place. On the basis of
artifacts and faunal remains, investigator David Cole concluded that
mountain sheep and freshwater mussels were the most important food
...._-------------------------_..__-.~
479
.}
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Figure 98. Tenino root-gathering areas (after Suphan 1974).
Sal.
Tenino Subsistence Areas
(ailet Supban 1974)
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480
resources used. This site is, in addition, situated adjacent to a chert
source from which much of the raw material recovered in the excavations
was thought to have been derived (Cole 1967, 1969).
Site 35WS66, with 13 housepits, is situated at the mouth of
Wapinitia Creek, in an area historically used for non-salmonid-fishing
(Figure 96), at the northeastern edge of rootgrounds (Figure 98) and
within 10 miles of major oak groves (Suphan 1974). 35WS9l, the final
larger habitation site, with between 6 and 13 depressions, is situated
along the Deschutes in a known salmonid-fishing area, and at the edge of
the Mutton Mountains, visited historically by Tenino for large game
hunting, according to Verne Ray's informants (Suphan 1974:Petitioner's
Exhibits No. 404a,c) (Figures 96 and 97). It has already been mentioned
that all housepits sites along the lower John Day River fall within
Tenino large game hunting territory (Suphan 1974:Petitioner's Exhibit
No. 404A) (Figure 97). While these correlations may be purely
coincidental, they also suggest that considerations of ecotone and
catchment, successfully applied elsewhere in riverine settings (cf.
Flannery 1976), may be of some utility in modeling fluvial settlement on
the southern Columbia Plateau. They may also be of relevance in
addressing the question of winter residential bases, or "villages" in
areas like the Pine Creek basin and suggest that an assessment of all
available resources may be more fruitful than a focus on one staple food
source, be it anadromous fish or roots. The question of Plateau
subsistence will be taken up further in the final chapter of this study.
------sSF-----
..~
481
Surmnary
The ethnographic record of John Day River peoples suggests the use
of the Pine Creek basin by logistically organized collectors whose home
bases were located elsewhere. The prehistoric house features described
in this study, however, as well as the range and nature of activities
inferred from their rich archaeological assemblages, indicate that long-
term habitation characterized the Study Area, itself, in earlier times.
Support for a change in the use of the larger region is also provided by
an incongruity in the distribution of ethnographic and archaeological
sites along the lower courses of the John Day and Deschutes rivers.
Large pithouse sites, or "villages," in particular, appear to be more
widespread and plentiful than the ethnographic record would predict.
The uncritical projection of the "ethnographic present" as an
analog of the prehistoric past has been disparaged for decades in the
archaeological literature (e.g. Ascher 1961; Binford 1967; Chang 1967;
Freeman 1968; Yellen 1977; Wobst 1978; Gould and Watson 1982; Wylie
1985). Based on descriptions of native lifeways altered by encounters
with Euroamerican newcomers, goods, and diseases, the "direct historical
approach" assumes behavioral continuity over space and time, and
frequently "prevents the discovery that the postulated similarities do
not exist" (Freeman 1968:265). The subject of cultural variability in
the Late Archaic of the southern Plateau is the focus of the concluding
chapter .
..._-------------------------szTpp---
482
CHAPTER 9
VARIABILITY IN THE LATE ARCHAIC OF THE SOUTHERN PLATEAU
Geo~raphic Variability
Inspired by accounts of early explorers and drawing support from
archaeological finds at sites like The Dalles, archaeologists have
assigned a key role to salmonids in interpretations of Columbia Plateau
prehistory. The intensive use of anadromous fish is seen by some as a
hallmark, by others as a catalyst, in the development of the semi-
sedentary lifeways which WOUld, ultimately, lead to the great villages
and elaborate material culture of the historic record. Both storage and
the coordination of production-related activities, causes and/or
correlates of large-scale salmonid utilization, are seen as necessary
ingredients of this adaptation, referred to variously as the "winter
village pattern," the "ethnographic pattern," or, merely, the "Plateau
pattern." Only in the past one and a half decades has recognition of
the importance of root crops tempered the explanatory emphasis on
fishing.
A troubling aspect of claims for intensive salmon procurement is
the common absence of archaeological evidence to support them. The
variety of post hoc explanations, both cultural and taphonomic, which
In-. _
483
have been advanced to account for the dearth of appropriate faunal
remains and artifactual associations, has been discussed in detail in
several summaries (Butler 1987; Schalk 1987). These arguments are only
briefly reviewed here, as they bear on the scarcity of fish bone at
sites excavated in the Study Area. Butler (1987) examines three common
explanations, which address bone fragility, screen mesh size, and
butchery practices. She concludes that the first thesis, bone
fragility, can be ruled out based on the abundance of fish bone that
has, in fact, been recovered in some sites. Butler rejects the argument
for off-site processing and disposal is rejected due to its reliance on
negative evidence and its inherent resistance to falsification. While
large screen mesh size may affect the representation of particular taxa
and body parts, it does not appear to result in the absence of fish
remains, per se, except where bone has been pulverized as a result of
processing for consumption. Additional, taphonomic, factors
conditioning the preservation and frequencies of fish bone include the
scavenging activities of both domestic dogs and other wildlife (e.g.
gulls, cf. Schalk 1987:10-10, 10-11).
As discussed in the previous chapter, ethnographic accounts would
not anticipate the existence of residential base camps along Pine Creek.
In addition, the present sites do not satisfy the expectations of
Plateau-wide regional archaeological models which would predict their
association, particularly in the case of residential site 35WH14, with
greater numbers of anadromous fish remains. Eight fish bones were
recovered at 35WH14, while four specimens were identified for 35WH7. It
7
" .
484
is at present unknown whether or not these represent salmonids. No fish
bones were identified from soil samples floated for botanical remains,
providing some support, albeit tenuous, for their scarcity. Artifacts
typically used in fishing are, similarly, absent. A girdled stone from
35WH7, and a notched pebble from 35WH14, which may have served as a net
weight, are the sole potentially fishing-related implements. Bone
bipoints, harpoon pieces, and net weights other than the already
mentioned specimens are lacking. As in the case of bone, reasons may be
advanced to account for this deficiency, including the use of perishable
fishing gear and/or its deposition at the procurement site or
"location." For now, this cannot be resolved. Several lines of
evidence may, however, be mustered in support of a broad-spectrum
subsistence orientation by the prehistoric inhabitants of the Pine Creek
basin. A discussion of the recovered artifact assemblages will not be
repeated here, other than to note the abundance of projectile points and
ground stone, reflecting hunting, and, probably, plant procurement.
Additional arguments include the character of the available fish
resources and the physical location of 35WH14, at present the most
likely candidate for a winter residential site in the Study Area. These
will now be addressed.
Modern distributional information indicates the presence of
several anadromous fish populations in the John Day basin (Fulton 1968,
1970), while prehistoric conditions, before the impacts of hydroelectric
dam construction along the Columbia River, and of agriculture, grazing,
and mining farther upstream, would have probably been even more
-----------------------7---
~
•
I{
I
485
favorable. Salmonid populations include steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss), coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), chinook salmon
(Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Summer-run steelhead spawn in tributaries
of the upper John Day River, as well as parts of Rock, Thirtymile, and
Butte creeks (Fulton 1970:Table 3), entering the Columbia River between
May and October and spawning during winter and spring (Fulton 1970:3).
According to Hancock Field Station Director Joseph Jones (personal
communication, 1994), steelhead were also found in Pine Creek before the
recent drought (late 1980s and early 1990s) and are currently present in
extremely low numbers. Coho salmon, as of 1970, only spawned in a small
section of Middle Fork of the John Day (Fulton 1970:Table 5), generally
entering the mouth of the Columbia between mid-September and mid-
November, and spawning in the fall (Fulton 1970:12).
Chinook salmon found in the John Day include spring and summer
runs, which pass through the lower Columbia River from February through
May, reach The Dalles Dam between the end of March and early June, and
spawn in the main stem, and large and medium-sized tributaries from mid-
August to mid-November. As of 1968, the John Day was considered to be a
major spawning area for this species, including its upper mainstem,
upper North and Middle Forks, Granite Creek, and its tributary, Clear
Creek. Past spawning areas are thought to have included many areas of
the middle and upper main river and tributaries (Fulton 1968:Tables 1
and 2), including possibly Pine Creek (Joseph Jones, personal
communication, 1993). The largest numbers, by far, however, are found
1Irz--------- s-.__
(:;;,
[
"
486
in the mainstem of the Columbia and the Snake and Salmon rivers (Fulton
1968:Map 3).
The nature of the salmonid resource in the vicinity of .Pine Creek,
particularly the limited numbers of fall-run fish, may have diminished
its suitability as a focal resource for winter storage (Schalk 1987:1-
4). Schalk has observed that native peoples of the Northwest have
traditionally favored fall runs for drying or smoking. He attributes
this preference to the higher oil content of spring- and summer-run
salmon and their arrival at the onset of the hottest months of the year,
both of which would increase the likelihood of spoilage (Schalk
1986:13). Of note also is the weight differential listed by Fulton for
the three runs of chinook salmon, with averages of 6.8 kg and 6.4 kg for
spring- and summer-run individuals, respectively, in contrast to an
average of 8.2 kg for fall runs (Fulton 1968:Table 1; cf. also Plew 1983
and Schalk 1986, regarding reduction in nutritional potential of
salmonids with increasing distance of migration). It should, finally,
be noted that the preparation of spring- and summer-run salmonids for
~ 70'__
storage would be more likely to conflict with other critical subsistence
activities, in particular the procurement and processing of root foods.
These considerations suggest that local salmon may have served a
complementary, rather than focal role, in the subsistence of the
prehistoric Pine Creek peoples. They also underline the importance of
considering local conditions in order to assess the applicability of
broad, regional generalizations.
I-~
2
487
The location of 35WH14 provides access to a broad variety of
resources. Situated centrally within the Pine Creek drainage basin,
this site is located within a comfortable day's walk (Lee 1968) to both
the John Day River in the west (ca. seven miles) and the head of Pine
Creek in the east (ca. eight miles). This distance spans an elevational
range of 3600 feet (from approximately 1300 feet above sea level at
Clarno to 4900 feet at Rancheria Rock, just beyond the eastern margin of
the basin) and places the site within easy reach of the plant resources
of three vegetation zones (shrub-steppe, steppe, and ponderosa pine, cf.
Chapter 2), including root foods and firewood. A similar pattern has
been observed for selection of winter villages by the Nez Perce, another
native Plateau population (Ames and Marshall 1980:32):
Winter villages '" were occupied during the seaSon of food
resource dearth. Economic behaviors focused on maintenance
activties and tool-making. Public religious and political
activities dominated people's thoughts. Village locations
were chosen with an eye for springs, wood, good drainage,
lack of spring flooding, easy access to uplands, and so
forth, rather than for quick, direct access to a particular
resource. Moreover, the deep canyons were simply warmer
than upland areas during winter. Consequently, camps were
found wherever resource locales were, at all elevations in
Nez Perce territory, while villages were restricted to the
deep canyons.
Multiple considerations also affected the placement of historic
Tenino winter villages. These were "located at a protected interior
site where water and wood for fuel were available" (Murdock 1980:129),
although the paired winter villages of the John Day Tenino were, as
already discussed, still within close proximity of the Columbia River
(see Chapter 3).
II
488
The central location of 35WH14 is not highlighted to suggest that
the Pine Creek basin formed a closed system isolated from surrounding
groups. There is no doubt that the ecological variability of the
Plateau fostered at an early date the extensive intergroup relations so
characteristic of historic times (Anastasio 1975; Walker 1967). The
prominent role of trade has been attributed in part to the varying
quality of salmon with increasing distance from the Pacific (Griswold
1970, cited in Wood 1972:156). The Dalles fishery, in this context,
provided an " ideal combination of proximity to the ocean (meaning
hb
_......_-------------~--- 2
fish are more plentiful and in better condition) and dry, windy climatic
conditions that made drying fish easy .... " (Schalk 1986:9). As the hub
of the "Pacific-Plateau System" (Wood 1972), the annual fall rendezvous
in The Dalles-Celilo Falls area attracted visitors from across the
Plateau and beyond, who obtained large quantities of dried and pounded
salmon "pemmican" in return for local products (see Anastasio 1975:139
for sources).
Trade was probably also conducted on a lesser scale at many
smaller localities. Of note is a report that Deer Eater Paiute traded
regularly with Tenino residents of Sherar's Bridge on the Deschutes
River, providing buckskin and roots in exchange for salmon and horses
(Suphan 1974:52). It is likely that trade and exchange leveled local
resource imbalances before the introduction of the horse allowed the
transport of food stuffs over the extensive distances covered during
historic times. In this manner, trade served as "a complement of food
gathering" (Walters 1938, cited in Browman and Munsell 1969:262). The
I
..
'I
489
presence of dentalium more than 2500 years ago at 35WH14 confirms that
the people of the Pine Creek drainage did not, indeed, live in
isolation.
The scenario proposed here envisions for the southern Plateau a
substantial, but dispersed prehistoric population which utilized the
triad of salmon, roots, and game in varying proportions, depending upon
local resource availability. It is not unlikely that models based on
less riverine-oriented Plateau groups (cf. Anastasio 1975:139) will be
more successful in explicating settlement and subsistence patterns in
the present Study Area than those based on presumed "direct historical"
analogs. As Earl Swanson (1962:84) observed more than thirty years ago,
"much of prehistoric-life in the Plateau has been routinely regarded as
riverine in character. Interpretation based on such a routine
assumption does not lead to new sets of problems."
l
~'.i
·-------------------- .s ~
Temporal Variability
Assumptions of cultural homogeneity on the Columbia Plateau,
sustained by the riverine focus of archaeological inquiry, have
traditionally been coupled with presumptions of diachronic stability and
conservatism (cf. a critical review of this tendency in Schalk 1983b:153
ff.). A consequence of this "normative" view (Schalk and Cleveland
1983) are concepts like the "Plateau pattern," and "the Ethnographic
pattern," defined, in particular, by stable, riverine, winter villages
of semi-subterranean pithouses, and the pursuit of a logistical adaptive
l'
!'
~,'l
I
'I
!
, ~
I
,!
k _
s
490
strategy. Whether explicitly or implicitly, this stage or period has
been identified with "a relatively static culture in equilibrium with
the environment and free from any major external influence" (Browman and
Munsell 1969:260-261).
As excavations during the past decade have pushed the age of the
earliest pithouses back to beyond four and even five thousand years
(Ames and Marshall 1980; Brauner 1976; Campbell 1985; Chatters 1984),
their equation with winter villages has been called into question and it
has been suggested that succeeding millennia were characterized by a
sequence of distinctive adaptive strategies which varied in response to
changes in the social and "natural" environment (e.g. Ames 1988b;
Chatters 1989). Regional comparisons of radiocarbon dates have, in
particular, served to identify discontinuities in occupational
histories, which have been correlated with changes in demography (5.
Campbell 1990) and residential patterning (Ames 1988b; Chatters 1989),
and have been attributed to such causes as epidemic disease (5. Campbell
1990), climate (Reid 1991), and subsistence intensification (Ames 1988b;
Chatters 1989). This chapter will conclude with a discussion of the
patterning of radiocarbon dates from the vicinity of the Pine Creek
Basin, and their correlation with climatic processes and cultural
developments from adjacent regions. First, however, some comments on
the relationship between environmental change and the archaeological
record are in order.
It has become customary to cite the importance of the physical
environment in shaping the lives of hunter-gatherers, particularly in
491
the arid West. The extent to which aboriginal settlement in the semi-
arid Pine Creek drainage was limited by water is not clear. Today, even
given the deleterious effects of a century of intensive grazing,
numerous springs supplement the few permanent creeks, and it is possible
that, at some time in the past, drainages which are intermittent at
present, held water year-round. Extended dry spells may, on the other
hand, have served to tether aboriginal peoples to the basin's most
permanent water sources.
Ethnographic sources place the Pine Creek drainage within a larger
seasonal round that encompassed the entire John Day Basin. As noted
above, the area probably never constituted a closed system, even before
the introduction of the horse, although center of gravity, reach, and
orientation may have shifted through time. Thus cultural developments
in the Study Area may reflect environmental changes which were more
strongly felt in adjacent areas. This assumption underlies a recent
correlation of pulsations in frequencies of radiocarbon dates in the
Northern Great Basin and the John Day/Upper Crooked River drainages with
alternating wet and dry periods in the Harney Basin, the most immediate
source for paleoenvironmental data (Connolly et al. 1993:135-136).
Peaks and troughs in calibrated radiocarbon dates are interpreted as
evidence for changes in occupation intensity and/or population density
which are thought to vary in response to environmental change, although
cultural factors are not ruled out. Farther upstream along the North
Fork of the John Day River, Reid and Gallison also cite environmental
correlates for the chronology of occupation in the Blue Mountains (Reid
Itr-------- .-..s-.._
492
1991; Reid and Gallison 1992). Here, both temperature and precipitation
are controling factors, with upland occupation limited to the interstade
between neoglacial advances.
While correlations between environmental change and cultural
behavior are intuitively appealing, and may, in the long run, prove to
be valid, the role of environmental processes in the preservation of
archaeological sites cannot be ignored. This is of particular
importance in canyon settings where sequences of deposition and
degradation may expose or conceal archaeological sites by burial or
erosion. Thus, prehistoric occupation along the Lower Snake River
appears to be most intensive towards the end of periods of aggradation
(Early Cascade and Harder phases), while reduced settlement densities
; fb--------- ~2... __
(Windust and early Tucannon phases) are associated with early stages of
fluvial cycles marked by frequent high-velocity inundation and periodic
scouring and redeposition (Hammatt 1977). Hammatt concludes from his
study that "Environmental change reflected in geological evidence has
affected the cultural past as well as our perception of the past through
the archaeological record" (Hammatt 1977:vii). Cautions of this sort
must be kept in mind for the Pine Creek drainage, and the limitation of
radiocarbon-dated sites to canyon settings in the Study Area is a
disquieting reality.
In the following paragraphs, the patterning of radiocarbon dates
from the vicinity of the Study Area (Figure 99; Table 36) is examined
with reference to the broader, regional paleoenvironmental record and
selected cultural developments in adjacent areas. Environmental
",.,w"........-:-:-..,.·~~~;.' ".;." .... ,.."...".. - .... '>VB:.=,:' •• ,- ''',," ;'-':';;"IF ......~...<~...;;. • ~:i;io ,sr" ...,. ",' .".,..._.
'1"- '"'-~"'"'---'--"-, _ .._~-.._ ...v_.,.~'"",," ... ' '~-'. '. ..
---:---
~
OR-lI$.U1
r----t)SWH13
~
35WS2,O
I. I
35WH1
~
3SWH1
........
3SWH1
f I I
3SWHl
I I I I I
3SWH1)
, I I
3SWH2, I 35JE223. I - OR-os-.452"
35WH1" I
I I I
1-41
35WH,,,
I I I
3SWH7
.------- -------- -----..--------3SWH7
I - 35WH~
t--i
OR-GS","7
I 3~'31
........-t
35WH1"
....... 35WH13·
35WH1"
I -- 35WH21
I II I I
3SWH2'
'I I3SWH21
.. •• 35WH,:.1
• I I 3:-~,1
I I I I J I I I I I I I I , I
o 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 1,600 1,800 2,000 2,200 2,400 2,600 2,800
Calibrated Years Before Present (cal BP)
Figure 99. Calibrated radiocarbon dates, Pine Creek basin and vicinity.
~
1.0
W
b
----------------
7
494
Table 36. Radiocarbon Dates and Associated Calibrated Age Ranges, Middle
John Day Region
Uncalibrated Calibrated Summary Age Range
Date Date(s)* max/min (cal BP) Sample Site
(RCYBP) (cal BP) ± 1 sigma Number Number
140 ± 75 261, 218, 137, 282-0 QC-464 35WH21
25, 0
190 ± 60 275, 173, 152, 293-0 Beta-14338 35WH198
7, 0
300 ± 75 309 465-286 QC-136 35WH21
335 ± 90 427, 386, 321 500-292 QC-465 35WH13
350 ± 90 434, 359, 329 504-296 GaK-2727 35WH7
360 ± 80 439, 350, 334 504-303 GaK-3867 35WH21
390 ± 65 472 508-317 QC-138 35WH21
400 ± 150 477 543-293 WSU-300 35WH1
468 ± 80 511 542-471 GaK-2176 35WH7
470 ± 90 512 545-467 GaK-3309 35WH7
550 ± 50 542 623-519 Beta-14335 35WS210
570 ± 80 547 645-517 GaK-3866 35WH13
580 ± 120 550 657-509 GaK-2726 35WH7
630 ± 60 640, 597, 565 655-547 Beta-14337 OR-05-447
875 ± 115 765 925-670 QC-134 35WH21
890 ± 20 782 789-742 A-2604 35WH14
1020 ± 100 933 1052-791 QC-791 35WH13
1140 ± 70 1057 1130-960 Beta-14336 35JE223
1160 ± 90 1062 1171-960 GaK-2728 35WH7
1460 ± 100 1331 1412-1285 QC-135 35WH13
1500 ± 25 1354 1402-1341 A-2602 35WH14
1510 ± 60 1387, 1364, 1359 1416-1321 Beta-14339 OR-05-447
1545 ± 100 1407 1533-1318 QC-137 35WH13
1550 ± 130 1409 1553-1303 Beta-14340 OR-05-452
2230 ± 90 2306, 2237, 2199 2342-2123 GaK-2725 35WH7
2380 ± 100 2352 2706-2326 GaK-2177 35WH7
2450 ± 40 2468 2708-2358 A-2603 35WH14
2580 ± 40 2742 2750-2719 A-2605 35WH14
'"
calibrated dates and age ranges calculated using the intercept method (Stuiver and Pearson 1993)
information is drawn from studies of local woodrat middens within the
Pine Creek drainage (Croft 1989), Great Basin and Columbia Plateau
pollen records (Barnosky 1985; Bartholomew 1982; Mehringer 1985; Wigand
1987; Reid et al. 1989), sequences of floodplain development reported
from the upper Columbia and lower Snake rivers (Chatters and Hoover
1986, 1992; Cochran 1978; Cochran and Leonhardy 1981; Hammatt 1977), and
glacial histories from the Wallowa Mountains (Kiver 1974).
Inconsistencies between the pollen records of the southern Columbia
Plateau and the northern Great Basin suggest the difficulty of
495
1Irn ze _
correlating sequences from different regions and extrapolating to
intervening areas, while elevational differences in vegetation histories
reflect the differences in the autecology of plants and their reponses
to climatic change (Davis et al. 1986). While Croft's woodrat midden
analyses present data from the Pine Creek basin, itself, they represent
isolated points in time and space which should be supplemented by more
extensive, diachronic environmental studies.
The importance of changes in seasonality of precipitation and
temperature, as well as changes in temperature and precipitation, per
se, has been emphasized (Davis 1982). Identification of causal linkages
between fluvial processes and climate is controversial and relationships
may differ over the length of a river as well as between tributary and
trunk channels, not to mention between major drainage systems,
suggesting the prudence of identifying discontinuities rather than
extrapolating to tendencies for aggradation or degradation (Knox 1983).
The absence of long-term Holocene paleoenvironmental studies from the
John Day Basin itself, as well as the lack of information on the
depositional history of the sites discussed in this study constitutes
an, at present, insurmountable obstacle to the testing of models such as
that proposed by Connolly et al. (1993). The environmental information
presented below is selective in its focus on changes observed at
particular periods of interest and is not meant to represent a
comprehensive treatment of climate and biogeography. Its intent is to
suggest correlations which must be tested as part of continuing research
I,
496
in the region. No causal relations can be demonstrated without
considerably better data, both cultural and environmental.
In spite of questions regarding the timing and synchronism of
climatic transitions and the role of local latitudinal and physiographic
conditions, Holocene climates of the Far West are frequently
characterized in terms of the three-part sequence proposed by Antevs
(Antevs 1948). In his model, Antevs envisions three broad stages,
including a cool moist early Holocene Anathermal (9000-7000 B.P.), a
warm and dry Altithermal (7000-4500 B.P.), and essentially modern
conditions during the Medithermal (4500 B.P. to present). While this
view masks considerable variation within the so-called stages, the
general sequence has been supported by more recent studies (Mehringer
1985; however cf. Barnosky 1985).
Middle Archaic Occupations
The earliest occupation in the Study Area is represented by four
sites and one isolate recorded during the Pine Creek Archaeological
Survey (Endzweig 1990), none of which are radiocarbon dated. While the
degree of confidence in their age assignment is therefore variable, the
sites share commonalitites that set them apart from the later, excavated
sites. All are situated at relatively high elevations (2840-3860 m)
around the margins of the drainage basin, well away from Pine Creek. An
apparent focus on mesic, springside settings has also been noted (see
Chapter 4). While one of the recorded sites may incorporate Early
IIIIIII-z ?_-..~
~' .
1 i
497
Archaic deposits (35WH168), the rest appear to be of Middle Archaic age.
Accepting the existence of a mid-Holocene drought, it can be postulated
that ephemeral streams dried up, leading to a focus of both humans and
certain food resources on the most permanent sources of water. Sites
along Pine Creek would most likely have either been buried or eroded,
given riverine conditions observed elsewhere (Chatters and Hoover 1986;
Hamrnatt 1977). Both cultural decisions and site formation processes
should favor the preservation of early sites in settings comparable to
35WH166 and 168 on the tablelands of the basin margins.
Late Archaic Occupations: Before 1550 B.P.
Figure 99 shows all available radiocarbon dates from the vicinity
of the Study Area, including 21 dates from the Pine Creek basin, six
from the Muddy Creek drainage to the southwest (courtesy of Prineville
Bureau of Land Management), and one from Butte Creek to the north
(Chatters 1968). All have been calibrated, and multiple intercepts have
been included as well as bars marking the limits of one standard
deviation (Table 36). In spite of the larger sample and range of
possibilities created in this manner, the clustering of dates,
previously observed for uncorrected ages (Endzweig 1992:22), is
retained. Radiocarbon dates are grouped between roughly 2800 and 2100
cal B.P. and between approximately 1550 cal B.P. and 300 cal B.P. The
second concentration can be further subdivided into three groupings:
from 1550-1300 cal B.P., from 1200-650 cal B.P., and from 650-300 cal
, ~1iItz---------- 771Dn__
I! '
Ii
498
B.P. Two dates (one of which, QC-464, was rejected by researchers and
not published as a result) fall after 300 cal B.P. and may be modern in
age. It should be noted, as a caution, that the two earliest ages from
35WH7 were obtained on dart shafts from a single cache. The potential
spread of these dates serves as a disconcerting reminder of the
potential imprecision inherent is this kind of information.
The earliest radiocarbon-dated occupations in the Pine Creek Basin
and its vicinity at present coincide with the inception of the Wildcat
Phase at 35GM9 (Dumond and Minor 1983) and the Harder Phase on the lower
Snake River (Leonhardy and Rice 1970). While not associated with the
earliest pithouses on the Plateau, the period bracketed by about 3000
and 2500 B.P. does appear to coincide with the appearance of pithouses
and pithouse villages in the lower mid-Columbia River region (Schalk and
Cleveland 1983:33), as well as with a shift towards "longer-term and
expanded habitation and use of non-riverine upland environments" (Galm
1990:n.p.). A shift from supra-annually mobile, broad-spectrum foraging
(Pithouse I, ca. 4500-3770 B.P.) to a collector-type orientation
(Pithouse II, after 3300 B.P.) is postulated for the southern Plateau
based primarily on findings from the upper mid-Columbia drainage (Chief
Joseph and Wells reservoirs) (Chatters 1989). Diverse, functionally
differentiated site types are thought to reflect a highly logistical
system or site complex (Nelson 1969), with mobility high at a subannual
level, but reduced on a supra-annual scale, as reflected in repeated
reuse of the same houses (Chatters 1989). This transition is thought to
have taken place sometime between 2700 and 3300 B.P. (cf. Chatters 1984,
hIII. ? __~
~ ,
!
l
!
l-ei
'I
I
l
'.
•
499
1989). Present evidence is insufficient for the firm identification of
anyone particular strategy (Pithouse I or II) at Pine Creek, and it
remains to be seen if the developments observed elsewhere are paralleled
in the John Day Basin.
Regional paleoenvironmental records, though by no means in
complete agreement, suggest that the earliest radiocarbon-dated
occupation of the Pine Creek basin coincides with the gradual transition
from cooler and moister conditions succeeding the arid middle Holocene
to a period of somewhat warmer and drier conditions. A "brief but
significant" drought at about 2900 B.P. is indicated by pollen and
sediments at Diamond Pond (Wigand 1987), and plant macrofossils from
woodrat middens at Cove Creek reflect warm and dry conditions between
2970 ± 80 B.P. and 2740 ± 50 B.P. (Croft 1989), or between 3145 and 2797
cal B.P. Glaciers in the Wallowas may be in retreat after advancing
between 4500 and 2600 B.P., though this advance is not always recognized
(Kiver 1974). A period of relative quiescence between 3900 and 2400
B.P., is inferred from fluvial stratigraphy in the Wells Reservoir area
and correlated with a period of cold winters, cool summers, and high,
winter-dominant precipitation. Declining precipitation and warmer
conditions after 2400 B.P. are associated with decreasing vegetation
density, the erosion of sediments in mid-basins, and aggradation of the
modern floodplain (Chatters and Hoover 1992). Along the lower Snake
River, depositional conditions between 4000 and 2500 B.P. are succeeded
by a period of alluvial quiescence, vegetational cover and soil
formation between 2500 and 1500 years ago (Harnmatt 1977:185). Finally,
1IInz-------- •s..... _
A distinct gap in radiocarbon dates from the vicinity of the Study
the development of grassland conditions favoring this species.
Area spans the 550 years from about 2100-1550 cal B.P. Occupation, as
500
Columbia Plateau, beginning at 2500 B.P. (Schroedl 1973), may indicate
evidence for the appearance of bison in the archaeological record of the
reflected in calibrated radiocarbon dates from the upper John Day
drainage (Table 37) appears to continue in the Blue Mountains. This
period corresponds to the middle subphase of the Wildcat Phase at the
Wildcat Canyon Site, to which all houses at this site (both pithouses
and other) have been assigned. Farther upstream along the Columbia
River, occupation along the major rivers declines sharply between 2500
and 1600 B.P., while activity intensifies in the central Columbia Basin,
where hunting, rootgathering, and lithic quarries and processing sites
are cornman (Chatters 1984; Galm 1990). Radiocarbon dates from the Snake
River drainage suggest that occupation of river canyons between 2600 and
1600 B.P. is less continuous than use of adjacent uplands (Reid
1991:29).
Environmental conditions at Diamond Pond show a drying trend
between 2000 and 1400 B.P. in the northern Great Basin (Wigand 1987),
while, as already mentioned, warmer winters and summers, with declining,
winter-dominant precipitation between 2400 and 1800 B.P., are inferred
from the sedimentary record of the Wells Reservoir area (Chatters and
Hoover 1992). Aggradational conditions before 2000 B.P. in the Vantage
region of central Washington are followed by erosion shortly before 1700
B.P. (Cochran 1978).
1
lrn
.._------------------------~---
! i
I,
,"I'
501
Table 37. Radiocarbon Dates and Associated Calibrated Age Ranges, Upper
John Day Region*
Uncalibrated
Date
(RCYBP)
Calibrated
Date (s )I'F
(cal BP)
Summary Age Range
maximin (cal BP)
± 1 sigma
Sample
Number
Site
Number
Evidence for radiocarbon-dated occupations is once again present
Late Archaic Occupations: After 1550 B.P.
after 1550 cal B.P., from two sites in the Pine Creek drainage (35WH13
35WH122
35CR29
35WH122
35GR159
35GR572
35WH122
35GR1507
35WH122
35WH122
35GR572
35GR572
35GR162
35GR572
35GR148
35CR29
35CR29
35GR148
35GR148
35GR572
Crane Flats
35GR162
35CR29
35CR616
35GR162
35GR1507
Beta-26734
Beta-11218
Beta-26733
Beta-14866
Beta-61470
Beta-26731
unknown
Beta-36749
Beta-26732
Beta-61468
Beta-61469
Beta-14218
Beta-61472
Beta-14216
Beta-9709
Beta-10018
Beta-142l5
Beta-14220
Beta-61471
Beta-48485
Beta-14219
Beta-10514
unknown
Beta-14865
unknown
281-0
299-0
463-0
914-695
934-785
1052-791
978-913
1398-1278
1409-1265
1406-1303
1523-1354
1702-1511
1729-1614
1875-1710
1931-1727
1945-1825
2307-1999
2323-2130
2347-2142
2469-2322
2735-2362
2735-2362
3923-3461
4827-4235
5036-4855
140 ± 70 261, 218, 137, 25, 0
210 ± 60 281, 164, 157. 1, 0
280 ± 90 303
880 ± 80 774
960 ± 60 913
1020 ± 100 933
1030 ± 70 936
1430 ± 90 1309
1430 ± 120 1309
1480 ± 60 1345
1560 ± 60 1412
1690 ± 90 1561
1780 ± 50 1701
1870 ± 70 1815
1910 ± 80 1862, 1852. 1835
1950 ± 60 1878
2150 ± 80 2130
2210 ± 60 2296, 2265, 2154
2260 ± 90 2317
2360 ± 90 2348
2490 ± 70 2707, 2628, 2599, 2496
2490 ± 70 2707, 2628, 2599, 2496
3430 ± 200 3686, 3663, 3650
4030 ± 190 4512. 4473, 4449
4370 ± 70 4873
and 14) and two sites in the Muddy Creek basin. Occupations at 35WH13
* Middle and Late Archaic dates only
# calibrated dates and age ranges calculated using the intercept method (Stuiver and Pearson 1993)
~.
i
" ! have been interpreted as an intensive, communal, seed-processing
location (Mazany 1980:10), while occupations at 35WH14 appear to have
continued the early pattern of residential use, albeit with houses built
in saucer-shaped depressions rather than steep-walled housepits. Both
ij
Muddy Creek radiocarbon ages date charcoal recovered from house
2
!1
b
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.'.,
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502
,..
r
..
~--------------------?~
depressions (project records, Prineville District BLM). Once again,
there appears to be no break in the occupational history of the Blue
Mountains. Reoccupation of the Middle John Day coincides with renewed
occupation of the upper mid-Columbia (Chatters 1984). Changes observed
after 1500 B.P. across the Columbia Plateau include a slight increase in
average house size, an increase in number of dwellings per community,
the presence of large, communal structures, and a larger number of
features identified as attendant structures (Galm 1990:n.p.).
Utilization of the Study Area continues, with a brief hiatus
between approximately 1200 and 1300 years ago. While this short gap in
the radiocarbon record would appear to be of minimal import, it
coincides with a 250-year interruption in the Blue Mountains record (ca.
1050 to 1300 years ago), and should therefore perhaps not be dismissed
out of hand. The dispersion of radiocarbon ages in the Study Area
between 1200 and 650 cal B.P. is greater than that of the preceding
subphase and includes one date of uncertain association from 35WH7, as
well as a date which is thought to be transitional between the two main
occupational components at 35WH13 (Mazany 1980:10). The remaining dates
are from a house floor at 35WH2l (project files, Oregon State Museum of
Anthropology), from a house in the Muddy Creek drainage (project files,
Prineville District BLM), and from the slab-lined hearth at 35WH14.
Re-expansion of grasses at Diamond Pond indicates moister
conditions in this part of the Northern Great Basin from 1400-1000 B.P.
(Wigand 1989), while 1000 B.P. marks the end of the Prospect Lake
glacial stade in the Wallowa Mountains (1800-1000 B.P.) (Kiver 1974).
> 7
503
Erosional conditions mark the final phase of an alluvial cycle dating
from after 4200 B.P. to sometime before 1550 B.P. in the vicinity of the
Ladd Canyon sites in northeastern Oregon. A similar cycle is recognized
for the Clearwater, Snake, and Columbia Rivers (Cochran and Leonhardy
1981).
Several dry spells characterize the most recent millennium of the
environmental record. An extended dry interval is identified for Clear
Lake in the channeled scablands of southeastern Washington between
approximately 900 A.D. and the late 14th century (Bartholomew 1982).
This finding is consistent with dramatically increased sedimentation
rates observed between 1020 A.D. and 1390 A.D. along the upper Columbia
River, which are at~ributed to atmospheric warming and resultant melting
of snowpacks (Chatters and Hoover 1986). Major droughts are in evidence
at 700 and 500 years ago at Diamond Pond (Wigand 1989).
Macrofossils from a packrat midden in Indian Canyon suggest that
roughly modern conditions existed in the Pine Creek basin by about 300
B.P. (Croft 1989). Moister conditions in the Northern Great Basin after
the preceding drought are, similarly, indicated by re-expansion of
juniper and grasses at Diamond Pond (Wigand 1989). The establishment of
modern depositional conditions may occur somewhat earlier along the
upper Columbia, where reconstructed flood frequencies approximate those
expected under current conditions by 1390 A.D. (Chatters and Hoover
1986). In the Wallowa Mountains, glaciers advance during the last 400
years in what is known as the Eagle Cap Stade (Kiver 1974),
,
4!
504
corresponding to the period known as the Little Ice Age (Bartholomew
1982).
The final major period of occupation in the Study Area extends
from approximately A.D. 1300 to 1650 and is represented at 35WH7,
35WH13, and 35WH2l in the Pine Creek basin, two sites in the Muddy Creek
drainage, and one site along Butte Creek (see Chapter 4). Radiocarbon-
dated features include house depressions at 35WH7, 35WH2l and the two
Muddy Creek sites, and a burial at Butte Creek Cave. The dated
occupation at 35WH13 is interpreted as representing a generalized
hunting and gathering economy, in contrast to the earlier focus on plant
processing at this site (Mazany 1980:10). Only a single date from
Mitchell Cave may fall within the second half of this period, suggesting
a decline in occupation of the Upper John Day drainage. This time span
falls within the Quinton Phase, which, as defined by Dumond and Minor at
the Wildcat Canyon Site, begins at A.D. 1000 and terminates with the
appearance of heavy Euroamerican influence (Dumond and Minor 1983:163).
Calibration of radiocarbon dates used to define its inception may, in
fact, place the beginning of the Quinton Phase between A.D. 1250 and
A.D. 1300 (Oetting 1993a). The inception of the Piqunin Phase along the
lower Snake River at about A.D. 1300, in addition (Leonhardy and Rice
I
:1
J
l
1970), suggests potentially more widespread cultural developments at
this time.
The inception of the Quinton Phase is marked by several cultural
changes (Dumond and Minor 1983:165). Use of the Wildcat Canyon Site as
a winter village appears to have ceased, with habitation limited to the
y ..... ~
'..
505
type of mat-covered temporary dwellings characteristic of summer
occupation documented in the ethnographic record. A shift in the nature
of the projectile point assemblage, represented in particular by the
proliferation of Pin Stem points, is interpreted as a reorientation of
cultural interactions downstream towards the Lower Columbia River,
rather than upstream towards the Columbia Plateau, " ... as a once
homogeneous Plateau population developed smaller, divergent regional
spheres of communication with the advent of stable village living and
the inevitable passage of time" (Dumond and Minor 1983:165). The
introduction of notched netsinkers during the most recent subdivision of
the Wildcat Phase, and their continued use during the Quinton Phase
(Dumond and Minor 1983:129-131) suggests a change in fishing technology
f,;; .
and method of procurement.
Occupation of the Morris Site, a prominent John Day River spring
and summer residential and fishing location linked to the Wildcat Canyon
Site and the Columbia River by way of a two-mile long overland trail,
all but ceases at roughly this time (A.D. 1200; Schalk 1987). Schalk
(1987:10-24) relates these settlement changes to a regional trend
towards aggregation of dispersed pithouse hamlets into larger villages,
citing, as examples, Miller Island (Strong et al. 1930), 45BN53 in the
McNary Reservoir (Osborne 1957), and Strawberry Island on the lower
Snake River (Cleveland et al. 1976; Schalk 1983b). He postulates a
"broader regional process of centralization of settlements and
intensification of subsistence systems" (Schalk 1987:10-27). This
2L
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7506
conclusion is compatible with Dumond and Minor's interpretations of the
projectile point assemblage.
The introduction to 35GM9 of a new fishing technology associated
with well delineated, fast water channels (Gard 1991), and the
abandonment of a traditional fishing site coincide roughly with two
environmental "anomalies." The occurrence of drought conditions between
apprOXimately A.D. 900 and the late 14th or mid 15th centuries has been
noted above. An additional event is represented by the Bonneville
Landslide, which is now dated to about A.D. 1120 (Minor 1984). The role
of the landslide in renewing salmon runs and its resulting contribution
to the origins of the winter village pattern have been evaluated and
rejected since the formulation of this model almost thirty years ago
(Sanger 1967). Environmental factors, however, may nonetheless have
some impact on Columbia River salmon runs, as discussed here by Schalk
(1987:10-22) :
As originally proposed by Sanger, then, this model is
no longer viable. Elements of the model, however, can be
salvaged and incorporated into rather different scenarios
that may still be of some scientific utility.
One possibility is that although salmon may not have been
entirely blocked from the Plateau at any time during the Holocene,
climatically induced changes in runoff might have influenced the
abundance and/or diversity of runs by making the passage of the
falls more difficult. Fall runs coincide with the annual lows in
runoff and it is not inconceivable that these runs might have been
blocked to some degree prior to 850 B.P .... The absence of these
runs undoubtedly would have had a profound effect on the
aboriginal occupants of the Middle Columbia inasmuch as these were
the primary runs exploited for the winter supply of stored fish.
If the Cascade landslide at 850 B.P. or still earlier Holocene
landslides in the Columbia Gorge permitted runs of fall chinook to
become established in the Plateau, there can be little doubt that
substantial reorganization of regional subsistence systems would
follow.
, ;
2
507
Recent modeling of the anticipated impacts on Columbia Basin
salmonids of a warmer, drier, Altithermal-type climate (Neitzel et al.
1991), does, in fact, indicate generally adverse impacts for chinook
salmon in streams arising east of the Cascades (it should be noted,
however, that these conditions may actually enhance steelhead
populations, for which freshet timing is not critical).
Summary of Environmental Associations
The most obvious environmental associations to be noted for the
first thousand years of the radiocarbon-dated record for the Middle John
Day are its initial occupation at the transition from relatively moist
to drier conditions, and the absence of dated components from the
following drier period. The apparently continuous Use of the Upper John
Day drainage during this period has also been noted and parallels the
pattern of radiocarbon dates from the Snake River and adjacent uplands,
as indicated above. In discussing the observed decline in sites along
the upper Columbia River (Priest Rapids to Grand Coulee), Chatters
(1984:120), suggests three potential causes, including "selective
erosion of sites due to renewed downcutting by the rivers; a population
decline caused by abrupt, wholesale change in the environment, and a
shift in foraging emphasis away from the river." Any or all of these
explanations may explain the patterning of occupation observed in the
Study Area.
508
Renewed evidence for occupation of the Pine Creek basin at
approximately 1550 years ago coincides both with ameliorating moisture
conditions and the end of an erosional episode which has been observed
across the southern Plateau. Functional changes in site use near the
mouth of the John Day River suggest that cultural, as opposed to merely
r.
[''.'~~ .~I
It
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l-------- s-.._
taphonomic, processes may be operating, as does a roughly parallel
increase in occupation of the northern Great Basin (Connolly et al.
1993). Almost continuous occupation of the Study Area (with a brief,
possibly spurious interruption) correponds to a larger gap in the record
from the upper John Day, and a population peak in the Northern Great
Basin between 1250 and 1000 years ago. The latter has been attributed
to an increase in effective moisture (Connolly et al. 1993). A
redistribution of population may also be related to upland glaciation
and its impact on local resources (cf. Reid and Gallison 1992).
An apparent increase in use of the Study Area and its vicinity has
been observed between approximately 650 and 300 years ago. A concurrent
decline in numbers of radiocarbon-dated sites in the Northern Great
Basin has been related to drying conditions (Connolly 1993), though
paucity of evidence for use of the Upper John Day region is curious,
given this scenario. A tendency towards centralization of settlements
and intensification of subsistence systems has been observed elsewhere
on the southern Plateau. It is likely that both increased populations
and deteriorating environmental conditions contributed to late
prehistoric developments preceding the arrival of Euroamericans on the
Plateau.
; ,
\
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'1 ,
509
Proto-Historic Developments and the Question of Epidemic Disease
The abrupt decrease in radiocarbon dates from the Pine Creek basin
after 300 years ago suggests reduced use or abandonment of the area. It
is corroborated by the near-absence of Euroamerican artifacts at
recorded sites. The single glass trade bead at 35WH13, which was
probably part of a larger, more traditional bone necklace, and two
rolled copper beads from the same site (Gannon 1978), constitute the
only evidence of Euroamerican influence at present. Rather than direct
contact, they probably represent rare trade goods which may have been
acquired at considerable distance from the Study Area and passed along
through "down-the-line" exchange with native intermediaries (Renfrew
1975), eventually making their way to Pine Creek peoples. Assemblages
which show a more thorough integration of aboriginal and introduced
material culture, reflecting intensive Euroamerican contacts (e.g.
Endzweig 1985), are absent. While the paucity of late radiocarbon dates
may be the result of sampling bias due to a change in the location of
sites, this is felt to be unlikely, given the regional scope of the
phenomenon, which extends south beyond the Study Area to the upper
reaches of the John Day and the northwestern margins of the Great Basin
(Connolly et al. 1993).
In a previous publication (Endzweig 1992), the author tentatively
proposed a causal relationship between the introduction of European
epidemic diseases and the apparent population decline in the Pine Creek
basin. Direct evidence from burial populations in the region is rare
h!; ~
.,.
,
"
510
and not likely to become available in the near future. Indirect
evidence for the spread of introduced diseases has, however, recently
also been presented for the Columbia River Gorge to the northwest,
supporting this hypothesis. Minor and Walker (1993) document the
replacement of circular, semi-subterranean habitations characteristic of
Plateau peoples by Chinookan-style rectangular plank houses in the
Bonneville area (the former Cascades of the Columbia) at about 1650
A.D., coinciding with a change in mortuary patterns. Challenging
; I
l--- ~ _.2~
traditional views of a long time-depth for Chinookan speakers in this
area, the authors (1993:12) postulate a late appearance of a Chinookan
pattern (and a Northwest Coast pattern in general), and cite B. Rigsby's
linguistic evidence for a spread, "in recent centuries," (Rigsby
1965:250) of Lower Chinookans upriver to the Dalles region. The authors
suggest that "the hypothesized Chinookan expansion was made possible by
a catastrophic decline in the native population living upstream along
the Columbia River as a result of the introduction of epidemic diseases"
(Minor and Walker 1993:13), a conclusion that is supported by mortality
profiles from a late period cemetery near The Dalles, Oregon (Hemphill
1990).
Uncertainty exists regarding the timing and spread of post-
Columbian introduced epidemic diseases throughout native North America.
Recent studies, stimulated in particular by Dobyns' arguments for an
early 16th century North American smallpox "pandemic" (Dobyns 1983),
favor an earlier and more rapid spread of disease prior to actual face-
to-face contact, associated with devastating impacts on native
t
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I~;
•
I
I
Ii.
i, \.ttz _
s
511
populations (cf. Verano and Ubelacker 1992 and sources). Views
similarly differ on the spread of European infectious diseases on the
Columbia Plateau. Based on an exhaustive and meticulous examination of
documentary sources, Boyd (1985) assigns the earliest introduced
epidemics in the Pacific Northwest to the 1770's. A Plains origin is
considered to be most likely for the outbreak of smallpox on the
Columbia Plateau (Boyd 1985:91-92), its spread facilitated by several
factors, including the establishment of trading posts and the increased
mobilty and intertribal contacts acquired through the introduction of
the horse around 1730 (Haines 1938).
Campbell, alternatively, postulates severe depopulation as early
as the 16th century for the northern Columbia Plateau. Based on
archaeological data from the Chief Joseph Reservoir, Campbell compares
temporal trends in several estimator variables thought to measure
population change, including component number and area, numbers of
structured features, and accumulation of shell and animal bone.
Campbell identifies an abrupt decline in population between A.D. 1475
and 1525, which she attributes to the proposed North American smallpox
pandemic of 1520. The strength of Campbell's conclusions is, however,
compromised by the ambiguity of calibrated radiocarbon age ranges, the
inclusion of riverine sites only (although Campbell does not consider
this to be a problem, cf. S. Campbell 1990:108), changes in the
proportions of site types which are correlated with changes in several
of the estimator variables, and the inception of several of the observed
.,
r
512
trends well before A.D. 1500. Pending additional studies, the question
of 16th century epidemics on the the Columbia Plateau must remain open.
The archaeological records of the Study Area and the Columbia
Gorge may, however, reflect the impacts of epidemic disease sometime
after A.D. 1650, later than Campbell proposes, but earlier than
suggested by the historical accounts. In the absence of evidence for
depopulation at the mouth of the Columbia River, the Great Plains
represents the most likely origin. The appearance of infectious
diseases on the Middle Missouri during the 17th century has been
postulated on the basis of both archaeological (Ramenofsky 1987) and
osteological evidence (Owsley 1992). Osteological data, in particular,
suggest high mortality rates among Middle Missouri villagers in the
first half of the century (Owsley 1992), providing a possible source for
transmission to the Columbia Plateau. This would predate the
introduction of horses to the Plateau. As trade connections have linked
the Middle Missouri and the Pacific-Plateau systems for thousands of
years (Erickson 1990; Swagerty 1988; Wood 1972), the claim that "In pre-
horse times it is probable that the northern Rockies had served as an
effective barrier to inter-tribal contact and cultural diffusion between
the Plateau and the Plains" (Boyd 1985:93) seems difficult to support.
It has been suggested, with regard to native Plateau peoples, that
the economic base of collecting, adapted to short-term
fluctuations in resource abundance, and a flexible social
organization and settlement pattern contributed to overall
adaptability such that not only populations, but traits of
cultural organization, survived (Campbell 1985:187).
'.1'
'r'
, .~ 513
, :
~ )
,
, i
But several aspects of Plateau life may have also made the
population eminently vulnerable, The large riverine villages of the
Columbia-Snake River system and its major tributaries satisfy Dobyns'
predictions that denser, riverine-lacustrine horticultural peoples will
be more severely affected than more mobile and scattered "backlanders,"
who rely more on hunting and gathering than on cultivated foods (Dobyns
1983:306-310), While not horticulturally based, it is likely that
Plateau fishing villages would have provided a similar reservoir for the
spread of new diseases, exacerbated by additional large gatherings at
rootgrounds and trade centers such as The Dalles and Kettle Falls (cf.
Dobyns 1992).
Drawing on historical documentation and studies from the Caribbean
culture area, the Southeastern United States, the American Southwest,
and the northern Great Plains, Dobyns postulates a widespread common
pattern of response to depopulation by native peoples in North America.
He envisions four major features, including abandonment of settlements
located in marginally productive environmental niches, migration to
environments that were more productive in terms of the basic subsistence
technology of the peoples involved, amalgamation of survivors of
abandoned settlements into a diminished number of continuing or new ones
in an attempt to maintain a number of inhabitants culturally defined as
proper by each group, and amalgamation of survivors of diverse lineage
and even ethnic origins into a diminished number of polities (Dobyns
1983: 11) .
2b
------------------------
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514
It has been suggested that widespread depopulation may explain the
historic Native American population distribution on the southern
Plateau, in particular its focus on the predictable salmon runs of the
Columbia and Snake rivers (S. Campbell 1990). The appearance of Numic-
speaking peoples (Dobyns' "backlanders?") may have reinforced changes
set in motion by the processes already discussed. While the timing is
uncertain, their arrival probably does not exceed the 300-year limit
proposed for Lake Abert, ca. 250 km to the south, based on
archaeological settlement patterns, material culture, and oral
traditions (Oetting 1989). This is consistent with archaeological
evidence from the Study Area, which appears to reflect a prehistoric
Plateau affiliation of some time depth. The nature of protohistoric
Numic expansion is clouded by difficulties in identifying the various
players involved (including conflicting designations, such as Bannocks,
Paiute, and Snakes), and disagreement over the role of the horse as well
as the timing of its acquisition (Arkush 1990; Suphan 1974:206; Sutton
1986). Although threats by mounted predatory Shoshoneans may have been
a common feature of the 19th century (Layton 1981; Sutton 1986), it is
alternatively possible to envision the gradual expansion of pedestrian
Paiute into lands vacated in the wake of preceding epidemics. The
subject of introduced epidemic diseases among Great Basin peoples is, at
present, not well understood (Beck and Jones 1992; Grayson 1993:271-
272), and must be further explored in order to fully comprehend proto-
historic developments at the Great Basin-Plateau interface .
.,-------------------7---
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515
Summary and Conclusions
The preceding chapters have been concerned with the Late Archaic
of the drainage of Pine Creek, a small tributary of the John Day River.
Two excavated sites, Cove Creek 2 (35WH7) and the Pine Creek Village
Site (35WH14) have been discussed in detail. Evidence for the existence
of substantial pithouses at 35WH14 more than two and a half millennia
ago has been presented, and has been suggested to reflect winter, if not
longer-term, occupation at this date. Concurrently, 35WH7, about five
miles distant, seems to have experienced only ephemeral use for the
caching and refinishing of hunting equipment. At some time during the
intervening period, this pattern appears to have changed, although
exactly when and why, is not clear. By 1500 B.P., semi-subterranean
houses built in steep-sided pits at 35WH14 may have been replaced by
structures built in large, dished depressions. A large and diverse
assemblage suggests that long-term occupation persisted, and limited
evidence for late winter through summer occupation has been presented.
The nature of occupations in the interval between 1500 B.P. and
600 or 650 B.P. is difficult to ascertain. The presence of the very
substantial, slab-lined hearth at 35WH14 suggests some degree of
permanence, though information on house features is not present. A date
of 1160 B.P. a.lso indicates some use of 35WH7 during this time.
Evidence from other sites in the Pine Creek basin (see Chapter 4)
documents a transitional occupation between two major periods of site
Use at Indian Canyon 2 (35WH13), and house construction at Jones Canyon
I..
~
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j
j
I
1
I
~.
,
~
--------------- •
516
(35WH2l). A compatible date was also returned from a housepit in the
nearby Muddy Creek drainage.
A cluster of radiocarbon dates from the Study Area and its
vicinity, beginning at approximately 600 or 650 B.P., coincides with the
major radiocarbon-dated use of 35WH7, and less intensive occupation of
the Pine Creek Village Site. Evidence for a small dwelling dated to 470
B.P. at 35WH7 has been discussed, and radiocarbon dates, features, and
artifact assemblages suggest that a second such house or shelter may
have been present. A terminal date of about 350 B.P. is correlated to
an increase in point styles indicating increasing extra-regional ties,
including Pin Stern points with affinities to the lower Columbia River
and specimens which are identical to Desert Side-Notched type of the
Great Basin. An abrupt decline in radiocarbon-dated occupation is
observed at about 300 B.P., corresponding to an almost complete absence
of Euroamerican trade goods at sites in the area.
The incongruities between archaeological evidence and the
ethnographic record for the area have been discussed and a more broad-
spectrum prehistoric adaptation has been proposed. It is likely, as S.
Campbell has proposed (Campbell 1990), that the lifeway observed during
historic times is a consequence of the upheaval caused by introduced
epidemic diseases and the resulting reduction and reorganization of
native populations in the region. However, clearly, the Late Archaic
prehistory of the Columbia Plateau has not been without significant,
internal change, precluding reference to an all-encompassing "Plateau
pattern."
I'
517
Situated at the transition between Deschutes-Columbia Plateau and
Blue Mountains physiographic provinces, and at the historic cultural
interface between Plateau and Great Basin peoples, the Study Area is
perhaps particularly well-suited for the elucidation of cultural
manifestations which are less "typical." Archaeological assemblages and
chronological developments, however, indicate strong ties to the larger
Columbia Plateau, and suggest that what is truly needed, is a greater
effort to sample and understand the prehistoric variability of this
region.
~ .
I
I
f
(
!,
I
"k. ...... ~
s
APPENDIX A
DESCRIPTIVE ATTRIBUTES AND PROVENIENCES FOR
SELECTED ARTIFACT CLASSES, 35WH7
518
'------._....... '~'_." ...--....."'~,~ ..". ~~~." ~ -.,"..-~..., -- '4.iiiiiiIIIII
I
t·
Table 38. Attributes and Dimensions of Classified Projectile Points, 35WH7'
Spec.
Number Raw Level Spec. Thick- Base Neck Stem
(ee2- ) Type Variety Mat. Status Unit Level Elevation E1ev. Length Width ness Width Width Length Weight
29 eB2 ees e 3B 3 8.50-8.30 - 5.38 1. 59 0.62 - - 5.20
234 eB2 ees e 5e? 4 8.50-8.40 8.46 4.95 1.21 0.49 - 0.78 1.11 3.36
10 eSl ees P3 2A 2 9.10-8.90 - 2.37* 1. 58 0.61 - 0.72 0.35 2.17
139 eS1 ees PI 4e 5 8.20-8.00 - 1. 35* 1. 82 0.44 - 0.66 0.68 0.55
341 eS1 ees P3 2G 2 9.10-9.00 9.02 2.06* 1.55* 0.61 - 0.77 0.68 1. 64
387 eSl ees P2 10 5 8.90-8.80 8.88 1.82* 1. 52 0.36 - 0.57 0.40 0.62
516 eSl OBS P3 SA 6 8.00-7.90 7.96 2.53* 1.11 0.42 - 0.48 0.66 0.86
817 eSl ees P2 3G 3 8.50-8.40 8.43 2.68* 1. 82 0.57 0.33* 0.93 0.72 2.98
937 eS1 OBS P3 IF 3 8.95-8.85 8.80 1. 86* 1. 49* 0.39 - 0.78 0.54 0.85
946 eSl ees e 2Q 2 8.90-8.70 8.80 2.39 1. 55 0.55 - - 0.64 1. 78
975 eSl ees P2 7B 4 8.40-8.30 - 2.12* 1. 76 0.54 0.87 0.72 1. 68
129 eS2 ees P3 4A 2 8.70-8.60 - 2.65* 1. 39* 0.40 0.57 0.54 0.72 0.95
146 eS2 ees P3 3e 3 8.20-8.30 8.31 3.19* 1. 82 0.58 0.56 0.59 0.80 2.65
246 eS2 ees P2 5B 1 9.00-8.90 8.92 2.38* 1. 78* 0.54 0.68 0.78 0.59 1. 60
356 eS2 ees P3 SA WS - 2.54* 1. 87 0.51 0.49 0.70 0.75 1. 82
400 eS2 ees P2 2N 4 8.60-8.50 8.55 2.37* 1. 90 0.48 0.58 0.68 0.64 2.21
95 eS6 OBS e 3A 4 8.30-8.10 1.72 1.29 0.35 - - 0.61
148 eS6 ees e 40 4 8.40-8.20 - 3.15 2.41 0.83 - - 5.03
231 eS6 ees P2 Ie 2 9.20-9.10 - 1.19* 1. 49 0.29 - - 0.29 0.78
293 eS6 ees e Ie 4 8.80-8.60 - 2.09 1. 41 0.32 - - 0.12 0.75
350 eS6 ees e 2H 1 9.30-9.10 9.20 1. 88 1. 64 0.41 - - 0.93
480 eS6 ees e 3E 3 8.50-8.40 8.43 2.32 1. 78 0.49 - - 1. 58
659 eS6 ees PI 1A 5 8.90-8.70 - 0.97* 1. 51 0.33 - - 0.16 0.58
696 eS6 ees PI 2H 1 9.30-9.10 - 1.13* 1. 63* 0.45 - - 0.41 0.83
733 eS6 ees e 1D 3 9.30-9.10 - 1. 67 1.24 0.27 - - 0.27 0.52
1030 eS6 ees L 1P 10 7.90-7.70 7.80 1. 96* 1.12* 0.30 - - 0.52
1050 eS6 ees PI 1A 3 9.30-9.10 - 0.81* 1.80* 0.54 - - 0.27 0.69
10001 eS6 ees P3 4B 4 8.40-8.20 - 2.73* 1. 93 0.40 - - - 2.26
60 DR ees PO 2D 2 9.00-8.90 - 1.53* 1. 05* 0.39 0.44 0.70 1.19 0.56
93 ES1 ees P2 4A 2 8.80-8.60 - 1.26* 1.00* 0.19 0.39* 0.32 0.37 0.24
113 ES1 ees 01 4e 3 8.60-8.40 - 2.18* 1. 86 0.47 * 0.46 * 1. 47
128 ES1 ees e 4A 2 8.70-8.60 8.60 2.56 0.94* 0.28 0.47 0.31 0.46 0.55
196 ES1 ees P3 1A 4 9.10-8.90 8.90 2.57* 1. 05* 0.30 0.61 0.41 0.48 0.72
267 ES1 ees P3 5B 3 8.70-8.60 8.68 2.50* 1.10* 0.29 * 0.46 * 0.55
333 ES1 OBS P3 PH2 ? - 1.53* 1.31* 0.26 0.43* 0.47 0.40* 0.41
375 ES1 ees e 4G 2 8.80-8.70 8.76 1. 87 1.42 0.24 0.48 0.46 0.25 0.61 U1I-'
\0
.•-
- --=o:~~·- - ~,: .J.~:=. :'_~ .:.~":;i:~~,.::~ ::~!f.&t~...~~"~:S~~'~~~~¥:' '!~->':?,~:::::ll-_T~~ ,,',,_ ~~~,~
"'fr :;:::;i,*-i.'L~j.~
Table 38. (Continued)
Spec.
Number Raw Level Spec. Thick- Base Neck Stem
(CC2- ) Type Variety Mat. Status Unit Level Elevation Elev. Length Width ness Width Width Length Weight
433 ES1 CCS P2 6B 2 9.10-8.90 9.00 1.65* 1.15* 0.31 0.59 0.46 0.42 0.53
477 ES1 CCS P2 3E 3 8.50-8.40 8.45 1. 56* 1. 44 0.36 0.60 0.49 0.35* 0.66
487 ES1 CCS P3 4A WS - 3.25* 1. 46 0.42 0.57 0.42 0.50 1. 41
499 ES1 CCS C 3D 5 8.00-7.90 7.95 2.04 1.29* 0.31 0.57 0.55 0.39 0.62
520 ES1 C CCS P2 TB1 3 9.20-9.10 - 1. 94* 1. 65 0.52 1. 58 0.53 0.46 1. 37
544 ES1 D CCS P2 3F 3 8.40-8.30 8.35 1. 42* 0.95 0.22 0.36 0.23 0.37 0.20
545 ES1 CCS C 3F 3 8.40-8.30 8.31 2.23 1.31 0.24 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.56
704 ES1 DBS P2 4F 1 9.00-8.80 - 1.24* 0.92* 0.23 0.44* 0.39 0.44 0.22
801 ES1 D CCS P2 3G 2 8.70-8.50 - 0.91* 1. 03 0.20 0.36 0.23 0.34 0.15
807 ES1 CCS P3 3H 2 8.70-8.60 8.63 2.34* 1. 09* 0.34 0.62 0.46 0.46 0.66
966 ES1 CCS P2 7B 2 8.70-8.60 8.63 1. 56* 1.41* 0.35 0.70 0.49 0.46 0.72
825 ESIl A DBS P2 4H 3 8.40-8.30 8.35 2.13* 1. 80* 0.38 0.63 0.54 0.51 1. 09
942 ESIl D CCS P3 1F 4 8.85-8.75 8.78 1. 66* 1.18* 0.19 0.37* 0.32 0.28 0.25
199 ESI2 DBS P3 2D 4 8.70-8.50 8.60 2.04* 1. 55 0.37 0.76" 0.68 0.50 1. 01
178 ES3 CCS P2 2A 2 9.10-8.90 - 1. 86* 1. 67* 0.44 1.05* 0.89 0.58 1. 61
236 ES3 CCS P2 2F 2 9.10-9.00 - 2.05* 1.47* 0.43 0.50* 0.80* 0.38 1. 57
822 ES3 CCS P2 4H 3 8.50-8.40 8.48 2.53* 2.65* 0.69 0.89'< 0.87 0.58 3.65
897 ES3 CCS L 2Q 1 9.00-8.90 8.90 2.09* 1.38* 0.44 0.94* 0.79 0.51* 0.68
9992 ES3 CCS P1 2Q 1 8.90-9.10 - 1.08* 1. 60* 0.41 0.75* 0.82* 0.49 0.61
371 ESI3 ees P2 1D 4 9.00-8.90 8.90 1. 95* 1. 64* 0.39 1.03 0.93 0.48 1. 38
420 ESI3 ecs D1 6A 2 9.00-8.90 8.94 3.31* 1. 51* 0.46 * * 0.43* 2.18
438 ESI3 ees P2 6B 2 9.00-8.90 8.99 1.89* 1.71* 0.44 1.17 0.95 0.54 1.56
471 ESJ3 ecs P3 4B 6 8.00-7.90 7.96 2.44* 1. 57* 0.43 0.62* 0.68* 0.50 1. 71
873 ESI3 ees P2 2R 2 8.90-8.80 8.88 2.23* 1. 86 0.48 1.23 0.92 0.55 1. 76
189 ES4 ees P3 2A 2 9.00-8.90 8.92 2.76* 2.13* 0.59 * 1.23 0.73 2.84
428 ES4 ees P3 1D 7 8.50-8.40 8.47 2.69'< 1. 75* 0.52 1.13* 1. 06 0.59 2.42
515 ES4 ees P2 1e 5-6 8.60-8.20 - 2.86* 1. 92* 0.58 0.73* 0.95* 0.38* 3.14
849 ES4 ecs P2 2T 1 9.00-8.90 8.98 1. 86* 1.93* 0.43 1.12* 1.24* 0.49 1.50
66 ESI4 DBS P2 3e 1 8.90-8.70 - 3.36* 2.09* 0.48 0.56 1. 02 0.87 2.60
107 ESI4 ees P1 4C 3 8.60-8.40 - 1.23* 1.73* 0.37 1. 37 1.13* 0.58 0.51
366 ESI4 ees P2 3D 1 8.90-8.80 8.90 2.27* 2.08* 0.46 1. 43 1.17 0.59 2.15
917 ESI4 ees P3 2Q 1 9.00-8.90 8.96 2.96* 1. 94* 0.55 1.23* 1.17 0.54 3.25
56 ES/SN CBS PO 2D SUR - 0.90* * 0.28 1. 40 0.94 0.89 0.32
847 ES/SN ees PO 2T 1 9.00-8.90 8.98 0.78* * 0.38 1.21 0.96 0.80 0.31 UlN
0
c-=- ""c--:-~'""""""'" :~-~--._._ ••, -,c~:c::",,~~::---,-- ~~,_.~"" "11IIIIIIII
Table 38. (Continued)
Spec.
Number Raw Level Spec. Thick- Base Neck Stem
(CC2-) Type Variety Mat. Status Unit Level Elevation Elev. Length Width ness Width Width Length Weight
870 ES/SN CCS P1 2R 1 9.00-8.90 8.90 0.82* 1. 66* 0.38 0.89* 1.32* 0.50* 0.57
9991 ES/SN CCS PO 1P 6 8.70-8.50 - 0.78* * 0.38 1. 50 1.25 0.81 0.40
10005 ES/SN CCS PO 3G 2 8.70-8.50 - 0.75* 1.10* 0.35 1.10 0.84* 0.75* 0.22
1 PS A CCS P3 1A 4 9.10-8.90 8.90 2.05* 1. 38* 0.25 0.35 0.32 0.67 0.46
2 PS B CCS C 1A 4 9.10-9.00 - 2.11 1. 45* 0.30 0.35 0.36 0.42 0.61
6 PS B CCS C 1A 5 8.90-8.70 - 1. 73 1. 02* 0.24 0.25 0.22 0.32 0.29
32 PS A CCS P3 3A 2 8.70-8.60 8.61 '1. 91* 1. 91 0.28 0.29 0.27 0.41 0.38
63 PS A CCS C 4A SUR - 1. 73 1.15 0.26 0.28 0.41 0.29 0.46
69 PS A CCS C 3A 2 8.70-8.60 8.65 2.06 1. 54 0.37 0.23 0.46 0.49 0.64
116 PS B CCS C 4B 2 8.80-8.60 8.70 2.31 1.10 0.26 0.27 0.33 0.30 0.52
150 PS A CCS C 4D 4 8.30-8.20 8.27 2.55 1. 61* 0.29 0.37 0.43 0.50 0.74
154 PS B CCS P2 1P 6 8.70-7.50 - 1. 62* 1. 07* 0.25 0.32* 0.32 0.31 0.39
159 PS B CBS C PH? BDT - 1. 60 0.81* 0.22 0.19 0.240 0.20* 0.25
172 PS B CCS C 1A 3 9.20-9.10 9.10 1. 71 1. 51 0.22 0.36 0.31 0.51 0.36
173 PS A CCS C 1A 3 9.20-9.10 9.10 2.28 1. 40 0.40 0.32 0.46 0.66 0.75
190 PS A CBS P2 3A 1 8.90-8.80 8.83 1. 35* 0.90* 0.23 0.44* 0.46 0.20* 0.26
268 PS A CCS C 1C 3 9.00-8.80 8.90 2.23 1. 32 0.32 0.32 0.33 0.58 0.50
357 PS B CCS P3 1D 4 9.00-8.90 - 1. 46* 1. 08 0.29 0.32 0.27 0.41 0.29
494 PS B CBS C 3E 4 8.30-8.20 8.27 2.41 0.90* 0.20 0.35 0.33 0.28 0.24
565 PS A CCS P2 3G 1 8.90-8.70 - 1. 40* 0.94* 0.31 0.28 0.30 0.39 0.35
802 PS B CCS C 4H 2 8.60-8.50 8.54 1. 93 0.92* 0.21 0.29 0.31 0.32 0.35
811 PS A CCS C 1P 4-11 9.00-7.50 - 2.41 1.18* 0.25 0.25 0.34 0.52 0.42
823 PS A CCS P3 4H 3 8.50-8.40 8.47 1. 65* 1. 32 0.30 - 0.32 0.36 0.46
895 PS A CCS C 1F 2 9.25-9.15 9.25 2.64* 1.16 0.29 0.25 0.24 0.36* 0.53
898 PS A CCS C 1F 3-6 8.97-8.25 - 2.49 1.27 0.35 - 0.35 0.43 0.89
906 PS A CCS P3 2Q 1 9.10-9.00 9.10 2.23* 1. 01 0.29 0.26 0.27 0.48 0.53
65 PS/ES CCS M 1P 6 8.60-8.50 8.55 1.42* 1.20* 0.20 * 0.38 * 0.36
126 PS/ES CCS L 4D 1 9.00-8.90 8.85 1.19* 0.91* 0.27 * 0.35 * 0.25
275 PS/ES CCS P1 5B 3 8.70-8.50 - 2.40* 1. 55 0.34 * 0.48 * 0.79
361 PS/ES CCS D1 2H 1 9.30-9.10 9.20 1. 65* 0.63* 0.21 0.35* 0.31 0.30* 0.22
519 PS/ES CCS D TB1 3 9.20-9.10 - 1.99* 1. 62 0.28 * 0.36 * 0.47
552 PS/ES CCS M1 3F 4 8.20-8.10 8.12 1. 35* 1.18* 0.27 * 0.40 * 0.34
727 PS/ES CCS H1 5A ? - 1.20* 1.16* 0.25 * 0.38 * 0.31
879 PS/ES CCS H1 7A 1-4 9.00-8.20 - 1.21* 0.99* 0.25 * 0.35 * 0.25
957 PS/ES CCS D1 7B 2 8.80-8.60 8.70 1.99* 1.11* 0.29 * 0.29 * 0.44
171 SN3 CCS P3 EX SUR - 3.09* 2.21 0.44 1.57 1.26 0.70 3.39
506 SN3 CBS P1 3E WS - 1. 62* 1.71* 0.42 1. 49 1. 30* 0.83 0.95
944 SN3 CCS P3 1F 4 8.75-8.65 8.70 2.12* 1. 67 0.40 1.19* 1.15 1.17 1.50 V1f'V
t-'
~-, • ,--~ i-:,.. ...~~t4&tO4 iUI ""-147h"Ii*Iii'Fi- J'IiIiitir._ 'ijjj/" ._i;u~,_.s_"'-4,~;:;;r_.-:.:-?t:~-:r'~~":~~..;{'-
·"'...~·,''i:,;:.:;i.;::;·~''~:¥!}i. L4I11III
Table 38. (Continued)
Spec.
Number Raw Level Spec. Thick- Base Neck Stem
(CC2-) Type Variety Mat. Status Unit Level Elevation Elev. Length Width ness Width Width Length Weight
222 SN4 CCS P3 2F 1 9.20-9.10 9.11 2.15* 1. 47 0.46 1.15 0.89 0.73 1.29
307 SN4 CCS P3 PH2 ? 9.00 2.53* 1. 73 0.40 0.75 0.66 0.74 1.29
872 SN4 CCS P3 2R 2 8.90-8.80 8.88 3.72* 1. 45* 0.46 1. 00" 0.95 0.61 2.58
880 SN4 CCS P2 2Q 1 9.10-9.00 9.09 1. 95* 1. 53* 0.50 0.77* 0.79 0.49 1. 45
908 SN4 CCS P2 2Q 1 9.10-9.00 9.07 1.67* 1. 70* 0.48 1.00 0.78 0.58 1. 49
978 SN4 OBS P3 3G 3-4 8.50-8.10 - 2.24* 1. 51* 0.36 1. 04 0.69 0.65 0.91
16 SN5 C CCS P3 2A 2 9.10-8.90 - 2.51* 1.73* 0.44 1.16 1. 02 0.52 1. 69
46 SN5 D CCS P3 2C 3 8.70-8.70 8.80 2.39* 1.24 0.37 1.24* 1. 00 0.59 1. 28
57 SN5 A CCS C 4A SUR - 3.00* 1.85* 0.49 1.26* 1. 08 0.53 2.36
58 SN5 C CCS P3 3C 1 8.90-8.70 - 2.73* 1.66* 0.42 1. 08 1. 01 0.41 2.16
99 SN5 A CCS P2 4C 2 8.70-8.60 8.62 2.34* 1. 80 0.49 1.32 1. 06 0.54 2.10
101 SN5 A CCS P2 1P 7 8.50-8.30 - 2.55* 1.96* 0.50 0.97* 1.21* 0.42* 2.50
108 SN5 C CCS P3 1P 7 8.50-8.30 - 2.49* 1. 75* 0.46 0.70* 0.91* 0.44 2.03
122 SN5 B CCS P3 3A 5 8.10-8.00 8.02 2.72 1. 74 0.42 1. 59 1. 22 0.58 1.42
141 SN5 A CCS P3 3A 6 7.80-7.70 7.76 2.95* 1. 96 0.53 1. 43* 1.10 0.52 2.25
156 SN5 D CCS P2 1P 6 8.70-8.50 - 1. 87* 1. 33 0.43 0.74" 0.81 0.60 1.13
208 SN5 A CCS P3 3B 5 8.10-8.00 8.10 2.82* 1. 67 0.37 1.32* 1. 00 0.57 1. 56
217 SN5 C CCS P3 1C 1 9.30-9.20 - 2.28* 1. 70* 0.49 0.83* 0.96 0.46 2.41
221 SN5 C CCS P2 2F 1 9.20-9.10 9.12 1. 91* 1. 56" 0.54 1.18* 1.16 0.42 1.72
229 SN5 A CCS C 3P 4 8.30-8.20 8.26 4.01 1.83* 0.47 1. 56 1.12 0.61 2.60
237 SN5 D CCS P3 2F 2 9.10-9.00 - 2.58* 1. 33 0.34 1.10 0.95 0.53 1. 44
240 SN5 A CCS P2 3P 4 8.20-8.10 8.14 1.73* 1. 54 0.40 1.13* 0.96 0.54 1.15
241 SN5 C CCS P2 2F 2 9.00-8.90 8.98 2.16* 1. 57* 0.50 1. 00" 1.09 0.52 1. 81
245 SN5 C CCS C 2F 2 9.00-8.90 8.98 2.39 1. 63 0.40 1. 08* 1. 05* 0.39* 1.61
249 SN5 C CCS P3 2F 2 9.10-9.00 9.01 2.89* 1. 59 0.67 1.12 0.96 0.57 3.04
282 SN5 D CCS C 1C 4 8.80-8.60 - 2.30 1.24 0.41 0.90 0.73 0.55 1. 01
288 SN5 C CCS P2 1C 4 8.80-8.60 - 1.16* 1.55* 0.42 0.32" 0.97 0.52 0.79
310 SN5 C CCS P3 1C 5 8.60-8.50 8.56 3.08* 1. 49 0.56 1.11* 0.95 0.45 2.91
365 SN5 C CCS P3 2H 1 9.20-9.10 9.15 2.48* 1. 68* 0.54 0.94 1. 00 0.33 2.12
406 SN5 B OBS P2 2H 2 9.00-8.90 8.90 2.06* 2.12 0.48 2.00 1. 45 0.75 2.08
408 SN5 D CCS P2 3D 1 8.80-8.70 - 1. 75* 1. 06* 0.46 0.70* 0.60* 1.11 0.91
446 SN5 A CCS P2 1D WS - 2.13* 1. 85 0.54 1. 64 1. 32 0.61 1. 97
512 SN5 A CCS C 3E 3-4 8.50-8.10 - 4.33 1.72 0.47 1. 55 1.19 0.57 2.30
527 SN5 C CCS P3 TB1 6 8.60-8.50 8.54 3.17* 1.67* 0.40 * 0.90* 0.50* 2.08
528 SN5 C CCS C TB1 6 8.60-8.50 8.50 2.79 1. 64* 0.48 0.91* 0.86* 0.68* 2.11
546 SN5 A CCS P1 3F 4 8.30-8.20 8.25 0.84* 1. 96* 0.41 1.85* 1. 39 0.56 0.58
804 SN5 A CCS C 41 1 8.90-8.70 8.80 3.17 1.58* 0.41 1. 34* 1. 01 0.51 1. 94
835 SN5 D CCS P3 41 2 8.70-8.60 8.68 2.43* 1.28 0.47 1.16 0.91 0.58 1.67
868 SN5 C CCS P3 2R 2 8.90-8.80 8.86 2.99* 1. 55* 0.37 1. 01* 1. 00 0.63* 1. 74
874 SN5 C CCS P2 2R 2 8.90-8.80 8.88 2.04* 1. 87 0.52 1. 30* 1. 35 0.55 1. 98 V1N
N
7 ~ /'-'- --
Table 38. (Continued)
--.--- -, £;:;: ",..._.'
Spec.
Number
(CC2-)
Raw
Type Variety Mat. Status Unit Level
Level
Elevation
Spec.
Elev. Length Width
Thick-
ness
Base
Width
Neck
Width
Stem
Length Weight
881
887
891
907
925
965
985
1037
79
521
566
838
900
23
376
379
824'
927
1154
9994
SN5
SN5
SN5
SN5
SN5
SN5
SN5
SN5
SN6
SN6
SN6
SN6
SN6
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
ST
A
D
A
C
C
B
A
CCS
CCS
CCS
CCS
CCS
CCS
CCS
CCS
DBS
DBS
CCS
CCS
DBS
CCS
CCS
CCS
CCS
DBS
CCS
DBS
P2
P2
P2
C
P3
C
P2
P2
C
C
L
PI
C
PI
C
C
C
C
L
P
2Q
2Q
2Q
2Q
2Q
7B
3P
7B
1P
TB1
4H
3H
IF
3B
2H
4G
1A
IF
1P
3E
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
7
3
2
3
2
3
1
2
3-9
3
6
4
9.10-9.00
9.10-9.00
9.00-8.90
9.10-9.00
8.80-8.70
8.70-8.60
8.70-8.50
8.80-8.60
8.50-8.40
9.20-9.10
8.70-8.60
8.40-8.30
9.25-9.05
8.50-8.30
9.20-9.10
8.80-8.70
9.30-7.90
8.95-8.85
8.55-8.50
8.30-8.10
9.08
9.02
8.96
9.09
8.77
8.61
8.50
9.13
8.61
8.39
9.15
9.10
8.75
8.93
1.88*
1. 95*
2.19*
2.25
2.82*
2.90
1.59*
1. 58*
2.21
1. 46
1.88*
1. 09*
2.14
1. 43*
2.05
2.20
1. 74
2.65
2.67
0.92*
1. 71*
1. 30
1.87*
1. 46*
1. 57*
1. 68*
1. 88*
1. 51*
1.19
1.25
0.93*
1. 45
1. 41
1.87
1. 41*
1. 44
1.51*
1.22*
1.12*
1.26
0.53
0.48
0.50
0.43
0.43
0.54
0.47
0.43
0.31
0.28
0.40
0.32
0.29
0.31
0.35
0.33
0.31
0.34
0.29
0.23
1.28*
0.98
1.70*
1. 33*
0.89*
1.21
1.28
0.82*
1.19
1.251
0.56*
1.37
1. 41
1.87
1. 41*
1. 44
1. 51*
1.10*
1.06
1.25
1.17
0.82
1.31
1. 06
0.84*
1. 04
1.19
0.80*
0.96*
1.02*
0.36*
1.11*
0.87
0.44
0.46
0.69
0.55*
0.51
0.44
0.54
0.45
0.39
0.47
0.51
0.48
0.53
1. 94
1. 38
2.34
1. 70
1. 81
2.43
1. 52
0.97
0.71
0.45
0.58
0.61
0.64
0.56
0.83
0.87
0.63
0.81
1. 03
0.25
1 Additional projectile points are listed under conjoined specimens, Table 39
Raw Material: CCS=cryptocrystalline silicates; DBS=obsidian; BAS=basalt
Status: P=proximal end, PO=base only, P1=base and at least one barb, P2=base and half of blade, P3=only tip missing; M=medial frag.,
M1=includes part of haft element, M2=blade frag. only, M3=most of blade except tip; D=dista1 frag., D1=only base missing, D2=only tip
present, no diagnostic features; L=lateral frag.; C=complete specimen; UI=unidentifiable
Level: WS=wall scrapings; SUR=surface; BDT=backdirt
*=fragmentary specimen, measurement incomplete
All measurements in centimeters, weight in grams
U1
N
W
.-. -----
"~:~'_~-~C' ~ :~...=:"-~~--_-C_"~_!!IY!!!@IIJ
Table 39. Attributes of Conjoined Projectile Points, 35WH7'
Specimen
Number Vari- Raw Level Spec. Thick- Base Neck Stem
(CC2-) Type ety Mat. Status Unit Level Elevation Elev. Length Width ness Width Width Length Weight
177/603 CS6 ecs C 3.02 1. 78 0.34 - - 0.21 1. 60
177 CS6 ecs P2 lA 3 9.30-9.10
603 PPT FR CCS 0 lA 4 9.10-8.90
212/882 CS6 ecs P3 3.37* 1. 62 0.30 - - 0.17 1. 66
212 PPT FR CCS M2 2F 1 9.20-9.10
882 CS6 CCS P2 2Q 1 9.10-9.00 9.08
I
109/814 ESI OBS C 3.00 1.27 0.26 0.48 0.32 0.38 0.59
109 ESl OBS P2 3B 3 8.40-8.30 8.30
814 PPT FR OBS 0 3A 4-6 8.30-7. 70
274/461 ESl A OBS P3 2.20* 1. 79 0.29 0.62 0.51 0.40 1.12
274 ESl A OBS P2 le 3 9.00-8.80
461 PPT FR OBS M2 10 WS
484/805 ESI1 CCS P3 2.87* 1. 57 0.35 0.71 0.56 0.43 1.26
4B4 PPT FR CCS P3 3E 4 8.30-8.20 8.30
805 ESI1 CCS P2 3H 2 8.60-8.50 8.56
529/945 PPT FR CCS Ml 3.33* 1.52* 0.41 * 1.19 * 1. 83
529 PPT FR CCS Ml 2F WS
945 PPT FR CCS M2 2Q 2 8.90-8.70 8.80
175/553 PS/ES CCS Dl 2.40* 1.59 0.27 * 0.35 * 0.58
175 PS/ES CCS Ml IP 3-5 9.30-8.70
553 PPT FR CCS D IP 5 8.90-8.80 8.83
3/176 SN6 OBS P3 1. 66* 1. 35 0.24 1.35 - - 0.55
3 SN6 OBS LP 1A 4 9.10-8.90
176 SN6 OBS LP IP ?
291/757 ST CCS C 2.70 1. 33* 0.45 1.33* 1.19 0.55* 1. 63
291 PPT FR CCS P le 4 8.80-8.60
757 PPT FR ees 0 PHl SUR
1 All measurements in centimeters, weight in grams, *=fragmentary specimen, measurement incomplete
Raw Material: eeS=cryptocrystalline silicates: OBS=obsidian: BAS=basalt
Status: P=proximal end, PO=base only, Pl=base and at least one barb, P2=base and half of blade, P3=only tip missing; M=medial frag.,
Ml=includes part of haft element, M2=blade frag. only, M3=most of blade except tip: D=distal frag., Dl=only base missing, D2=only tip present,
lf1
no diagnostic features; L=lateral frag.; C=complete specimen; UI=unidentifiable tv
+:--
r.·
···
" .
p
,; 525
Table 40. Attributes and Dimensions of Classified Large Bifaces, 35WH7'
Specimen
Number Level Spec. Sta- Frag. Raw Thick- Stage Stage
(ee2-) Unit Level Elevation Elev. tus Type Mat. Length Width ness Weight Side A Side B
20 3A 2 8.70-8.50 8.60 e ees 3.86 2.49 0.73 6.09 3 3
27 3B 3 8.50-8.30 * A ees 4.42* 4.82* 1. 34 22.02 2 3
37 3A 2 8.60-8.50 8.52 * R ees 3.06* 3.28* 1.11 10.82 2 3
43 2e 3 8.90-8.80 8.88 e ees 6.48 4.74 1.38 32.16 1 3
61 3A 3 8.50-8.40 8.41 * R ees 4.52* 2.44 0.88 11.22 3 3
70 3A 3 8.40-8.30 8.30 * A ees 2.82* 2.30* 0.63 2.93 2 2
77 3e 2 8.70-8.60 8.70 * S ees 3.16* 2.02 0.53 4.04 5 5
80 4A 1 9.00-8.80 8.90 e ees 6.03* 2.78 0.73 12.47 3 4
83 3e 2 8.70-8.50 * A ees 3.08* 2.33* 0.64 4.48 2 3
84 1A SUR * A ees 3.81* 2.34 1.10 7.40 2 2
97 4A 2 8.80-8.60 * R ees 1. 90* 2.65* 0.51 2.27 2 3
98 1P 6 8.60-8.50 8.52 e ees 3.73 2.37 1. 22 9.05 2 2
100 4e 3 8.60-8.50 8.57 * A ees 2.38* 1. 49* 0.67 1. 59 3 4
112 4e 3 8.60-8.40 * S ees 3.27* 3.16 0.71 9.43 3 4
115 3e? 3? 8.90 * S ees 1. 90* 1. 96 0.52 1.77 2 3
123 3A 5 8.10-7.90 * R ees 2.93* 3.19* 0.97 9.12 3 3
124 1P 7 8.40-8.30 8.32 * A ees 4.22* 3.08* 0.72 8.47 3 3
131 4A 3 8.60-8.40 * R ees 2.78* 3.29* 0.72 5.45 3 3
i 132 4D 2 8.70-8.60 8.65 * R ees 3.46* 4.33* 1. 07 15.87 2 2
!' 134 4D 3 8.60-8.50 8.55 e ees 7.17 3.03 1. 30 25.32 2 3
~. 147 4A 1 9.00-8.80 * S ees 3.63* 3.24 1. 01 13.75 2 2167 5e 2 8.90-8.70 * A ees 3.15* 3.56* 1. 06 11.14 2 3
i 174
2D 4 8.70-8.50 e ees 4.05 2.95 0.83 10.41 2 3
201 BDT e ees 4.66* 3.46 1. 48 23.56 2 2
235 3P 4 8.20-8.10 8.16 * S ees 4.14* 3.19* 0.81 11. 76 2 3
~ ! 247 2E 3 8.90-8.80 * A ees 2.88* 1.93* 0.45 1. 84 4 4
, !
305 4A * R ees 3.59* 3.16* 1.17 14.26 2 2~I'I 330 3e 1 8.90-8.70 * S ees 3.95* 3.16* 0.91 13.24 3 4~, 345 1P 6 8.70-8.60 8.65 * A ees 3.43* 2.46* 0.62 5.37 3 4355 2G 2 9.00-8.90 8.90 * A ees 3.06* 2.31* 0.62 3.87 3 3
ri 364 3D 1 8.90-8.80 8.84 * S ees 1.80* 2.16 0.61 2.93 4 4368 4B 3 8.60-8.50 8.57 e ees 5.61 3.89 1.24 28.33 2 2~, 380 2H 1 9.20-9.10 9.10 * U ees 4.62* 3.85* 1.40 22.77 2 2381 1e 5 8.60-8.50 8.60 * A ees 3.18* 2.72* 0.80 5.22 3 3384 4F 2 8.70-8.60 8.65 e ees 5.22 2.36 0.74 10.26 3 3
390 3B 4 8.30-8.20 8.26 * A ees 4.46* 3.24* 0.87 13.83 3 3
395 4B 4 8.40-8.30 8.34 * A ees 4.39* 3.41 1. 28 16.08 2 3I
t· 407 4G 2 8.70-8.60 8.64 * S ees 2.60* 2.70 1. 03 8.66 2 3(. 421 5e 3 8.70-8.50 * L ees 5.30 3.73 1. 40 24.26 2 3
422 6A 2 9.00-8.90 8.93 * U ees 2.15* 2.48* 0.60 2.77 2 2
431 1D 7 8.50-8.40 8.44 * A ees 3.87* 2.53* 0.77 7.40 3 3
434 2K 4 8.70-8.60 8.65 * A ees 3.56* 2.66* 0.63 5.75 3 3
435 4F 3 8.50-8.40 8.49 * L ees 4.69* 2.95* 0.88 12.54 2 3
;: 456 6A 3 8.80-8.70 8.77 * A ees 3.07* 2.50* 0.54 4.44 2 30'
k. 457 2K 5 8.50-8.40 8.46 * R ees 3.84* 3.04 1. 02 13.32 3 3
I 467 3E 2 8.70-8.50 8.60 * S ees 2.05* 1. 94* 0.67 2.50 2 2
469 3E 2 8.60-8.50 8.50 * A ees 2.94* 3.28* 1.05 9.46 2 3L 474 3D 4 8.30-8.20 8.25 * A ees 4.58* 3.11* 0.95 10.13 2 3,. 493 3E 4 8.30-8.20 8.25 * M ees 3.84* 3.26 0.97 15.11 2 3!/ 504 3E 3 8.50-8.40 8.47 * A ees 4.85* 4.65* 1. 32 22.98 2 4,~
549 3F 4 8.20-8.10 8.14 * A ees 3.85* 2.50 1. 00 7.41 2 3
560 4A 4 8.40-8.30 8.38 * A ees 2.85* 2.51* 0.62 4.62 2 2
610 4A 3 8.60-8.40 * R ees 5.02* 2.44* 1.14 11.29 2 2
660 3B 3 8.50-8.30 * U ees 3.18* 2.18* 0.61 4.17 2 2
691 3A 4 8.30-8.10 * R ees 3.72* 2.88 1. 32 12.42 2 3
740 3E 1 8.97-8.70 * U ees 3.40* 2.04* 1.10 6.76 2 2
752 5B 3 8.70-8.50 * R ees 2.10* 3.54* 0.63 3.78 3 3
777 1e 4 8.80-8.60 * U ees 3.33* 3.05* 1.26 13.54 2 3
i
l;4
-------------- •
526
Table 40. (Continued)
Specimen
Number Level Spec. Sta- Frag. Raw Thick- Stage Stage
(CC2-) Unit Level Elevation Elev. tus Type Mat. Length Width ness Weight Side A Side B
841 1C * S CCS 2.67* 3.48 0.53 5.01 4 4
843 1P * M CCS 2.16* 2.16* 0.64 2.69 3 3
857 3H 3 8.50-8.30 8.37 C CCS 6.78 4.00 1. 97 39.54 2 2
920 2Q 1 9.00-8.90 8.93 * R CCS 2.20* 3.52* 1. 07 7.13 2 3
961 7B 2 8.80-8.70 8.77 C CCS 7.44 4.64 1. 55 48.87 2 2
968 7B 2 8.70-8.60 8.60 * R CCS 3.77* 2.78 0.75 9.85 3 3
971 7B 2 8.70-8.60 8.60 * M CCS 1. 91* 2.29* 0.65 3.06 2 3
972 7B 3 8.50-8.40 8.47 * S CCS 3.07* 2.51 0.96 7.26 2 4
1014 3C 2 8.70-8.50 * A CCS 2.94* 4.86* 1.14 14.13 3 3
1069 1B WS C CCS 4.56 2.77 0.34 14.80 2 2
1120 1F 2 9.25-9.05 * A CCS 2.03* 2.23* 0.75 2.19 3 3
1207 2H 1 9.30-9.10 * A CCS 4.40* 2.90 1.18 13.96 2 2
1257 3A 5 8.10-7.90 * M CCS 1.20* 2.53* 0.92 2.46 2 2
1258 3A 5 8.10-7.90 * M CCS 2.97* 3.04 1. 40 14.38 2 2
1276 3B 4 8.50-8.30 * R CCS 2.16* 2.02* 1.19 4.76 2 2
1290 3C 1 8.90-8.70 * R CCS 1. 95* 2.75 0.57 4.10 2 3
~ . J 1291 3C 1 8.90-8.70 * R CCS 2.14* 3.25* 1. 36 2.27 2 3
l! 1311 3C 2 8.70-8.50 * R CCS 2.04* 4.05* 1.10 7.41 2 2
I' 1313 3C WS ? * A CCS 3.01* 4.07* 1. 00 9.58 3 3
I 1323 3D 3 8.50-8.30 * L CCS 3.04* 2.76* 1.25 8.46 2 2..
I 1343 * R CCS 3.33* 4.45* 1.27 17.60 1 3~ 1351 3AE 1-2 8.95-8.50 * A CCS 1. 40* 2.43* 1. 81 2.31 2 2
'i',
~.. 1403 3G 3 8.45-8.30 * A CCS 3.23* 2.55* 0.63 3.88 2 31408 3G 3 8.45-8.30 * L CCS 2.96* 1. 56* 1.72 2.82 3 31497 4B 3 8.60-8.40 * R CCS 1. 40* 3.10* 0.80 3.21 1 3II 1509 4C 2 8.80-8.60 * A CCS 2.91* 1. 94* 1. 09 4.77 2 3
,j 1513 4C 3 8.60-8.40 * A CCS 2.64* 3.08* 1. 06 6.86 2 3;iI 1522 4C 4 8.40-8.20 * R CCS 4.53* 4.06* 1. 63 30.12 2 2
Y,I 1554 4F 2 8.80-8.60 * A CCS 2.30* 3.62 1. 00 6.32 3 3
hi 1610 5B 3 8.70-8.50 * R CCS 3.52* 3.49 1. 37 17.59 2 2
r!
,e 1 Status: *=fragmentary specimen, incomplete dimension; C=complete~ .. Fragment Type: A=acute, R=round, S=square, M=medial, L=lateral, U=unidentifiableRaw Material: CCS=cryptocrystalline silicates, OBS=obsidian, BAS=basalt
I
Level: WS=wall scrapings, SUR=surface, BDT=backdirt
Stage A and Stage B refer to opposite faces of a single specimen
I. All measurements given in centimeters, weight in grams
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Table 41. Attributes and Dimensions of Conjoined Large Bifaces, 35WH7 '
Specimen
Number Level Spec. Sta- Frag. Raw Thick- Stage Stage
(CC2-) Unit Level Elevation Elev. tus Type Mat. Length Width ness Weight Side A Side B
195/278 C CCS 6.58 2.53 0.69 10.96 3 3
195 4B 1 9.00-8.80
278 5B 3 8.60-8.50 8.50
25/114 * S CCS 6.36* 2.86 0.75 17.11 3 4
25 3C 1 8.90-8.80 8.90
114 4C 3 8.60-8.40
292/1175/1606 C CCS 4.19 2.56 1.17 9.37 2 2
292 1C 4 8.80-8.60 8.68
1175 1P 10 7.90-7.70
1606 5B 2 8.90-8.70
304/969 C CCS 5.79 2.37 0.54 7.76 4 4
304 4A 2 8.70-8.60 8.70
969 4J 2 8.70-8.60 8.64
r : 374/N01} * S CCS 4.55* 2.26 0.64 4.78 3 4
374 2H 1 9.20-9.10 9.10
:i 424/656 C CCS 6.35 2.84 1. 05 15.17 3 3!1 424 1D 6 8.60-8.50 8.50I,
'I 656 1F 4 8.75-8.65
I
~j 624/767 * S CCS 4.06* 2.95 0.66 9.68 2 3I, 624 41 1 8.90-8.70, ,
"I 767 3C 2
8.70-8.50
I,.
,
"': 827/1017 * 4,95* 4.95 1.26 33.62 2 2Ii,: R CCS
1/ ' 827 3G 3 8.40-8.30 8.321<' 1017 3A 3 8.50-8.30
'Jl
~. 837/958 * S CCS 4.38* 2.29 0.57 6.75 3 4837 5C 4 8.50-8.40 8.48.
958 7B 1 8.90-8.80 8.85
85/770 C CCS 7.83 4.06 1. 44 45.89 3 3
85 4A 2 8.80-8.60
~ : 770 3C 2 8.70-8.50
1 Status: *=fragmentary specimen, incomplete dimension; C"complete
Fragment Type: A=acute, R=round, S=square, M=medial; L=lateral
Raw Material: CCS"cryptocrystalline silicates, OBS=obsidian, BAS=basalt
Stage A and Stage B refer to opposite faces of a single specimen
All measurements given in centimeters, weight in grams
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Table 42. (Continued)
Specimen
Number Raw Sta- Level Spec. Thick-
(CC2-) Class Type Mat. tus Unit Level Elevation Elev. Length Width ness Weight
517 PRF FORMED CCS P 5A 6 8.00-7.90 7.96 2.36 1, 58 0.30 0.93
595 PRF EDGED FLAKE CCS C 3P 1-2 8.90-8.50 2.30 2.39 0.54 2.62
651 PRF EDGD CHUNK PNCH CCS C 2AB 3 8.90-8.70 7.30 2.88 2.54 47.35
738 PRF USED FLAKE CCS C 3E 1 8.97-8.70 4.64 2.72 0.71 5.67
785 PRF EDGED FLAKE CCS C 3E 3 8.50-8.30 2.48 0.83 0.50 0.7Z
815 PRF EDGED FLAKE CCS C 5C 2 8.90-8.80 8.81 2.68 1,15 0.28 0.89
816 PRF EDGED FLAKE CCS C 5C 2 8.80-8.70 8.78 3.25 1, 25 0.21 0.82
1127 PRF BIF;STEMMED CCS C 1F 3 9.05-8.80 5.01 2.55 1, 01 11.14
1198 PRF EDGED FLAKE CCS C 2F 1 9.23-9.10 2.00 1,10 0.54 0.75
1331 PRF EDGED FLAKE CCS P 3E 1 8.95-8.70 3.39 1, 90 0.42 2.57
1598 PRF EDGED FLAKE CCS C 5A 6 8.10-7.90 3.32 1,17 0.63 1.71
1 All measurements in centimeters, weight in grams
Raw Material: CCS=cryptocrystalline silicates, OBS=obsidian, BAS=basalt
Status: C=complete, D=distal, P=proximal, M=medial, L=lateral, F=fragment
., For discussion of types, see text
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Table 43. Attributes and Dimensions of Notches, 35WH7'
..
I Specimen
I' Number No. of Additional Raw Level Spec. Thick-
11
(CC2-) Notches Features Mat. Unit Level Elevation Elev. Length Width ness Weight
255 1 1 UNIF EDGE CCS lC 2 9.10-9.00 2.70 2.14 0.67 3.41
"
" 717 1 2 UNIF EDGES CCS 3B 3 8.50-8.30 5.97 4.67 2.11 36.40! 735 2 1 UNIF EDGE CCS 3E 1 8.97-8.80 8.97 3.75 2.65 0.87 5.19,
H 959 1 CCS 7B 1 8.90-8.80 8.83 5.77 3.92 4.26 80.01]:. 1125 1 2 UNIF EDGES CCS 1F 3 9.05-8.80 3.66 2.66 0.86 3.85
1349 1 STEEP ENDSCRAPER FWD 3AE 1-2 8.95-8.50 6.26 4.03 1, 31 49.00
':1 1386 3 1 UNIF EDGE CCS 3F 5 8.10-7.90 3.46 2.60 0.50 5.63j
1395 1 CCS 3G 1 8.90-8.70 4.18 3.7Z 0.90 10.37
1397 1 CCS 3G 2 8.70-8.50 2.08 2.00 0.71 2.42
1498 1 CCS 4B 4 8.40-8.20 5.93 3.75 1,16 17.42
1519 1 1 UNIF EDGE CCS 4C 4 8.40-8.20 5.52 4.28 1.75 32.25
1535 2 1 UNIF EDGE CCS 4D 2 8.80-8.60 1. 94 1,22 0.24 0.50
1546 1 BAS 4E 1 8.90-8.70 3.47 2.97 0.93 7.78
1563 1 BAS 4G 2 8.80-8.60 5.96 5.85 1, 86 66.31
1566 1 CCS 4H 2 8.70-8.50 3.29 2.93 1.29 9.88
1597 1 CCS 5A 6 8.10-7.90 1.87 0.95 0.61 1,08
1611 1 CCS 5B 3 8.70-8.50 3.18 3.01 0.98 7.87
1618 4 CCS 5B 3 8.70-8.50 6.31 2.96 0.61 8.26
1 All measurements in centimeters, weight in grams
Raw Material: CCS=cryptocrystalline silicates, BAS=basalt, FWD=fossil wood
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Table 44, Attributes and Dimensions of Formed Urtifaces, 35WH7'
Spec,
Num, Edge Raw Level Spec, Thick-
(CC2-) Type Variety Mat, Unit Level Elevation Elev, Length Width ness Weight
809 C DSC CCS lP 4-11 9,00-7,50 3.15 2.91 0.76 7.59
256 C E CCS lC 2 9,10-9,00 3.56 3.45 1,20 15.18
257 C E CCS lC 2 9.10-9,00 3.33 4.31 1, 03 10.49
580 C E CCS 1C WS 3.16 2,75 1, 59 13.75
1086 C E CCS 1C 4 8.80-8,60 2,95 3.66 1, 58 15,83
1221 C E CCS 2L 5 8.50-8.40 8,42 4,46 2.22 1, 64 13,53
1296 C E CCS 3C 1 8,90-8,70 3.22 3,49 1, 86 24.86
88 C ES CCS 4A 1 8,90-8.80 8.80 3,29 3,26 1, 01 8.10
213 C ES CCS 5B 1 9,00-8.90 8,96 4,23 2,61 1, 32 12.42
377 C EE CCS 2H 1 9,20-9.10 9,10 6,28 4,77 3.01 88.47
26 C IND CCS 3C 1 8,90-8.80 8.90 0,86 2,47 0.24 0.47
230 C IND CCS 1C 2 9,20-9.10 1, 49 1,70 0.20 0.71
359 C IND CCS 1F 4 8,85-8,65 3.18 1, 90 0.95 4.81
764 C IND CCS 1A 4 9.10-8,90 2.49 2.07 0,32 1, 42
1212 C IND CCS 2H 1 9.30-9,10 2.87 1, 54 1, 05 3.16
1425 C IND CCS 3H 3 8,50-8,45 2.23 1, 79 0,45 1, 49
!cll 1551 C IND CCS 4E 2 8.70-8,50 1, 86 1, 98 0.77 1, 90! ; 1590 C IND CCS 5A 1 9.10-8,90 1, 94 1, 65 0.77 2.31
i. 30 C S CCS 3B 3
8,50-8,30 4,28 3,21 1, 13 15.35
570 C S CCS 3G 1 8,80-8.70 8.75 4.33 3,41 1, 48 17.78
i~ 962 C S CCS 7B 1 8,90-8.80 8.85 3,71 2.83 0.85 9,61I 1345 C S CCS 3AD 3-4 8,50-8.10 3.37 4,64 0.90 18,0891 C TD CCS 1A 6 8,70-8.60 8,67 3.79 2.40 0.63 5,58
I 204 C TD CCS 3B 5 8.10-8.00 8,10 4.48 3.76 1, 08 16.44269 C TD CCS 1C 3 9,00-8.80 3,52 2.89 1, 12 9.32397 C TD CCS 2L 3 8.80-8.70 8,73 2,71 2,51 0.90 5.73459 C TD CCS 3D 3 8.40-8.30 8.38 3,34 1, 81 0.49 3.32476 C TD CCS 3E 2 8.60-8.50 8.50 4.96 3,54 1, 24 20.92509 C TD DBS 1C 5 8.60-8.40 8,50 3.53 2,27 0,41 3.27h 550 C TD CCS 3F 4 8,20-8.10 8.12 4.87 4.60 1, 64 41, 41~. 561 C TD CCS 3G 1 8,90-8,80 8.83 2,77 3,52 1, 10 9.19563 C TD CCS 2H 1 9,20-9.10 9.19 1,78 1, 78 0.45 1.33620 C TD CCS 3C 2 8.70-8.50 3.21 2,83 1,03 8.38r 635 C TD CCS 3B 3 8.50-8.30 3.66 2.76 0.73 4.46
,:1" 683 C TO CCS lAB 2 9.50-9.30 4.26 2.84 0.89 11, 68699 C TD CCS 4D 3 8.60-8.50 3.03 1, 93 0.91 4.52l'{
742 C TD CCS 4D 2 8.80-8.60 5.03 3.17 0.58 8,31~
t·
839 C TD CCS 3H 3-4 8.50-8.10 8.30 2,32 2.32 0.61 3.24
846 C TD CCS 5C 4 8.50-8.40 8.41 3.71 2.53 0.37 3.38
1095 C TD CCS 1D 4 9,10-8.90 3.69 4.27 1.60 28.47
1 10012 C TD CCS SURF 4.22 2.69 0.67 7.78
l 296 CDNT E CCS 1C 4 8.80-8.60 8,65 1, 67 2.52 0.71 2.611552 CDNT E CCS 4F 2 8.80-8.60 2,34 2,52 0.97 7.34642 S CVT CCS 1P WS 2.48 2.29 0.92 4.14750 S CVT CCS lAB 3 9.30-9.10 3.46 1,92 0.71 5.22
:J" 769 S CVT CCS 4C 1 9.00-8.80 3.21 2,48 0.47 4.00
;.. 1 1171 S E CCS 1P 8 8.30-8.10 5.15 3.31 0.52 16.79
li 1271 S S CCS 3B 3 8.50-8.30 3.05 1, 44 0.46 1, 99248 S PL CCS 3P 4 9.30-8,10 3.60 2.71 1, 45 13.13562 S PL CCS 3G 1 8.90-8.80 8.83 3.15 2.30 0.88 8.3611 12 S TRL CCS 2B 2 9,10-8.90 4.42 2.72 0.99 10.93i 464 S TRL CCS 4H 3 8,40-8.30 2,92 1, 75 0.62 3.41254 S S CCS 1C 2 9.10-9.00 3.31 2.57 0.77 6.42
646 S S CCS 1D 4 9.10-8.90 3.76 1, 87 1, 59 7.50
658 S S CCS 1A 5 8.90-8.70 2.82 1, 87 0.50 1, 98
1 All measurements in centimeters, weight in grams; ~: C=convex, S=straight, CDNT=convex denticulate
Variety: DSC=discoidal, S=side, E=end, TD=teardrop, PL=parallel, TRL=tri lateral, CVT=convergent,
IND=indeterminate
1
l s
APPENDIX B
DESCRIPTIVE ATTRIBUTES AND PROVENIENCES FOR
SELECTED ARTIFACT CLASSES, 35WH14
531
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Table 45. Attributes and Dimensions of Classified Projectile Points, 35WH14'
Spec. Raw Level Spec. Thick- Base Neck Stem
Number Type Variety Mat. Status Unit Level Elevation Elev. Length Width ness Width Width Length Weight
505 BL DBS e A53 8 96.60-96.50 96.50 2.32 0.85 0.35 0.51 0.57 0.39 0.57
1000 BL ees e A35 9 96.90-96.80 - 2.64 0.73 0.30 0.46 0.50 0.39 0.56
1234 BL ees P3 A20 11 96.90-96.80 96.80 2.00* 0.85 0.29 0.48 0.44 0.46 0.43
287 eB2 ees P2 B22 12 95.70-95.60 95.60 2.83* 1. 58 0.47 - 1. 35 1. 35 2.32
1157 eB2 ees e B09 10 96.00-95.90 95.95 3.07 1. 50 0.48 - 1. 30 1.48 2.11
1303 eB2 ees e A52 7 96.90-96.80 96.85 4.18 1. 84 0.63 - 1. 57 1. 42 3.68
826 eS1 A ees e B30 6 96.20-96.10 96.11 3.78 1. 37 0.41 0.92 0.92 1. 75
936 eS1 A ees P2 B04 6 96.60-96.50 96.50 2.04* 1.64 0.44 - 1.25 0.90 1. 59
960 eS1 A ees e A47 6 97.20-97.10 97.17 4.72 1. 74 0.61 - 1.19 0.88 3.64
1073 eS1 A ees e A44 6 97.10-97.00 97.03 4.70 1. 63 0.42 - 1.19 1. 06 2.87
2676 eS1 A ees P2 B03 3 96.90-96.80 - 2.59* 1.38* 0.50 - 0.79 0.63 1.33
2829 eS1 A ees P1 B26 10 95.90-95.80 - 1. 87* 1. 75 0.40 - 1.11 0.68* 0.90
127 eS1 B ees e B20 4 96.60-96.50 - 2.55 1.23 0.31 - 0.86 0.86 0.72
1103 eS1 B ecs e A29 11 96.80-96.70 96.73 2.03 1.17 0.31 - 0.69 0.57 0.48
222 eS2 ees M1 B06 8 96.30-96.20 96.25 2.18* 2.17 0.54 * 0.80 0.51 1. 65
267 eS2 ees e B22 11 95.80-95.70 - 3.97 1. 56* 0.47 0.60 0.72 0.88 1. 63
278- eS2 ees PO B06 11 96.00-95.90 95.90 1. 01* 0.77* 0.40 0.56 9.99* 0.95 0.34
594 eS2 DBS e B15 14 95.60-95.50 95.51 2.84 1. 45* 0.35 0.35* 0.89 0.67* 0.97
723 eS2 DBS P3 B35 8 96.00-95.90 95.93 2.00* 1. 63 0.44 0.80 0.75 0.64 0.91
797 eS2 ees e A32 3 97.70-97.60 97.64 2.67 2.83 0.43 0.75 0.72* 7.90 1.14
835 eS2 ees P3 B33 11 95.80-95.70 95.74 3.53* 0.44* 0.47 0.60 0.67 0.64 1. 91
876 eS2 ees e B12 5 96.60-96.50 96.52 4.12 1.70 0.37 0.59 0.88 0.88 1. 67
882 eS2 DBS P3 B34 7 96.10-96.00 96.03 2.90* 1. 43 0.36 0.61* 0.75 0.53* 0.91
1181 eS2 DBS P3 A43 9 96.90-96.80 96.81 3.29* 2.07* 0.36 0.83 0.91 0.86 1. 63
1283 eS2 ees P3 B18 13 95.70-95.60 95.69 2.24* 1. 50 0.42 0.53 0.72 0.75 0.92
1317 eS2 ees P2 A48 6 97.10-97.00 - 2.05* 1.22* 0.46 0.48 0.68 0.66 1.14
27 ESl ees P2 B14 4 96.60-96.50 - 1. 33* 1. 49 0.37 0.60 0.44 0.50 0.53
35 ES1 DBS e B24 5 96.40-96.30 - 1. 51 1.20* 0.25 0.48 0.43 0.43 0.29
36 ES1 DBS e B24 5 96.40-96.30 96.32 1. 50 0.97* 0.21 0.50 0.41 0.42 0.24
115 ES1 DBS P1 B27 6 96.40-96.30 - 0.93* 1.37* 0.27 0.49 0.46 0.39 0.32
118 ES1 ees e B25 9 96.00-95.90 95.96 2.39 0.63* 0.31 0.64 0.53 0.38 0.79
203 ES1 ees P3 B23 5 96.40-96.30 96.38 1.82* 1.23 0.27 0.53 0.49 0.56 0.40
366 ES1 DBS e B32 6 96.30-96.20 96.23 1. 33 1.27 0.22 0.42 0.32 0.37 0.24
442 ES1 DBS P1 A37 3 97.60-97.50 - 1. 05* 2.26 0.25 0.66 0.58 0.53 0.46
573 ES1 DBS e B36 6 96.20-96 .15 - 2.41 1.25 0.27 0.72 0.60 0.41 0.56
661 ES1 ees P3 A25 8 97.30-97.20 97.26 1. 87* 1.20 0.39 0.89 0.55 0.60 0.71
816 ES1 DBS e B30 4 96.40-96.30 96.30 2.41 1.17* 0.29 0.52 0.49 0.42 0.49
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Table 45. (Continued)
Spec. Raw Level Spec. Thick- Base Neck Stem
Number Type Variety Mat. Status Unit Level Elevation Elev. Length Width ness Width Width Length Weight
828 ES1 CCS C B37 4 96.25-96.20 - 3.52 1. 52 0.31 0.74 0.58 0.35 0.98
924 ES1 ces e B04 4 96.79-96.70 - 1. 98 1. 07 0.20 0.42 0.44 0.30 0.33
1004 ES1 CCS D1 A42 4 97.40-97.30 97.31 2.85* 1. 50 0.27 9.99* 0.40 0.18* 0.58
1108 ES1 ees e B09 8 96.20-96 .10 96 .15 2.73 1.73* 0.36 0.76 0.67 0.41 1.11
*1237 ES1 ecs C A19 12 96.90-96.70 96.81 2.51 1. 75 0.30 0.52 0.47 0.41 0.73
1251 ES1 CBS F AZ7 7 97.30-97.20 97.20 2.07* 1.26* 0.23 0.49 0.46 0.53 0.43
1253 ES1 CBS P2 A34 8 97.20-97.10 97.18 1.23* 1.14* 0.29 0.53 0.48 0.56 0.34
214 ES2 ces e B23 10 95.90-95.80 95.84 2.75 1. 90 0.50 0.95* 0.77 0.54 2.26
261 ES2 CBS e B23 12 95.70-95.60 95.65 2.79 1. 33 0.47 0.86 0.77 0.55 1.27
682 ES2 ces P2 B38 3 96.40-96.30 96.40 2.39* 1.63* 0.48 0.84 0.74 0.42 1. 90
779 ES2 CBS P2 B35 9 95.90-95.80 95.82 1.88* 2.15 0.42 0.64 0.74 0.66 1.14
789 ES2 ees P2 A32 2 97.80-97.70 97.75 1.47* 1. 63* 0.53 0.75 0.69 0.62 1.11
965 ES2 ees P2 A47 6 97.20-97.10 96.16 2.05*. 1.63 0.51 1.00 0.75 0.60 1.22
1299 ES2 ees P3 B10 9 96.10-96.00 96.00 2.68* 1. 46* 0.49 1. 01 0.71 0.61 1. 60
208 ES3 ecs C B23 6 96.30-96.20 96.20 5.24 1.89* 0.47 1. 00 0.80 0.66 3.70
239 ES3 ees P3 B23 12 95.70-95.60 95.70 4.27* 1.88* 0.59 1. 02 0.93 0.63 3.73
1118 ES3 ees e A21 12 96.80-96.70 96.73 3.65 1. 95 0.54 0.65" 0.93 0.55 2.80
32' ES3 A ecs L B14 5 96.50-96.40 - 3.19* 2.00* 0.52 1. 31 1. 02 0.76 2.12
70 ES3 A ees P1 B24 9 96.00-95.90 95.96 1.74* 2.19 0.47 1.26 0.91 0.68 1. 51
666 ES3 A ees P3 A02 6 97.80-97.70 97.75 2.77* 1.78* 0.53 1.19 0.96 0.65 2.37
710 ES3 A ces e B35 7 96.10-96.00 96.08 3.32 2.04 0.47 0.98 0.79 0.73 2.44
850 ES3 A ees e AZ1 9 97.10-97.00 97.02 2.86 2.16 0.46 1.23 0.92 0.55 2.45
241 ES3 B CCS P3 B21 9 95.95-95.90 - 2.77* 1. 86* 0.42 1.18 0.89 0.58 1. 68
864 ES3 B ees P1 AZ1 11 96.85-96.80 - 1. 83* 1. 58* 0.31 1. 02 0.83 0.70 0.57
1209 ES3 B ees C AZO 10 97.00-96.90 96.94 3.20 1. 91 0.43 1. 05 0.97 0.48 2.19
618 ES3 e CCS P3 A24 6 97.60-97.50 - 2.19* 1. 42 0.53 1. 43 0.98 0.57 1. 33
814 ES3 C CBS e A21 7 97.30-97.20 97.21 2.96 1.66 0.51 1.10 0.80 0.58 1. 38
975 ES3 e CBS C A47 8 97.00-96.90 96.92 2.51 1. 52 0.48 1. 05 0.79 0.60 1.13
209 ES4 ees P3 B23 8 96.10-96.00 96.04 3.93* 1. 98* 0.51 0.39 1. 09 1.71 3.34
604 ES4 ees e B13 9 96.10-96.00 96.10 3.32 1.89* 0.52 1.29 1. 00 0.62 2.62
631 ES4 ces P2 B31 8 96.00-95.90 95.98 2.98* 2.26* 0.56 1. 36 1.14 0.81 3.60
675 ES4 ees P2 B07 12 95.90-95.80 95.82 2.41* 1. 80* 0.55 1.39 1. 05 0.63 2.50
713 ES4 CBS C B38 8 95.90-95.80 95.89 3.02 2.07* 0.46 1.47 1.18 0.69 2.12
867 ES4 BAS P3 A40 8 97.10-97.00 97.05 3.71* 1. 75* 0.52 1.19 1. 02 0.68 3.68
1248 ES4 ees C A19 13 97.80-96.70 96.75 5.15 2.08* 0.61 1. 46 1.16 0.70 4.92
43 ES4 A ees P1 B22 6 96.30-96.20 - 1. 97* 2.40* 0.44 1.45 1.22 6.20 2.01
68 ES4 A ees C B14 10 96.00-95.90 95.90 2.83 2.01* 0.53 1.24 1.00 0.58 2.40
256 ES4 A ees e B22 10 95.85-95.80 - 3.71 2.73 0.48 1.40 1. 02 0.77 3.09
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Table 45. (Continued)
Spec. Raw Level Spec. Thick- Base Neck Stem
Number Type Variety Mat. Status Unit Level Elevation Elev. Length Width ness Width Width Length Weight
284 ES4 A DBS P1 B22 12 95.70-95.65 - 1. 40* 2.32* 4.40 1.59* 1. 30 0.64 1. 43
*328 ES4 A DBS P2 A13 12 96.89 2.80* 2.73* 0.58 1. 81 1.28 0.79 4.35
344 ES4 A DBS P2 B25 13 95.60-95.50 95.57 2.53* 2.30* 0.56 1. 50 1.24 0.71 2.19
409 ES4 A CCS P1 B32 10 95.90-95.80 95.88 1.59* 2.36 0.47 1.24 1. 08 0.58 1. 83
606 ES4 A DBS D1 A04 4 98.00-97.90 97.98 2.64* 2.47* 0.58 * 1.15 0.69* 2.50
645 ES4 A CCS C B07 8 96.30-96.20 - 2.75 2.12* 0.47 1.23 1. 04 0.63 2.23
654 ES4 A CCS P3 A25 7 97.40-97.30 97.32 3.42* 2.01* 0.52 0.85* 1.17 0.59 2.60
758 ES4 A CCS P2 B26 13 95.60-95.50 - 2.24* 1. 75* 0.45 0.78* 0.73* 0.39 1. 39
860 ES4 A CCS P2 A21 11 96.90-96.80 96.87 1.99* 2.43* 0.54 0.81* 1.10 0.70 2.46
978 ES4 A CCS D1 A35 5 97.30-97.20 97.26 4.88* 2.37* 0.54 9.99* 1. 00 0.49* 4.49
1020 ES4 A CCS P3 B16 9 96.10-96.00 96.15 3.74* 2.32* 0.61 1.45 1.27 0.75 4.18
1027 ES4 A CCS F A42 7 97.10-97.00 97.07 3.32 2.47* 0.57 1. 58 1. 41 0.75 3.93
1113 ES4 A CCS C A22 12 96.80-96.70 96.73 2.87 2.17* 0.51 1. 55 1.23 0.64 2.62
1127 ES4 A CCS C A19 2 97.90-97.80 97.87 2.61 2.28 0.50 1. 34 1.09 0.66 2.24
1183 ES4 A CCS P1 A19 11 97.00-96.90 96.90 1. 74* 1.93* 0.45 1. 47 1.17 0.62 1. 45
2859 ES4 A CCS P1 B14 10 96.00-95.90 - 1.55* 2.07* 0.41 0.84* 1.19* 0.66 1. 00
211 ES4 B CCS P2 B21 5 96.40-96.30 96.38 2.85* 2.53 0.58 1. 72 1. 37 0.84 3.81
389 ES4 C CCS P3 All 4 97.80-97.70 97.79 3.87* 2.13 0.61 0.91* 1. 09 0.62 3.98
428' ES4 C CCS P3 B02 7 96.50-96.40 96.43 2.84* 1. 73 0.35 1. 04 1. 01 0.38 1. 56
851 ES4 C CCS L A21 9 97.10-97.00 97.00 3.43* 1. 98* 0.49 1.40 1.15 0.72 2.75
948 ES4 C CCS P2 A47 4 97.40-97.30 97.32 2.04* 1. 72* 0.51 1. 37 1. 01 0.57 1. 93
412 ES4 D DBS P3 B02 6 96.60-96.50 96.50 3.80* 2 .. 99* 0.69 1.50* 1. 39 0.87 7.17
616 ES4 D CCS C B13 11 95.90-95.80 95.86 4.50 2.47 0.64 0.36 1.16 0.85 6.42
674 ES4 D CCS L B31 10 95.80-95.70 95.73 3.75* 2.28* 0.47 1. 80 1. 34 1.02 3.31
854 ES4 D DBS M1 A21 10 96.95-96.90 - 3.86* 2.57* 0.62 9.99* 1.12 * 5.39
1140 ESIl CCS C A28 12 96.80-96.70 96.78 2.94 2.05 0.34 0.67 0.56 0.46 0.94
783 ESI2 CCS C B05 8 96.30-96.20 96.23 2.96 1.59* 0.50 0.99 0.72 0.60 1. 32
1236 ESI2 CCS P2 A20 11 96.90-96.80 96.81 1.95* 1.21* 0.38 0.73* 0.76* 0.65 0.89
447 ESI3 CCS C B32 12 95.70-95.60 95.69 4.09 1. 85 0.65 1.19 0.98 0.52 3.83
785 ESI3 A DBS P3 B35 9 95.90-95.80 95.80 2.63* 2.40* 0.47 1. 63 1.16 0.71 2.19
1178 ESI3 A CCS P2 A20 2 97.80-97.70 97.75 2.10* 2.06* 0.47 0.16 0.96 0.58 1. 94
1185 ESI3 A CCS C A43 10 96.80-96.70 96.78 2.69 2.04* 0.55 1.16 0.87 0.62 2.27
1216 ESI3 A CCS P2 A20 10 97.00-96.90 96.90 2.72* 2.18 0.46 1.10 0.83 0.62 2.67
301 ESI3 B CCS C B28 6 96.40-96.30 96.34 2.57 1. 78 0.41 1.24 1. 02 0.45 1. 34
362 ESI3 B CCS P3 B01 8 96.50-96.40 96.41 4.07* 1. 84* 0.45 1.14 0.92 0.64 2.75
456 ESI3 B CCS P3 B32 12 95.70-95.60 95.68 3.21* 1. 95* 0.39 1. 40 0.95 0.57 2.18
518 ESI3 B CCS P2 A18 10 97.10-97.00 97.08 2.63* 1. 94 0.54 1.21 0.87 0.51 2.88
561 ESI3 B CCS P3 A51 9 96.70-96.60 96.65 2.96* 1.62* 0.51 1.09* 0.79 0.65 1.28
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Table 45. (Continued)
Spec. Raw Level Spec. Thick- Base Neck Stem
Number Type Variety Mat. Status Unit Level Elevation Elev. Length Width ness Width Width Length Weight
595 ESI3 B CCS P3 B36 8 96.00-95.90 - 3.40* 2.14 0.50 1.14 0.89 0.50 2.78
838 ESI3 B CCS P2 B37 6 96.10-96.00 96.01 2.15* 1.71* 0.40 0.87* 0.87 0.62 1.33
990 ESI3 B DBS P2 A48 2 97.50-97.40 97.42 1. 64* 1. 79* 0.45 1.26* 0.96 0.77 0.97
1024 ESI3 B CCS C A35 10 96.80-96.70 96.71 2.48 1. 71 0.43 1.32 0.91 0.52 1.14
1039 ESI3 B CCS C A42 8 97.00-96.90 - 3.28 1. 91 0.37 1.27 0.98 0.41 1. 75
109 ESI3 C CCS P2 A13 4 97.80-97.70 97.76 1. 81* 1.55* 0.44 1.11 0.88 0.66 1. 01
334 ESI3 C CCS P3 B01 2 97.10-97.00 97.04 2.66* 1. 74 0.42 1. 08 0.93 0.58 1. 96
757 ESI3 C CCS P3 A12 4 97.80-97.60 - 2.21* 1. 48 0.52 1. 00 0.89 0.72 1. 64
760 ESI3 C CCS P2 A18 3 97.80-97.70 - \1. 84* 1. 59 0.49 1. 07 0.86 0.56 0.94
788 ESI3 C DBS P3 B38 10 95.70-95.60 - 2.30* 1. 58* 0.34 1.21 0.90 0.59 1. 04
937 ESI3 C DBS P3 A41 8 97.10-97.00 97.06 3.70* 1.54* 0.50 1.24 0.83 0.66 1. 61
945 ESI3 C CCS P3 B04 7 96.50-96.40 96.40 2.11* 1.72 0.51 1. 03 0.82 0.73 0.94
1093 ESI3 C CCS C A49 3 97.40-97.30 97.30 4.02 1.27 0.42 1. 01 0.79 0.59 1. 43
217 ESI4 DBS P2 B20 7 96.20-96.10 96.10 2.39* 1.84* 0.45 1. 46 1.04 0.67 1. 97
461 ESI4 DBS P2 A53 1 97.30-97.20 - 2.66* 2.48* 0.56 1. 93 1. 40 0.88 3.41
99 ESI4 A CCS P2 A14 3 97.90-94.80 97.84 3.00* 2.36* 0.55 1. 31 1.11 0.60 3.44
455 ESI4 A CCS C B02 9 96.30-96.20 96.28 2.72 2.60 0.54 1. 36 1.12 0.64 3.08
462. ESI4 A CCS P3 B32 12 95.70-95.60 95.67 3.59* 2.43* 0.47 1. 45 1.13 0.62 3.41
516 ESI4 A CCS P2 B15 11 95.90-95.80 95.89 2.31* 2.32* 0.51 1. 36 1.10 0.58 2.52
815 ESI4 A CCS C B30 4 96.40-96.30 96.30 4.74 2.34 0.55 1. 80 1. 05 0.56 4.13
15 ESI4 B CCS P2 A12 3 97.90-97.80 - 1. 82* 1. 69 0.46 1.20 1.00 0.43 1. 07
293 ESI4 B CCS P1 A45 5 97.20-97.10 97.10 1. 04* 2.07 0.37 0.35 1. 07 0.45 0.75
295 ESI4 B DBS P2 B28 7 96.30-96.20 96.26 1. 63* 1. 95* 0.41 1. 00* 1.12 0.57 1.13
413 ESI4 B DBS P2 B06 14 96.70-96.60 - 2.80* 2.57 0.44 1.52 1.20 0.62 2.58
524 ESI4 B CCS C B15 11 95.90-95.80 95.80 3.52 2.19 0.48 1. 40 1.10 0.54 2.04
560 ESI4 B CCS C B15 13 95.70-95.60 95.65 3.67 1. 99 0.59 1.29 1. 07 0.65 3.34
805 ESI4 B CCS P3 B28 10 95.81 2.50* 2.19 0.45 1.29 1. 09 0.50 2.16
1089 ESI4 B CCS C B18 8 96.20-96.10 96.10 3.49 2.34* 0.60 0.36 1.25 0.72 3.65
1095 ESI4 B CCS P2 B09 6 96.40-96.30 96.35 2.24* 1.88* 0.40 0.96* 1.10 0.63 1. 66
26 ESI4 C CCS C A12 4 97.80-97.60 97.61 4.29 1. 98 0.68 1. 47 1.22 0.69 4.37
40 ESI4 C CCS C A14 7 97.50-97.40 97.41 4.13 1. 85 0.57 1.30 1. 01 0.63 3.21
105 ESI4 C CCS P1 B24 12 95.70-95.60 - 1.15* 1. 96 0.43 1.20 1. 09 0.51 1.01
116 ESI4 C CCS C A13 7 97.50-97.40 97.43 3.15 1. 86 0.37 1. 37 1.10 0.57 1.83
143 ESI4 C CCS P2 B27 12 95.80-95.70 95.72 2.28* 1.80 0.45 1. 36 1.17 0.60 1. 81
609 ESI4 C CCS P3 A24 5 97.70-97.60 - 3.20* 1.95* 0.67 1. 52 1. 08 0.73 3.40
880 ESI4 C CCS P2 B12 6 96.50-96.40 96.47 2.46* 1. 92 0.58 1.32 1.19 0.60 2.16
1017 ESI4 C CCS P2 B16 8 96.20-96.10 96.19 2.34* 2.02 0.44 1. 53 1.25 0.55 2.34
1120 ESI4 C CCS P2 A21 12 96.80-96.70 96.73 2.49* 2.15* 0.43 1. 44 1. 09 0.68 2.01
U'l
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Table 45. (Continued)
Spec. Raw Level Spec. Thick- Base Neck Stem
Number Type Variety Mat. Status Unit Level Elevation Elev. Length Width ness Width Width Length Weight
3 ESSN ees PO A16 2 98.00-97.90 - 0.60* 0.92* 0.32 0.92* * * 0.17
100 ESSN OBS PO B24 12 95.70-95.60 - 1. 06* 1. 99* 0.43 1. 99 * 1. 06* 0.72
364 ESSN CCS P2 B24 13 95.60-95.50 95.60 2.20* 2.11* 0.52 1. 38 1.14 0.70 2.26
468 ESSN OBS PO B02 10 96.20-96.10 - 0.77* 1.16* 0.34 0.34* * * 0.21
478 ESSN OBS PO A53 3 97.10-97.00 1. 06* 1.53* 0.36 1. 53 * * 0.53
486 ESSN OBS PO B26 12 95.70-95.60 - 0.82* 1. 83* 0.41 1. 83 * 0.82* 0.65
589 ESSN OBS PO B36 8 96.00-95.90 95.90 0.96* 1. 69 0.40 1. 69 1.28* 0.71 0.68
729 ESSN OBS PO B22 3 96.60-96.50 - 0.99* 1. 78 0.46 1. 78 1.17* 0.72* 0.65
736 ESSN OBS PO B22 2 96.70-96.60 0.51* 0.54* 0.32 0.54 * 2.00 0.15
762 ESSN OBS PO 3 97.80-97.70 - 0.84* 1.57* 0.41 1. 57 * 0.84* 0.52
781 ESSN OBS PO B35 9 95.90-95.80 95.83 1.26* 1. 77* 0.48 1.77 1. 20 0.77 0.73
849 ESSN OBS PO A32 9 97.10-97.00 97.00 0.69* 1.53* 0.33 1. 53 * 0.69* 0.26
906 ESSN OBS PO A51 3 97.30-97.20 - 1. 04* 1.21* 0.38 1.21* * 1.04* 0.33
907 ESSN OBS PO A51 3 97.30-97.20 97.20 1.22* 1.59* 0.41 1. 59 1.29* 0.92 0.73
981 ESSN CCS PO B08 1 96.92-96.80 96.86 0.73* 1.65* 0.37 1. 65 * 0.73* 0.33
1193 ESSN OBS PO A26 1 97.90-97.80 - 0.96* 1. 76* 0.50 1. 76 1. 25 0.96* 0.75
1208 ESSN OBS PO A23 3 97.70-97.60 - 0.80* 1.19* 0.32 1.19 0.87 0.67 0.31
1324 ESSN ees PO B06 7 96.40-96.30 - 0.80* 1. 38* 0.39 1. 38 1. 05 0.45 0.42
2523 ESSN ees PO A36 8 97.00-96.90 - 1.17* 1.47* 0.46 1. 47 1.10 0.98 0.74
2554 ESSN OBS PO A40 9 97.00-96.90 - 0.74* 1. 82* 0.40 1. 82 * 0.74* 0.43
2597 ESSN OBS PO A12 4 97.70-97.60 - 1. 68* 1. 39* 0.27 1. 39 * 1.68* 0.16
2664 ESSN CCS PO A21 7 97.30-97.20 - 0.75* 1. 31* 0.42 1. 31 0.96 0.47 0.42
2711 ESSN ces PO A04 3 98.10-98.00 - 0.77* 1. 86* 0.36 1.86 * 0.77* 0.53
2916 ESSN ees PO B14 7 96.30-96.20 1.37* 1. 71* 0.32 1. 37 * 1.37* 0.83
2932 ESSN CCS PO B23 12 95.70-95.60 - 1.20* 1. 61* 0.43 1. 61 1.24* 1.20* 0.76
2951 ESSN ces PO B23 10 95.90-95.80 - 0.91* 1.52* 0.41 1. 52 1.21* 1. 70* 0.52
2983 ESSN OBS PO B24 12 95.70-95.60 - 0.83* 1.80* 0.42 1. 80 * 0.83* 0.41
3057 ESSN OBS PO B32 12 95.70-95.60 - 0.94<' 1. 05* 0.37 1. 05* 0.70* 0.65 0.30
1122 PS ees e A43 4 97.40-97.30 97.30 2.68 1. 56 0.44 0.33 0.46 0.61 0.95
77 SN3 OBS C A16 6 97.60-97.50 97.50 3.08 1. 60* 0.49 1.20 1. 00 0.69 1.84
96 SN3 ees e B24 11 95.80-95.70 - 3.14 2.41* 0.47 1. 64 1.27 0.81 3.29
122 SN3 CBS C A13 8 97.40-97.30 97.37 3.36 2.28* 0.49 1. 83 1. 59 0.80 2.86
218 SN3 OBS P2 B06 7 96.40-96.30 96.30 3.08* 2.47* 0.53 2.14 1.57 0.98* 3.71
244 SN3 OBS C B06 10 96.10-96.00 96.05 2.77 1. 79 0.50 1. 79 1. 43 0.74 2.04
246 SN3 OBS P3 B07 10 96 .10-96.00 96.02 2.77* 2.14 0.45 1. 87 1. 44 0.79 2.76
268 SN3 ecs e B22 11 95.80-95.75 - 3.05 1.60 0.60 1. 51 1.18 0.87 2.33
420 SN3 CCS e B02 6 96.60-96.50 96.52 2.58 1.88 0.57 1.18 1.14 0.69 2.17
484 SN3 ecs c A18 5 97.60-97.50 97.51 3.06 1.88 0.58 1.23 1.10 0.70 2.95
620 SN3 OBS C B36 11 95.70-95.60 95.63 3.02 2.26* 0.50 1. 59 1. 35 0.87 2.67
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Table 45. (Continued)
Spec. Raw Level Spec. Thick- Base Neck Stem
Number Type Variety Mat. Status Unit Level Elevation Elev. Length Width ness Width Width Length Weight
626 SN3 OBS P2 B13 13 95.70-95.60 95.61 2.20* 2.17 0.51 1. 52 1.15 0.80 2.57
694 SN3 CCS P3 B38 5 96.20-96.10 96.10 2.61* 2.07 0.58 1. 76 1. 35 0.96 3.20
974 SN3 CCS C B03 11 96.10-96.00 96.01 2.45 2.00 0.52 1. 41 1.18 0.64 2.16
1086 SN3 OBS C A22 11 96.90-96.80 96.88 3.08 2.02* 0.46 1. 80 1.17 0.93 2.39
1146 SN3 CCS C B17 9 96.10-96.00 96.03 3.09 2.23* 0.51 1. 61 1.25 0.85 3.44
554 SN4 CCS C A51 8 96.80-96.70 96.79 3.48 2.02 0.52 0.90 0.85 0.61 2.87
823 SN4 OBS P3 A32 6 97.40-97.30 97.31 3.34* 1. 65* 0.55 0.74 0.81 0.54 2.66
967 SN4 CCS C B03 10 96.20-96.10 96.16 3.51 1. 66* 0.57 0.96 0.81 0.75 2.55
84 SN5 CCS M1 B24 10 95.90-95.80 - 2.00* 1. 44* 0.41 0.96* 1. 00 0.38* 1.20
919 SN5 OBS C A46 3 97.50-97.40 97.40 3.81 1. 53* 0.38 1.24* 1. 01 0.58 1. 55
1075 SN5 CCS P3 A22 9 97.10-97.00 97.02 3.11* 1. 73 0.50 1. 02* 0.90 0.51 2.23
1 SN5 B CCS P2 A14 1/2 97.92-98.02 - 2.30* 1.76* 0.48 1.27 1. 06 0.58 2.01
4 SN5 B OBS P3 B22 1 96.80-96.70 96.70 3.25* 1.73* 0.43 1.46* 1. 31 0.60 2.41
*317 SN5 B CCS P2 A16 10 97.03 2.09* 1. 53 0.42 1. 53 1.16 0.53 1. 46
532 SN5 B CCS C A51 2 97.40-97.30 97.33 3.13 1. 92 0.57 1. 84 1.25 0.66 2.25
541 SN5 B CCS P2 A18 13 96.80-96.70 96.77 3.03* 1. 96 0.58 0.40* 1.13 0.70 3.89
587' SN5 B CCS P2 B13 8 96.20-96 .10 96.18 2.44* 1. 81* 0.37 1. 42 1. 05 0.60 1. 63
629 SN5 B CCS P3 B31 7 96.10-96.00 96 .07 2.07* 1.27 0.46 1.28 0.94 0.63 1.17
927 SN5 B CCS P2 B03 5 96.70-96.60 96.65 1. 70* 1. 45 0.42 1.29 0.98 0.54 0.94
1043 SN5 B CCS P3 A42 9 96.90-96.80 96.88 2.97* 1.60* 0.56 1. 59 1.12 0.68 2.43
1055 SN5 B CCS C B08 10 96.00-95.90 95.90 3.44 1. 57 0.54 1. 33 1. 02 0.61 2.17
1078 SN5 B CCS P1 B09 2 96.80-96.70 96.73 1. 64* 1. 70 0.42 1.26* 0.97 0.75 1.11
1094 SN5 B CCS P3 A49 3 97.40-97.30 97.30 2.36* 1. 78* 0.45 1. 34 1. 09 0.57 1. 57
1104 SN5 B CCS P2 A29 11 96.80-96.70 96.72 2.21* 1.77 0.37 1.53 1. 04 0.55 1.38
1111 SN5 B CCS P2 B09 8 96.20-96.10 96.10 2.24* 1. 59 0.36 1.27 0.86 0.55 1.36
1114 SN5 B CCS P3 A22 13 96.70-96.60 96.67 4.17* 2.19* 0.56 1.52 1. 09 0.62 4.19
1212 SN5 B CCS P2 B17 11 96.85-96.80 - 2.57* 1. 87 0.44 1.50* 1. 30 0.50 2.46
1221 SN5 B CCS P2 B17 12 95.80-95.70 95.80 2.48* 2.00* 0.41 1.21* * 0.58 2.10
1254 SN5 B CCS P3 B09 11 95.90-95.80 95.80 2.62* 1. 63 0.47 1. 44 1. 05 0.64 1. 66
1320 SN5 B CCS P2 A52 4 97.20-97.10 - 2.02* 1.71 0.43 0.98* 1. 02 0.58 1. 33
856 SN6 OBS L A28 7 97.30-97.20 97.23 1. 75 1.10 0.32 0.46* 0.49 0.47 0.44
1167 SN6 OBS P2 A50 7 96.90-96.80 - 1.12* 1. 37 0.23 1. 37 * - 0.33
1 Spec. Number: *number=problematic provenience; Raw Material: CCS=cryptocrystalline silicates; OBS=obsidian; BAS=basalt
Status: P=proximal end, PO=base only. P1=base and at least one barb. P2=base and half of blade, P3=only tip missing; M=medial frag.,
M1=includes part of haft element, M2=blade frag. only, M3=most of blade except tip; D=distal frag., D1=only base missing, D2=only tip
present, no diagnostic features; L=lateral frag.; C=complete, but may include specimens w. broken barb(s), see dimensions;
UI=unidentifiable
*=fragmentary specimen. measurement incomplete; all measurements in centimeters. weight in grams lTJW
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"i Table 46. Attributes and Dimensions of Classified Large Bifaces. 35WH14 '
Spec. Level Spec. Sta- Raw Thick- Stage Stage
Number Unit Lev. Elevation Elev. tus Shape Mat. Length Width ness Weight Side A Side B
13 A14 4 97.80-97.70 D A ees 3.94* 1. 66* 0.56 2.80 4 4
18 A12 4 97.80-97.60 97.61 e 0 ees 4.86 3.21 0.92 13.56 2 2
:) 21 B24 3 96.60-96.50 96.57 P S ees 2.53* 2.28 0.73 3.82 3 4
49 B22 7 96.10-96.10 96.15 e T ees 3.59 1.28 0.54 2.75 4 4
:' 50 B22 7 96.20-96.10 96.14 U U ees 3.67* 2.73 0.86 7.93 3 3
60 B22 8 96.10-96.00 P T ees 3.77* 3.24 0.73 7.56 3 3
.-; 63 B22 8 96.10-96.00 T U ees 2.19* 2.56* 0.72 4.48 2 3
;{ 75 A14 10 97.20-97.10 97.16 U U ees 3.64* 4.60* 1.84 33.74 2 2
;~ *85 B22 9 96.00-95.90 e T ees 5.61 3.38 1. 01 16.61 2 2
89 A13 2 98.00-97.90 97.94 M U ees 1. 80* 2.74* 0.65 3.96 2 3
i: 108 B20 4 96.60-96.40 96.54 e T ees 4.66 2.58 0.70 7.67 3 4
110 A13 4 97.80-97.70 97.74 P R ees 2.81* 3.84* 0.97 9.38 2 3
*117 B22 7 96.30 D A ees 4.14* 1. 62* 0.55 2.86 4 4
~ . 124 B27 9 96.10-96.00 T R ees 2.04* 3.79* 0.70 5.60 2 2
129 B25 12 95.70-95.60 95.67 e F ees 4.84 2.73 1. 42 15.13 2 2
131 B27 10 96.00-95.90 D A ees 3.41* 3.19* 0.77 8.54 2 3
I' 135 B20 10 96.00-95.90 95.94 P R ees 4.97* 3.92* 1.17 24.43 2 3
" .
H 138 A13 9 97.30-97.20 97.23 D A ees 2.46* 2.47* 0.83 4.10 2 2141 B27 11 95.90-95.80 D A ees 3.52* 2.43* 0.63 5.33 3 3
. 150 B22 7 96.20-96.10 e 0 ees 3.91 2.40 0.89 8.70 2 2
~ : 161 B14 11 95.90-95.80 P T ees 2.73* 2.75 0.54 4.24 3 3
162 B14 11 95.90-95.80 P S ees 2.03* 2.34 0.41 2.15 2 4
177 B22 9 96.00-95.90 D U ees 3.83* 1. 99* 0.65 6.52 2 2
1ji 192 B24 11 95.80-95.70 D A ees 1.80* 1.73* 0.71 1. 43 4 4I
212 B23 9 96.00-95.90 95.96 e 0 ees 4.86 3.57 1. 00 17.79 3 3
215 B21 7 96.20-96.10 96.10 D A ees 2.41* 2.53* 0.68 2.97 2 3
216 B21 7 96.20-96.10 96.10 e R ees 4.35 3.82 1. 63 27.22 2 2
j 221 B23 11 95.80-95.70 95.76 P R ees 3.43* 3.11 0.97 7.29 2 3230 B23 11 95.80-95.70 95.70 P R ees 2.81* 3.11 0.93 9.06 2 2
l\ 233 B06 9 96.20-96.10 96.15 e 0 ees 4.54 3.14 1.11 14.28 2 3
236 B23 12 95.70-95.60 95.65 e ees 3.77 3.23 1. 84 9.59 2 3
238 B06 10 96.10-96.00 96.06 e 0 ees 4.99 3.46 1.11 18.53 2 2
243 B21 9 96.00-95.90 95.95 P T ees 2.50* 2.25 0.78 4.83 2 3
245 B06 10 96.10-96.00 96.05 D A ees 3.75* 3.00* 0.78 5.82 2 3
260 B22 10 95.90-95.80 95.80 D R ees 2.97* 2.26* 0.81 5.23 2 3
272 B22 11 95.80-95.70 D A ees 1. 92* 1.42* 0.36 0.71 4 4
275 B06 11 96.00-95.90 95.89 D A ees 4.17* 3.10* 1. 01 11. 41 2 3
276 A30 5 97.40-97.30 97.34 e T ees 4.12 2.24 0.72 6.14 3 3
297 B14 13 95.70-95.60 95.67 P R ees 4.83* 3.53 1.12 18.76 3 3
*298 B24 13 95.66 P T ees 3.18* 2.98 0.49 4.41 2 2
306 B28 6 96.40-96.30 96.34 e 0 ees 4.11 2.69 0.73 7.29 2 2
307 A30 7 97.20-97.15 P T OBS 2.95* 2.28* 0.40 2.51 4 4
312 B14 13 95.70-95.60 95.64 U 0 ees 4.79* 3.75* 1. 03 15.91 2 3
313 B28 7 96.30-96.20 96.20 P S ees 3.36* 3.85 0.82 8.45 2 3
321 A15 9 97.30-97.20 97.29 e T ees 4.87 2.39 0.89 9.21 2 3
323 B25 12 95.70-95.60 95.65 P R ees 2.96* 3.15* 0.91 8.95 2 3
332 B28 9 96.10-96.00 96.07 D A ees 4.62* 2.93* 0.77 7.73 2 3
336 B25 12 95.70-95.70 95.61 D A ees 2.29* 4.13* 1. 83 14.10 2 2
337 B01 2 97.10-97.00 97.00 D A ees 2.71* 2.05* 0.55 2.57 2 3
339 A30 8 97.10-97.00 97.03 D F ees 2.96* 1. 69 0.75 3.15 5 5
341 B25 13 95.60-95.50 95.58 D A ees 1. 63* 1.10* 0.43 0.64 4 4
"
351 B28 10 96.00-95.90 96.00 M U OBS 2.62* 2.05* 0.77 4.78 3 3l~ ' 352 B25 13 95.60-95.50 95.53 e T ees 3.35 1. 95 0.64 3.57 4 4\: 356 B01 6 96.65-96.60 P S ees 4.18* 3.14 1. 05 13.73 2 3
I' 360 A13 14 96.80-96.70 96.72 U U ees 3.68* 4.02* 1.02 12.85 2 3,
361 B01 8 96.50-96.45 D R ees 2.94* 3.88* 0.91 8.04 2 3
j 373 B01 10 96.30-96.20 96.29 D R ees 4.02* 2.68* 1. 07 9.37 2 3.
J '~, 376 All 2 98.00-97.90 97.99 P R ees 3.99* 3.35* 1.21 18.39 2 3
,
*379j' B32 7 96.20-96.10 96.15 D A ees 2.04* 1. 71* 0.53 1. 67 4 4
j.
,
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2
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! 539
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f.
I Table 46. (Continued)
Spec. Level Spec. Sta- Raw Thick- Stage Stage
Number Unit Lev. Elevation Elev. tus Shape Mat. Length Width ness Weight Side A Side B
381 B28 13 95.70-95.60 95.60 D A CCS 2.48* 2.13* 0.56 2.27 2 3
388 B14 8 96.20-96.10 P T CCS 2.66* 4.21* 0.86 10.31 2 2
390 All 4 97.80-97.70 97.75 P T CCS 2.63* 2.39 0.67 4.22 3 4
391 All 4 97.80-97.70 97.75 C T CCS 3.69 2.74 0.73 6.38 4 4
397 B02 3 96.90-96.80 96.78 C 0 CCS 4.10 3.07 1.25 14.02 2 2
I 399 B32 9 96.00-95.90 95.97 P R CCS 3.04* 3.35 1.00 10.83 3 3
f
402 B32 9 96.00-95.90 D A CCS 2.44* 2.76* 1. 01 6.52 2 2
403 A07 5 97.80-97.70 97.79 C 0 CCS 4.29 2.59 0.77 6.90 2 3
405 A07 5 97.80-97.70 97.77 C 0 CCS 5.92 4.00 1. 50 29.97 2 2
407 B02 6 96.60-96.50 96.52 P S CCS 2.48* 2.81 0.68 5.93 3 4
408 B29 4 96.60-96.50 96.58 P S CCS 6.13* 3.34 1. 00 15.04 2 3
*416 B20 11 95.20-95.00 D A CCS 1.20* 1. 57* 0.41 0.67 4 4
f:
430 B29 5 96.50-96.40 96.44 C 0 CCS 3.78 2.86 1.19 12.60 3 3
433 B32 11 95.80-95.70 P T CCS 2.65* 2.12 0.53 3.39 4 4
446 B02 8 96.40-96.30 96.34 U R CCS 2.47* 2.13* 0.64 2.96 2 3
L' 453 B02 9 96.30-96.20 96.29 D A CCS 3.39* 2.38* 0.84 4.88 2 2
Wi. 454 B32 12 95.70-95.60 95.68 C F CCS 5.10 2.78 0.83 11.47 2 2
~: 466 B03 9 96.30-96.20 96.20 D R CCS 3.56* 2.98* 0.85 7.50 2 3
~rj . *470 A15 3 97.92 C T CCS 4.90 2.81 0.93 12.74 2 2
;~: .. 481 A37 10 96.90-96.80 96.82 P S CCS 2.47* 1. 96 0.41 1. 85 4 4
_r~ 494 B15 9 96.10-96.00 96.07 C T OBS 3.24 1. 61 0.43 1.79 4 4
~, 497 B32 12 95.70-95.60 95.63 C T CCS 6.10 3.75 1.14 25.12 2 2Ii: 499 B32 12 95.70-95.60 95.63 C 0 CCS 4.83 3.22 0.91 11. 69 2 3.. ,
503 A53 7 96.70-96.60 96.61 P T CCS 2.72* 2.14 0.46 2.92 4 4
517 B26 12 95.70-95.60 95.62 M U CCS 3.22* 2.37* 0.53 3.70 3 3
520 B15 11 95.90-95.80 95.84 C 0 CCS 5.07 3.84 0.93 16.66 1 3
521 A09 10 97.30-97.20 97.28 D A CCS 3.30* 2.17* 0.56 3.05 3 4
\
530 B15 12 95.80-95.70 95.79 T R CCS 4.81* 3.27* 1. 08 13.23 3 3
.~ 531 B29 12 95.80-95.70 95.75 D A CCS 4.57* 2.42 0.86 5.39 2 3535 B29 13 95.70-95.60 95.68 D L CCS 4.37* 2.50 0.58 5.07 5 5
" 538 A06 5 97.80-97.70 97.79 C 0 CCS 5.17 3.28 0.19 14.52 2 2
; I 542 A21 1 97.90-97.80 97.80 T R CCS 2.59* 4.00* 0.93 10.57 2 2
553 A51 7 96.90-96.80 96.84 T U CCS 2.36* 3.56* 1. 51 10.96 2 2
- 558 B15 95.70-95.60 95.65 4.7113 C 0 CCS 3.10 1.25 15.50 2 2
562 B13 4 96.60-96.50 96.60 P T CCS 3.22* 2.45 0.52 4.95 2 4
563 B15 13 95.70-95.60 95.65 M U OBS 2.02* 2.77* 0.54 2.90 2 3
f 567 B15 13 95.70-95.60 95.63 D A CCS 4.94* 1. 69* 0.78 4.97 2 3
•
569 B15 13 95.70-95.60 95.62 D A CCS 2.98* 2.32* 0.80 5.00 3 3
570 A05 5 97.90-97.80 97.85 D A OBS 3.37* 2.22* 0.45 2.79 4 4
t:t 571 A05 5 97.90-97.80 P T CCS 3.71* 2.61 0.61 6.07 4 4
~ 576 B36 6 96.11-96.10 D A CCS 2.98* 2.62* 0.61 3.74 3 3,. 577 B36 7 96.10-96.00 96.09 D CCS 2.85* 2.22*A 0.60 4.06 2 4
.t: 581 B36 7 96.10-96.00 96.02 D A CCS 3.12* 1. 83* 0.50 2.63 3 4~:,tt J 584 B36 8 96.00-95.90 95.94 D A CCS 3.58* 1.83* 0.56 2.92 3 4
I
585 B15 14 95.60-95.50 95.55 C F CCS 7.92 2.71 0.68 15.75 5 5
591 A05 8 97.60-97.50 97.50 P S CCS 2.77* 2.44 0.55 3.72 4 4
592 B36 8 96.00-95.90 95.92 C F CCS 7.37 2.54 0.91 17.25 3 3
596 A04 2 98.20-98.10 D A CCS 4.21* 3.14* 0.99 14.57 2 3
"
599 B36 9 95.90-95.80 D A CCS 3.27* 2.54* 0.56 4.21 3 4
l
601 A04 3 98.10-98.00 98.05 L 0 CCS 4.06 2.16* 0.73 5.70 2 3
607 A04 4 98.00-97.90 D A CCS 3.03* 1. 83* 0.51 2.41 3 3
:t 608 A04 4 98.00-97.90 97.92 P C CCS 4.17* 3.90* 0.61 10.80 5 5
I 610 A04 4 98.00-97.90 97.90 P T CCS 2.46* 2.35 0.56 3.10 3 4
'I;
;' 611 B13 10 96.00-95.90 95.95 U U CCS 3.09* 2.75 0.77 6.21 2 2
1~ 615 B36 10 95.80-95.70 95.74 D A CCS 3.68* 1. 65 0.50 2.38 3 4
621 B36 11 95.70-95.60 95.62 D A CCS 3.95* 2.97* 0.62 5.24 2 3
646 A08 4 97.80-97.70 T R CCS 2.13* 2.36* 0.60 2.67 3 3
647 B15 12 95.80-95.70 P U CCS 2.50* 2.80* 0.79 6.80 2 3
540
Table 46. (Continued)
Spec. Level Spec. Sta- Raw Thick- Stage Stage
Number Unit Lev. Elevation Elev. tus Shape Mat. Length Width ness Weight Side A Side B
649 A06 6 97.70-97.60 D A CCS 3.37* 2.09* 0.50 2.59 3 3
652 A02 4 98.00-97.90 97.98 D A CCS 3.44* 2.68* 0.76 5.08 3 3
653 B3l 9 95.90-95.80 95.88 C T CCS 4.54 2.87 0.62 5.50 4 4
657 B3l 9 95.90-95.80 95.82 C D CCS 9.60 7.20 2.73 145.00 1 2
662 B31 9 95.90-95.80 95.83 D A CCS 2.80* 2.48* 0.72 4.22 2 2
664 A25 8 97.30-97.20 97.26 D A CCS 1.83* 1. 53* 0.36 0.69 2 4
665 B07 9 96.20-96.10 96.10 D A DBS 2.53* 2.63* 0.55 3.16 3 3
667 A25 9 97.20-97.10 97.11 D A CCS 4.65* 3.66 1.05 14.40 2 3
671 B07 10 96.10-96.00 96.00 T R CCS 0.79* 2.51* 0.63 2.89 3 3
673 B31 10 95.80-95.70 95.74 P R CCS 3.04* 2.83 0.70 7.22 2 3
!I 677 B31 10 95.80-95.70 95.70 C D CCS 5.40 4.03 1. 70 40.27 2 2
'; 678 B07 12 95.90-95.80 95.81 C D CCS 6.50 3.99 0.87 22.02 2 2
:; . 680 B31 11 95.70-95.60 95.68 P U CCS 2.30* 2.94* 0.68 4.87 3 3
-': 681 B07 12 95.90-95.80 95.82 T R CCS 2.80* 2.88* 0.85 6.40 2 3
~j 685 B19 6 96.40-96.30 96.30 D A CCS 3.19* 2.50* 0.80 4.96 2 3
!. ~ 687 B38 3 96.40-96.30 96.30 D A CCS 4.53* 2.29* 0.74 6.00 3 4
689 B38 4 96.30-96.20 96.22 D A CCS 3.06* 2.97* 0.78 3.90 3 3
692 B38 5 96.20-96.10 96.12 D A CCS 3.91* 2.13 0.55 4.52 5 5
693 B38 5 96.20-96.10 96.12 P S CCS 3.24* 2.73 0.62 6.71 4 4
696 B38 6 96.10-96.00 96.10 U U CCS 2.93* 2.32* 0.49 3.62 2 2
697 B38 6 96.10-96.00 96.05 D A DBS 1.89* 1. 31* 0.37 0.90 4 4
705 B38 7 96.00-95.90 95.91 M U CCS 2.89* 3.70* 1.17 14.18 2 2
707 B33 3 96.60-96.50 96.54 C T CCS 3.59 2.73 0.58 5.00 3 3
724 B33 5 96.40-96.30 M U CCS 2.35* 2.46* 0.81 5.85 3 3
725 B33 5 96.40-96.30 D A CCS 4.28* 2.73* 0.85 8.47 3 4
730 B31 1 96.70-96.60 96.60 D A CCS 2.17* 2.49* 0.93 4.35 2 2
738 B01 9 96.40-96.30 P R CCS 1. 58* 1. 81* 0.47 1. 33 4 4
741 A31 2 97.80-97.70 P S CCS 2.93* 3.78 0.87 11. 53 2 3
743 A45 2 97.50-97.40 D A DBS 1. 34* 2.48* 0.99 2.00 2 2
752 A18 7 97.40-97.30 P R CCS 2.72* 2.04 0.47 2.46 2 3
755 B21 4 96.50-96.40 L U CCS 3.60* 1.85* 0.60 4.61 2 2
764 A18 5 97.60-97.50 D A CCS 3.32* 2.95* 0.88 4.69 2 3
765 A18 5 97.60-97.50 D A CCS 4.10* 3.45* 0.94 8.19 3 3
767 All 1 98.10-98.00 D A DBS 1. 74* 2.12* 0.45 1. 38 3 3
769 A07 3 98.00-97.90 C D CCS 3.96 3.56 1.16 15.15 2 2
775 B31 9 95.90-95.80 P R CCS 2.22* 2.84* 0.66 4.52 2 2
778 B38 9 95.80-95.70 95.75 P S CCS 3.09* 2.45 0.76 6.83 4 4
782 B35 9 95.90-95.80 95.83 C T CCS 5.22 3.51 1.11 18.09 3 3
784 B05 8 96.30-96.20 96.22 C F CCS 9.02 3.38 1. 08 33.24 3 3
793 B33 9 96.00-95.90 95.97 D A CCS 3.03* 1. 92* 0.84 3.26 5 5
J. 808 A21 7 97.30-97.20 U R CCS 2.11* 3.27* 0.66 5.45 3 3
I~i 824 B37 1 96.60-96.50 96.51 P S CCS 2.47* 1.62 0.45 1. 96 4 4,~' 827 B37 4 96.30-96.20 P S CCS 4.11* 2.70 0.96 9.98 2 3
I.!~, 830 B37 5 96.20-96.10 96.11 P T DBS 1.82* 1.90 0.37 1. 00 4 4
I
836 A32 8 97.20-97.10 96.13 C T CCS 3.31 2.39 0.51 4.37 4 4
844 B37 8 95.90-95.80 95.84 C D CCS 5.37 4.43 2.43 53.66 2 2
848 A32 9 97.10-97.00 97.01 D R CCS 2.66* 2.88* 0.89 6.36 2 2
865 B12 2 96.90-96.80 96.80 P S CCS 4.26* 4.21 1. 79 31.19 2 2
868 B34 3 96.50-96.40 96.44 U U CCS 3.59* 2.08* 1.14 8.92 2 2
871 B12 4 96.70-96.60 96.60 P T CCS 3.02* 3.03 0.74 7.77 3 3
.!-' 873 B12 4 96.70-96.60 96.60 D A DBS 2.33* 1. 83* 0.39 1. 37 4 4
~ ,~- 874 B12 5 96.60-96.50 96.55 D A CCS 2.68* 2.34* 0.96 5.46 2 3885 B38 7 96.00-95.90 95.96 P R CCS 2.40* 2.63 0.77 5.18 2 3!r 890 B19 11 95.90-95.80 D A CCS 2.90* 2.05* 0.52 2.61 3 4
iJ 896 B33 4 96 . 50-96.40 D A CCS 4.51* 2.98* 0.81 10.25 3 3
908 B21 9 96.00-95.90 95.95 D A CCS 2.95* 1. 95* 0.55 3.02 4 4
912 B12 7 96.40-96.30 96.38 C U CCS 3.74 2.91 0.99 8.33 2 2
920 B03 3 96.90-96.80 96.90 D A CCS 3.23* 2.56* 1. 02 6.93 2 2
922 A41 6 97.30-97.20 97.29 D A CCS 3.42* 2.11* 0.61 3.08 2 2
,
....,
[~ 541
lL
I
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i'
'! Table 46. (Continued)
Spec. Level Spec. Sta- Raw Thick- Stage Stage
Number Unit Lev. Elevation Elev. tus Shape Mat. Length Width ness Weight Side A Side B
928 B04 5 96.70-96.60 96.65 D U CCS 3.80* 2.59 0.89 7.55 3 3
933 B04 6 96.60-96.50 96.58 D A CCS 3.14* 2.03* 0.75 2.99 3 3
947 B04 8 96.40-96.30 96.30 D A CCS 4.75* 2.86* 0.87 9.31 3 3
!' 955 A41 10 96.90-96.80 96.83 C T CCS 4.96 3.31 0.76 10.11 1 3
959 A47 6 97.20-97.10 97.19 P R CCS 2.66* 2.20* 0.55 3.48 4 4
970 A47 7 97.10-97.00 97.01 D A CCS 2.30* 1.88* 0.66 2.65 3 3
979 A42 1 .97.70-97.60 97.65 D A CCS 2.46* 3.14* 0.71 4.59 2 3
993 A48 3 97.40-97.30 97.40 D A OBS 2.26* 1.27* 0.62 1.45 5 5
1002 A47 4 97.40-97.30 97.30 P S CCS 2.61* 2.95 0.68 5.24 2 4
I. 1010 A36 10 96.80-96.70 96.76 P R CCS 3.12* 3.53 0.83 10.84 3 31030 A48 7 97.00-96.90 96.95 D A CCS 3.70* 3.28* 0.81 5.90 3 3
I;] 1034 B11 4 96.60-96.50 D A CCS 3.22* 2.87* 0.85 6.21 2 2
.. CCS 2.41* 3.72* 1. 43 12.54.. 1037 B11 4 96.55-96.50 T R 2 2
~ , 1044 A36 6 97.30-97.20 97.22 P S CCS 3.50* 2.78 0.58 5.10 4 4:,1
~ 1 1051 B11 8 96.20-96.10 96.15 C 0 CCS 3.79 2.34 0.90 8.50 2 3
I 1057 B11 9 96.10-96.00 96.05 C 0 CCS 4.70 2.76 0.67 8.05 3 31058 B08 11 95.90-95.80 95.85 D A CCS 2.30* 1. 69* 0.53 1. 66 3 31059 A22 7 97.30-97.20 97.23 C 0 CCS 3.90 2.50 0.79 7.37 2 21069 A22 8 97.20-97.10 97.12 C T CCS 4.22 2.27 0.74 7.52 3 31071 A50 4 97.20-97.10 97.11 P S CCS 3.50* 3.03 0.70 9.88 4 41074 A50 5 97.10-97.00 97.06 P R CCS 4.62* 2.80 0.81 9.24 2 3
I·', 1085 A44 8 96.90-96.80 P T CCS 1. 84* 2.12 0.49 1. 90 4 4f~: 1087 B18 8 96.20-96.10 96.11 T R CCS 4.58* 3.60 0.81 15.58 2 3
'! 1092 A22 11 96.90-96.80 96.86 M U OBS 2.86* 1.52* 0.60 2.50 2 4
of'
L 1097 A29 10 96.90-96.80 96.81 P S CCS 2.93* 2.22 0.63 4.00 3 3t ~ 1100 B09 6 96.40-96.30 96.32 M U CCS 1.96* 1. 29* 0.44 0.84 4 41101 A49 4 97.30-97.20 97.20 C T CCS 3.30 2.34 0.75 5.36 3 3
1109 B09 8 96.20-96.10 96.15 M U CCS 2.58* 2.42* 0.63 4.52 3 3
1116 B09 9 96.10-96.00 96.00 D A CCS 3.83* 2.37* 0.91 6.69 3 3
1119 B09 10 96.00-95.90 D A CCS 3.29* 2.45* 0.55 3.11 2 4
1121 A29 12 96.70-96.60 96.65 L U CCS 3.22* 3.27* 1. 09 12.18 3 3
1128 A19 2 97.90-97.80 97.86 T R CCS 3.27* 3.80* 1. 04 14.70 2 3
1130 B17 7 96.30-96.20 96.20 P S CCS 1.70* 2.42 0.56 2.77 2 4
1131 A49 8 96.90-96.80 96.88 P T CCS 3.67* 3.09 0.83 6.88 3 4
1152 A43 8 97.00-96.90 96.92 D A CCS 3.79* 3.06* 1.15 10.84 2 3
1153 A43 8 97.00-96.90 96.97 C 0 CCS 4.56 2.64 1. 35 13.28 2 2
1161 A28 13 96.70-96.60 96.67 U U CCS 3.75* 3.90* 1. 04 9.46 2 2
1164 A28 13 96.70-96.60 96.65 C 0 CCS 5.69 3.53 1. 88 29.46 2 3
1166 A33 9 97.00-96.95 C T CCS 5.28 1. 80 0.59 4.83 4 4
1169 A43 9 96.90-96.80 96.88 D A OBS 2.39* 1. 95* 0.46 1. 68 4 4
1184 A20 3 97.60-97.65 C T CCS 3.24 2.58 0.83 5.68 2 4
1189 A19 12 96.90-96.80 96.85 P R CCS 2.77* 5.47* 1.10 14.60 2 2
.\ 1192 B16 12 95.80-95.70 95.74 D A CCS 2.90* 2.44* 0.66 3.47 2 3
-J 1195 A26 2 97.80-97.70 97.72 D A CCS 3.94* 2.38* 0.70 5.96 3 3
.~ 1201 A20 7 97.30-97.20 97.21 D A OBS 2.11* 1. 94* 0.49 1. 55 4 4;'1 1202 A20 7 97.30-97.20 97.20 C T CCS 5.02 2.57 0.88 10.40 3 3
1205 A23 2 97.80-97.70 97.74 D A CCS 2.79* 1.50* 0.56 2.16 3 4
1207 A20 9 97.10-97.00 97.03 D A CCS 3.37* 2.74* 0.60 4.58 2 2
1211 A20 10 97.00-96.90 96.93 L U CCS 5.47* 2.40* 0.88 12.40 3 3
1215 A20 10 97.00-96.90 96.90 C 0 CCS 6.75 4.25 1.39 33.01 2 3
1220 A20 11 96.90-96.80 96.89 C 0 CCS 4.69 3.52 0.65 9.60 2 2
ii 1244 A19 13 96.80-96.70 96.79 C 0 CCS 4.99 3.09 0.89 12.03 2 21247 A19 13 96.80-96.70 96.75 C 0 CCS 5.74 2.96 0.99 16.16 3 3Ii 1249 B09 11 95.90-95.80 95.82 C 0 CCS 5.22 3.45 1. 33 27.21 2 3
I'· 1252 A19 14 96.70-96.60 96.60 C 0 CCS 4.82 3.24 1.23 16.08 2 21271 A52 3 97.30-97.20 97.21 C T CCS 5.10 1. 92 0.43 3.63 4 4
1274 A26 12 96.80-96.70 96.73 P R CCS 2.87* 3.55 0.95 9.94 2 2
1278 BI0 5 96.50-96.40 C T CCS 3.45 1. 53 0.44 2.46 4 4
1281 B18 13 95.70-95.60 95.61 D A CCS 2.96* 3.09* 1. 56 13.67 2 2
•
,
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,.
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f! 542
,.
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i
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i
! Table 46, (Continued)
Spec. Level Spec. Sta- Raw Thick- Stage Stage
Number Unit Lev. Elevation Elev. tus Shape Mat. Length Width ness Weight Side A Side B
1284 A06 9 97.40-97.30 97.00 C 0 CCS 6.68 3.45 0.97 17.94 2 2
1289 A27 9 97.10-97.00 97.00 P R CCS 3.89* 2.99 1. 04 9.78 2 2
1291 B10 7 96.30-96.20 96.20 D A CCS 3.63* 2.45* 0.68 5.54 3 3
1300 A52 6 97.00-96.90 96.90 D A CCS 3.05* 1. 75* 0.63 3.60 2 4
1301 A27 13 96.70-96.60 96.70 C 0 CCS 5.98 3.24 1. 38 19.90 2 3
1302 B10 9 96.10-96.00 96.00 D A CCS 2.06* 2.10* 0.58 2.29 2 2
,I 1305 B10 10 95.93-95.90 T R CCS 2.81* 2.82 0.68 6.80 2 3
'I 1309 A26 10 97.00-96.90 U U CCS 2.72* 2.36* 0.59 4.46 2 3
.
1313 B16 2 96.80-96.70 D A CCS 2.33* 2.19* 0.73 3.35 2 2
.. ' 1318 B19 10 96.00-95.90 C 0 CCS 3.71 2.54 0.84 8.47 2 2t1 1319 A20 2 97.80-97.70 C T CCS 3.72 2.59 0.76 6.78 2 2~ 1323 B08 12 95.80-95.70 P S CCS 1. 83* 1. 85 0.37 1. 69 4 4I) 1327 B08 6 96.40-96.30 C U CCS 3.87 2.58 0.99 6.88 2 2
I' 1331 B16 8 96.20-96.10 T R CCS 3.42* 2.91* 0.83 9.98 2 31333 A26 10 97.00-96.90 D A CCS 2.66* 2.09* 0.48 2.33 3 3
1352 A27 13 96.70-96.60 C 0 CCS 4.69 4.07 1. 09 20.38 2 2
2004 B17 9 96.10-96.00 U R CCS 4.61* 4.28* 1.72 32.97 2 2
2043 B17 8 96.20-96.10 P S CCS 1.20* 1.86 0.53 1.29 4 4
2053 B21 3 96.60-96.50 P R CCS 3.17* 3.34 0.79 7.69 2 3
2067 B16 11 95.90-95.80 C 0 CCS 3.42 2.34 0.92 6.00 2 2
2128 B31 8 96.00-95.90 U 0 CCS 6.48 4.56* 0.98 27.96 1 2
2141 B23 9 96.00-95.90 C 0 CCS 5.90 3.90 0.96 20.92 2 3
2175 B34 6 96.20-96.10 C R CCS 5.83 4.08 1. 90 42.77 2 2
2194 B35 7 96.10-96.00 P Y CCS 2.29* 2.34 0.46 1. 87 4 4
i'f 2210 B11 4 96.60-96.50 M U CCS 2.12* 2.79* 0.76 4.25 2 3
... ~ 2225 B31 10 95.80-95.70 C 0 CCS 4.86 3.40 1. 02 14.42 2 2
. i 2226 B31 10 95.80-95.70 L U CCS 5.60* 2.86* 1. 62 24.54 2 2
;1. 2258 B37 4 96.30-96.20 M U CCS 2.89* 3.39* 1. 25 11.81 2 2
2308 B33 7 96.20-96.10 D A CCS 3.70* 3.65* 1.26 13.86 2 3
2331 B35 6 96.20-96.10 L U CCS 4.11* 2.33* 1. 35 12.50 2 2
2342 B33 9 96.00-95.90 D A CCS 3.72* 1.82* 1. 85 3.80 3 3
<I 2347 B31 4 96.40-96.30 M U CCS 3.03* 3.03* 1. 01 8.58 2 2
'j 2401 A22 11 96.90-96.80 U R CCS 2.38* 3.27* 0.80 5.77 2 2
'j 2415 A19 12 96.90-96.80 L U CCS 3.68* 3.32* 1.11 12.49 2 2
-\ 2482 A27 8 97.20-97.10 U R CCS 3.88* 2.66* 1.10 9.83 2 2
'jl
./ 2533 A38 7 97.20-97.10 P S CCS 1. 02* 1. 37 0.38 0.32 4 4I
2559 A32 8 97.20-97.10 D A CCS 2.78* 2.70* 0.92 5.85 2 3
2561 A32 8 97.20-97.10 L U CCS 4.31* 2.84* 1.31 18.04 2 2
2591 A12 5 97.60-97.50 U U CCS 3.02* 3.32* 0.82 9.24 2 2
2603 A32 4 97.60-97.50 U R CCS 4.05* 2.76* 1.27 14.35 2 2
2658 A42 9 96.90-96.80 C 0 CCS 3.52 2.26 0.96 7.29 3 3
2665 A21 7 97.30-97.20 P R CCS 3.73* 2.34 0.77 5.12 2 3
V 2680 A07 9 97.40-97.30 D A CCS 3.58* 1.83* 0.51 2.72 2 32713 A04 3 98.10-98.00 L U CCS 3.40* 2.15* 1. 03 4.71 2 2
2719 A18 5 97.60-97.50 M U CCS 2.51* 1. 92* 0.62 2.10 3 3
2728 B01 3 97.00-96.90 D A CCS 2.16* 1. 97* 0.60 1. 85 3 3
....
2760 A20 11 96.90-96.80 U U CCS 2.90* 2.49* 0.67 4.43 2 2
Ii 2771 A30 8 97.10-97.00 U U CCS 2.45* 2.11* 0.87 3.62 2 2
I'i
2787 A06 1 98.20-98.10 U U CCS 2.54* 1. 93* 1. 00 6.23 2 2
2799 B01 5 96.80-96.70 D A CCS 2.32* 1. 76* 0.61 2.30 2 3
2802 B01 5 96.80-96.70 D A CCS 5.47* 3.31* 0.75 8.74 2 3
OJ, 2811 B01 4 96 . 90-97 . 80 L U CCS 2.25* 2.00* 0.64 2.66 2 2
It '
2857 B23 8 96.10-96.00 D A CCS 3.40* 2.31* 1. 02 7.24 2 3
2881 B28 15 96.50-96.40 U R CCS 2.55* 2.31* 1.16 5.42 2 2
2946 B29 7 96.30-96.20 U R CCS 4.89* 3.46* 1.22 18.02 2 2
~. 2955 B09 4 96.60-96.50 L U CCS 4.76* 2.22* 1.21 9.40 2 22961 B21 5 96.40-96.30 U A CCS 3.52* 2.78* 0.64 6.21 2 22975 B15 2 96.80-96.70 M U CCS 3.20* 2.73 0.70 6.98 3 33045 B22 12 95.70-95.60 U R CCS 2,48* 1.96* 1. 00 3.98 2 2
ii,
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543
Table 46. (Continued)
Spec. Level Spec. Sta- Raw Thick- Stage Stage
Number Unit Lev. Elevation Elev. tus Shape Mat. Length Width ness Weight Side A Side B
3049 B32 12 95.70-95.60 D A CCS 3.31* 4.38* 1.14 14.70 2 2
3103 B15 10 96.00-95.90 P S CCS 1. 44* 2.04 0.49 1. 55 4 4
3131 B09 10 96.00-95.90 U A CCS 3.75* 2.31* 0.68 4.68 2 2
3179 B38 5 96.20-96.10 D A CCS 2.92* 2.50* 0.68 4.15 2 2
1 Specimen Number: *number=problematic provenience
Status: C=complete, M=medial, D=distal, P=proximal, L=lateral, T=Terminus (proximal or distal end),
U=unidentifiable fragment
Shape: A=acute, R=round, S=square, T=triangular, F=foliate, U=unidentifiable
Raw Material: CCS=cryptocrystalline silicates, OBS=obsidian, BAS=basalt
Stage A and Stage B refer to opposite faces of a single specimen
All measurments given in centimeters, weight in grams, *=fragmentary, incomplete dimension
544
Table 47. Attributes and Dimensions of Drills, Microdrills, Perforators, and Gravers, 35WH14
'
Spec. Raw Sta- Lev- Level Spec. Thick-
Num. Class Type Mat. tus Unit el Elevation Elev. Length Width ness Weight
48 DIP OVATE BIF. BASE CCS P B22 7 96.20-96 .10 96.15 3.81 2.71 0.84 9.72
6 DRL BIT FRAGMENT CCS D B24 1 96.80-96.70 2.02 0.50 0.31 0.33
443 DRL BIT FRAGMENT CCS F B32 12 95.70-95.60 95.69 4.06 1. 09 0.69 2.60
703 DRL BIT FRAGMENT OBS M B05 4 96.70-96.60 96.60 1. 92 0.89 0.42 0.68
973 DRL BIT FRAGMENT CCS D M7 8 97.00-96.90 96.93 2.92 1. 02 0.47 1. 44
1135 DRL BIT FRAGMENT CCS M A19 3 97.80-97.70 97.79 2.35 0.85 0.53 1.17
1172 DRL BIT FRAGMENT CCS D A33 10 97.90-97.80 96.86 2.31 0.72 0.34 0.54
787 DRL DIAMOND BASE CCS P B38 9 95.80-95.70 3.92 1. 50 0.63 3.31
527 DRL EXPANDING STEM CCS C B31 1 96.70-96.60 96.63 3.71 1. 44 0.68 2.38
722 DRL EXPANDING STEM CCS P B35 8 96.00-95.90 95.98 3.73 1. 98 0.79 4.25
829 DRL EXPANDING STEM CCS P B37 4 96.30-96.20 96.20 4.01 1.65 0.51 3.22
228 DRL KNOBSHAPED BASE CCS C B06 8 96.30-96.20 96.20 4.79 1. 00 0.48 2.47
"300 DRL REWORKED PP CCS P B14 13 95.70-95.60 95.68 4.95 1.77 0.80 5.82
660 DRL ROUND BASE OBS C B31 9 95.90-95.80 95.84 2.80 1. 43 0.38 1.02
490 DRL ROUND BASE? CCS D B29 9 96.10-96.00 96.00 2.58 1.55 0.41 1.14
411 DRL SERRATED BASE CCS P B32 10 95.90-95.80 95.86 2.67 1.17 0.37 1. 00
'I 314 DRL SUBRECTANG BASE CCS P B28 7 96.30-96.20 96.21 4.05 1. 09 0.56 2.43
! 1066 DRL TRIANGULAR BASE CCS P A29 8 97.10-97.00 2.21 1. 99 0.59 2.12
,,'
750 DRL UNFORMED BASE CCS C B23 10 95.90-95.80 2.38 0.97 0.53 1. 08
i; 2715 GRV BIFACE FRAGMENT CCS C A04 3 98.10-98.00 3.10 2.45 1.14 10.04
:~ 2378 GRV CHUNK W 3 UNI E CCS C A19 7 97.40-97.30 3.92 3.03 2.09 16.67
i\: 308 GRV EDGED FLAKE CCS C A30 7 97.20-97.10 3.82 1. 86 0.95 5.49663 GRV EDGED FLAKE CCS C B07 9 96.20-96.10 96.12 2.07 1. 31 0.33 0.99
:l 2086 GRV EDGED FLAKE CCS D B10 7 96.30-96.20 2.13 1. 91 0.71 2.562926 GRV EDGED FLAKE CCS C B28 12 96.80-96.70 3.32 3.27 1.15! i 2943 GRV EDGED FLAKE CCS D B29 7 96.30-96.20 2.43 2.32 0.33 2.13;-
1134 GRV REWORKED BIF FR CCS C A49 8 95.90-95.80 95.82 2.05 1.10 0.51 0.76'.J
":!.;:[ 1143 GRV REWORKED BIFACE CCS D M3 8 97.00-96.90 96.95 2.68 1. 96 0.61 3.03
~:i 2564 GRV REWORKED BIFACE CCS D MO 10 96.90-96.80 2.51 1. 95 0.58 3.123237 GRV REWORKED BIFACE CCS C B14 6 96.40-96.30 6.31 2.94 0.93 16.23
~ 2777 MDR BI-POINTED CCS C A18 3 97.80-97.70 1. 41 0.86 0.24 0.27776 MDR BIFACE TIP CCS D A12 7 97.40-97.30 1.14 0.96 0.33 0.262667 MDR EDGED FLAKE OBS C A28 10 97.00-96.90 2.02 0.91 0.22 0.2411 2893 MDR T-SHAPED CCS C B23 2 96.70-96.60 1. 31 1.24 0.38 0.48,,1
"~:i 2729 MUL BURIN W CONVX E CCS C BOl 3 97.00-96.90 4.92 1.97 0.65 6.33
~'j 509 MUL GRV-SCR-BIF EDG CCS B15 10 96.00-95.90 96.00 3.67 2.17 0.70 6.50~I 349 MUL PRF-GRV-BIF EDG CCS C B01 5 96.80-96.70 96.70 7.33 2.11 0.73 7.80
"ji': 165 MUL PRF-NTCH-UNIFAC CCS C B25 10 95.90-95.80 3.98 3.14 0.43 4.98
1:1(I
~f 1224 PRF BIFACE FRAGMENT CCS C B17 12 95.80-95.70 95.75 4.82 0.60 0.87 5.91
h 128 PRF BIT FRAGMENT CCS M A13 9 97.30-97.20 97.28 1. 03 1.19 0.61 0.66i; 706 PRF BIT FRAGMENT CCS M A25 12 96.90-96.80 96.89 0.88 1. 34 0.66 1. 07I,
~ " 761 PRF BIT FRAGMENT CCS D A18 3 97.80-97.70 2.11 0.73 0.25 0.38
:;Jfi 327 PRF CORE PUNCH? CCS C B14 14 95.60-95.50 95.58 4.66 2.89 1. 48 19.59Ii! 483 PRF DIAMOND-SHAPED CCS C B29 9 96.10-96.00 96.03 4.02 2.04 0.71 4.27~,', ;
I;· 638 PRF DIAMOND-SHAPED CCS C A25 4 97.70-97.60 97.67 4.29 2.28 0.62 4.32II! 892 PRF DIAMOND-SHAPED CCS C B37 4 96.30-96.20 3.28 1. 71 0.60 2.43
I
286 PRF EDGED FLAKE CCS M B28 4 96.60-96.50 2.35 1.20 0.31 0.88
; 395 PRF EDGED FLAKE CCS C B32 8 96.10-96.00 96.02 5.24 2.10 0.64 6.24
'.: 477 PRF EDGED FLAKE CCS C A53 3 97.10-97.00 4.98 3.00 1. 02 11.59
1341 PRF EDGED FLAKE CCS C A34 9 97.10-97.00 2.08 1. 43 0.38 1. 05
2747 PRF EDGED FLAKE CCS C A03 2 98.20-98.10 4.00 1. 07 0.58 2.01
2751 PRF EDGED FLAKE CCS C A30 6 97.30-97.20 1. 80 1. 76 0.49 1. 05
2878 PRF EDGED FLAKE CCS C B22 10 95.90-95.80 2.21 1. 52 0.37 1.24
956 PRF FOLIATE CCS C B03 9 96.30-96.20 96.20 3.07 1.21 0.44 1. 57
I
Iii
III
Ii... •
545
Table 47. (Continued)
Spec. Raw Sta- Lev- Level Spec. Thick-
Num. Class Type Mat. tus Unit el Elevation Elev. Length Width ness Weight
444 PRF POSSBILE BIT FR CCS M B15 2 96.80-96.70 96.73 1. 45 1. 01 0.49 0.92
2201 PRF PUNCH W. UNIF E CCS C B11 6 96.40-96.30 6.72 3.64 1. 50 25.44
659 PRF REWORKD PP ESI4 CCS C B07 9 96.20-96.10 96.17 3.40 2.45 0.58 3.00
744 PRF REWORKED BIFACE CCS D A45 4 97.30-97.20 2.11 1. 42 0.52 1.21
568 PRF REWORKED PP OBS D B13 5 96.50-96.40 96.43 2.68 1.72 0.43 1. 38
704 PRF REWORKED PP CCS C B33 3 96.60-96.50 96.60 2.41 1. 70 0.50 1. 80
1297 PRF REWORKED PP OBS D A34 13 97.70-97.60 96.70 2.87 1. 34 0.41 0.81
804 PRF REWORKED PP SN3 OBS C B19 8 96.20-96.10 96.10 3.11 1. 89 0.41 1. 64
'L' 822 PRF REWORKED PP SN5 OBS C B30 5 96.30-96.20 96.20 6.54 1. 69 0.52 3.62
IJr! 699 PRF REWORKED PP SNSA OBS C B33 2 96.70-96.60 96.68 2.60 1. 58 0.47 1. 40
Ij 491 PRF REWORKED PP SN5B OBS C B15 8 96.20-96.10 96 .10 2.12 1. 65 0.48 1.14
I 213 PRF UNIF WORKED FLK CCS C B06 6 96.50-96.40 96.42 2.52 1.15 0.29 0.811 All measurements in centimeters, weight in gramsSpecimen Number: *=problematic provenienceClass: D/P=drill/perforator, GRV=graver, DRL=drill, MUL=multipurpose tool
If MDR=microdrill, PRF=perforator
i' Raw Material: CCS=cryptocrystalline silicates, OBS=obsidian, BAS=basaltj Status: C=complete, D=distal, P=proximal, M=medial, L=lateral, F=fragment
Table 48. Attributes and Dimensions of Notches, 35WH14'
Spec. No. of Additional Raw Level Spec. Thick-
Number Notches Features Mat. Unit Level Elevation Elev. Length Width ness Weight
628 1 1 CONCAVE EDGE CCS B31 7 96.10-96.00 96.01 9.00 6.53 3.13 120.31
2030 1 CCS B12 7 96.40-96.30 2.50 2.10 0.84 4.44
2394 1 CCS A43 4 97.40-97.30 3.53 2.34 1. 00 7.33
2459 1 1 IRREG E; GRV? CCS A43 5 97.30-97.20 2.96 1. 92 0.79 3.74
2525 3 1 GRV; OCHRE CCS A24 3 97.90-97.80 4.64 2.82 1. 03 8.64
2652 2 1 CONC EDGE; GRV? CCS B03 5 96.70-96.60 3.69 2.49 0.62 4.61
2982 1 1 CONCAVE EDGE CCS B29 12 95.80-95.70 2.30 2.00 0.43 1. 58
3114 1 1 STR EDGE CCS B13 1 96.90-96.80 3.14 2.12 0.54 4.14
3126 1 2 STR USED EDGES CCS B38 6 96.10-96.00 5.32 2.56 0.80 7.88
3141 1 CCS B36 7 96.10-96.00 2.65 2.11 0.99 4.83
3183 1 1 CONC USED EDGE CCS B28 10 96.00-95.90 1. 94 2.01 1. 85 3.39
1 All measurements in centimeters, weight in grams
rL
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n
546
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Table 49. Attributes and Dimensions of Formed Unifaces, 35WH14'
Spec. Sub- Raw Level Spec. Thick-
Number Type Type Mat. Unit Level Elevation E1ev. Length Width ness Weight
55 C BEL CCS B24 8 96.10-96.00 2.86 2.74 0.65 4.80
269 C BEL CCS B22 11 95.80-95.75 2.55 2.88 0.53 3.93
285 C BEL SQZ A45 4 97.30-97.20 97.28 2.62 2.94 0.54 5.60
580 C BEL CCS A17 7 97.50-97.40 97.40 2.73 3.04 0.70 5.91
708 C BEL CCS B35 7 96.10-96.00 96.09 3.24 2.94 0.74 7.41
759 C BEL CCS A18 3 97.80-97.70 2.47 2.32 0.67 4.24
870 C BEL CCS B12 4 96.70-96.60 96.60 2.88 3.07 0.74 5.79
"
1190 C BEL CCS A19 12 96.90-96.80 96.85 2.60 2.12 0.66 5.62
~~ 139 C E CCS A13 9 97.30-97.20 97.20 4.50 3.97 1.15 19.28t,
0
to 210 C E CCS B21 4 96.50-96.40 2.60* 2.40 0.35 2.80
~ 259 C E CCS B22 11 95.80-95.70 95.77 4.49 3.22 0.77 9.68
.' 414 C E CCS B06 14 95.70-95.60 95.66 3.10 2.05 0.44 2.23d
r·~ 840 C E CCS A32 8 97.20-97.10 96.10 1. 91 1. 97 0.70 2.25I,
f~ 1245 C E CCS B09 11 95.90-95.80 95.85 2.24 2.38 0.56 3.682008 C E CCS B10 8 96.20-96.10 2.79* 2.65 1. 48 15.39
If: 2351 c E CCS B12 4 96.70-96.60 2.60* 2.08 0.67 4.44
l 2540 C E CCS All 3 97.90-97.80 2.61* 2.07* 0.70 4.63
2571 C E CCS A41 8 97.10-97.00 2.97 2.17 0.82 5.92
2635 C E CCS A42 6 97.20-97 . 10 2.14* 2.03* 0.73 2.36
3158 C E CCS B09 2 96.80-96.70 2.25 2.39* 1. 44 7.81
3191 C E CCS B13 9 96.10-96.00 2.75 2.13 0.49 2.38
3223 C E CCS B33 2 96.70-96.60 1. 88* 2.32 1. 05 5.28
151 C IND CCS B22 8 96 .10-96.00 2.52* 0.83* 0.59 1. 31
194 C IND CCS B26 9 96.00-95.90 2.41 2.25 0.49 2.62
249 C IND CCS B06 10 96 .10-96.00 96.03 2.51* 1. 42* 0.70 1. 91
274 C IND CCS A30 5 97.40-97.30 97.32 4.96 2.40* 1.26 16.02
369 C IND CCS B28 12 95.80-95.70 95.77 2.68* 1. 95* 1. 23 6.46
526 C IND CCS A51 2 97.40-97.30 97.39 1. 90* 0.75* 0.39 0.51
690 C IND CCS B07 14 95.70-95.60 95.60 2.27* 1.82* 0.65 1.28
772 C IND CCS A04 2 98.20-98.10 2.74 1.72 0.50 2.40
777 C IND CCS B33 6 96.30-96.20 3.08 1.16* 0.48 1.26
1018 C IND CCS B08 9 96.10-96.00 96.00 3.42* 3.89 0.94 14.13
2035 C IND CCS B08 10 96.00-95.90 3.41* 2.06* 0.97 4.59
2145 C IND CCS B23 9 96.00-95.90 1.10* 0.88* 0.44 0.38
2179 C IND CCS B12 5 96.60-96.50 2.12* 1. 33* 0.45 1. 60
2449 C IND CCS A22 10 97.00-96.90 2.26* 1. 88* 0.90 2.85
2462 C IND CCS A23 6 97.40-97.30 2.67* 1. 30* 0.66 1. 95
2508 C IND CCS A43 3 97.50-97.40 1.29* 2.39* 0.56 1.22
2531 C IND CCS A19 13 96.80-96.70 3.20* 2.76* 0.73 8.00
2536 C IND CCS B02 6 96.60-96.50 4.71 3.43 1.64 27.50
2617 C IND CCS A48 5 97.20-97.10 1. 47* 0.76* 0.61 0.38
2637 C IND CCS A42 5 97.30-97.20 1.27* 2.40* 0.71 2.08
2661 C IND CCS B03 6 96.60-96.50 2.74* 3.39* 1. 00 8.44
2953 C IND CCS B09 13 95.70-95.60 4.59 2.85* 1.22 23.60
3015 C IND CCS B21 8 96.10-96.00 0.46* 1.11* 0.73 0.86
69 C OVT CCS B14 10 96.00-95.90 95.95 3.19 2.45 0.92 7.81
220 C S CCS B23 11 95.80-95.70 95.76 5.44 2.70 0.84 9.74
289 C S CCS A15 9 97.30-97.20 97.30 4.77 1. 92 0.70 7.14
358 C S CCS B25 14 95.50-95.40 95.47 2.81 1. 08 0.29 1.13
401 C S CCS B32 9 96.00-95.90 95.96 2.91 1. 96 0.46 3.11
544 C S CCS A21 1 97.90-97.80 97.80 3.13 2.72 1. 31 9.43
1105 C S CCS B09 7 96.30-96.20 96.23 3.82 3.01 0.70 8.78
1203 C S CCS A20 7 97.30-97.20 97.20 3.27 1. 79 0.39 1. 96
2276 C S CCS B08 8 96.20-96.10 4.85 3.46 1. 30 24.71
~ 2522 C S CCS A36 8 97.00-96.90 2.55* 3.16* 1. 01 7.46in 2527 C S CCS A24 3 97.90-97.80 2.43 2.51 0.56 4.02
II
;:1 2824 C S CCS A13 2 98.00-97.90 4.72* 1. 87* 1. 33 8.95
,I
il
2068 c SPD CCS B12 10 96.10-96.00 4.64 2.69 0.92 9.72
656 C TRI CCS B31 9 95.90-95.80 95.85 3.75 3.49 0.85 10.02
~l
~
r
j 547
~
t
f
Table 49. (Continued)
Spec. Sub- Raw Level Spec. Thick-
!' Number Type Type Mat. Unit Level Elevation Elev. Length Width ness Weight
f'· 83 CC CVT OBS B26 11 95.80-95.70 1.25* 1. 06 0.25 0.36
636 CC CVT CCS B07 7 96.40-96.30 2.74* 3.10* 0.80 5.71
976 CC CVT CCS B03 12 96.10-96.00 95.95 2.36* 2.42* 0.59 4.21
1227 CC CVT CCS B17 12 95.80-95.70 95.72 2.73* 1.77 0.44 2.20
2188 CC CVT CCS B07 2 96.90-96.80 1. 57* 1.26* 0.32 0.82
r-: 3193 CC CVT CCS B13 3 96.70-96.60 2.23* 1. 46 0.60 1. 81
.
\:
c· 698 CCV CVT CCS B38 6 96.10-96.00 96.05 2.30* 1.92* 0.43 1. 94
fJ 901 CCV CVT CCS B23 3 96.60-96.50 4.46 3.21 0.87 10.80
Ii'.
I'.~.
CS 8 97.10-97.002404 CVT CCS A33 2.20 2.40 0.42 2.08
,j 2732 CS CVT CCS A02 3 98.10-98.00 2.22 1.53 0.85 2.45~;~
'i 546 CS ES CCS A51 5 97.10-97.00 97.00 3.62 2.58 0.69 5.80
'A 1064 CS ES CCS A44 5 96.20-97.10 97.12 3.73 2.68 0.85 5.89.,
.,' 1226 CS ES CCS Bll 12 95.80-95.70 95.75 3.56 2.95 0.53 4.71
I 2443 CS ES CCS A27 1 97.90-97.80 5.37 2.66 1.10
15.27
2493 CS ES CCS A42 7 97.10-97.00 4.29 3.66 0.46 19.89
2578 DNT E CCS A40 4 97.50-97.40 3.30 1. 99 0.87 4.23
429 HK CCS B32 11 95.80-95.70 3.54* 3.28* 0.50 3.69
I 2582 HK CCS A40 4 97.50-97.40 2.21 1. 82 0.58 1. 66
2972 HK CCS B15 7 96.30-96.20 2.70* 1. 66* 0.42 1. 89
2924 MUL CCS B14 8 96.20-96.10 3.72 3.49 1.24 12.31
396 S IND CCS B27 13 95.70-95.60 95.63 2.37* 1. 98* 0.86 3.62
*2242 S IND CCS B30 2 96.60-96.50 2.06* 1.33* 0.58 1. 48
2562 S IND CCS A42 4 97.40-97.30 2.60* 2.10* 0.61 3.01
2614 S IND CCS A21 9 97.10-97.00 2.19* 1. 88* 1. 03 4.05
2628 S IND CCS A09 2 98.10-98.00 2.78* 1. 51* 1.24 3.87
2757 S IND CCS B02 5 96.70-96.60 3.24 1. 84 1.21 6.91
2944 S IND CCS B29 7 96.30-96.20 2.05 2.66 1. 03 6.22
1126 S PL CCS A43 6 97.20-97.10 97.15 2.42* 2.12 0.41 2.97
1148 S TRI CCS B17 9 96.10-96.00 96.03 4.61 3.53 1.12 14.89
1 Specimen Number: *number=problematic provenience
~: C=convex, CV= concave, S=straight, DNT=denticulate,
HK=hook-like, MUL=multipurpose
Variety: DSC=discoidal, S=side, E=end, TD=teardrop, PL=parallel-sided,
TRI=trilateral, IND=indeterminate, BEL=bell-shaped, OVT=ovate, SPD=spade-shaped, CVT=convergent
Raw Material: CCS=cryptocrystalline silicates, SQZ=seam quartz, OBS=obsidian
All measurements in centimeters, weight in grams
•
'~~=-"~_.- ""'" • _ _:w .......-~.-=-.~-c ~·-::-.·'''''''''''---''''':''::'''''""-=-'7-~·'''''-''.~"•."",,,,.... ,.......... _n·' •·__'~-,(;-:-c
'-=<"'>;".C""'.'-- • .~ c' . " C
Table 50. Attributes of Worked Bone and Antler, 35WH14'
Spec. Raw Spec. Sta- Thick-
Nwn. Type Comments Mat. Unit Lev. Elevation Elev. tus Length Width ness Weight
447 AWL BON B15 13 95.61 D 2.40 0.50 0.55 0.49
163 AWL BURNT AND POLISHED BON A30 6 96.25 D 2.34 0.85 0.48 0.50
57 AWL LATERAL METAPODIAL BON B14 11 95.90-95.80 - C 7.21 0.76 0.54 1. 45
540 AWL LONGITUDIN. SPLIT TIP BURNT ANT B38 6 96.00 D 1.72 0.70 0.42 0.34
298 AWL LONGITUDINALLY SPLIT TIP BON B02 7 96.45 D 3.52 0.59 0.62 0.86
402 AWL POLISHED BON B15 11 95.82 D 6.88 1.05 0.49 2.49
402 AWL POLISHED BON B15 11 95.82 D 4.56 0.91 0.41 1.25
602 AWL POLISHED BON A32 12 96.90-96.80 - D 5.37 1. 43 0.59 3.09
639 AWL POLISHED BON A46 4 97.39 M 3.34 1. 03 0.58 2.00
656 AWL ROUND SECTION, NEEDLE-LIKE BON A46 7 97.05 D 3.26 0.45 0.45 0.55
1023 AWL SMALL FRAGMT. POSSIBLE AWL? BON A42 4 97.40-97.30 - F 2.20 0.84 0.52 0.65
579 FBT BURNED , POLISHED , ROUNDED TIP BON B38 10 95.70-95.60 - D 2.30 0.91 0.30 0.69
1544 FBT MATCHES BN-l193 BON B31 8 96 . 00-95.90 - M 1.16 1.12 0.25 0.36
1193 FBT PARALLEL SIDES, SPATULATE? BON B23 12 95.70-95.60 - M 5.55 1.12 0.26 1. 63
935 FBT SMALL SPATULATE FRAGMENT BON A52 5 97.10-97.00 - D 2.25 0.75 0.25 0.41
1549 FBT SPAT. RECONSTRUCTED, 2 TOOLS BON A17 7 97.40 F 7.62 1.19 0.39 2.95
44 FBT TAPERED BON A16 8 97.35 D 17.50 2.31 0.35 7.09
1545 . FBT TAPERED BON B05 8 96.30-96.20 - D 1.19 0.53 0.28 0.11
722A GAM FOSSILIZED LONG BONE SEGMENT FBN B08 13 95.70 M 3.46 1. 35 0.40 1. 45
722B GAM FOSSILIZED LONG BONE SEGMENT FBN B08 13 95.70 M 3.07 1.12 0.35 1.15
722C GAM FOSSILIZED LONG BONE SEGMENT FBN B08 13 95.70 M 2.98 1.28 0.37 1. 44
722D GAM FOSSILIZED LONG BONE SEGMENT FBN B08 13 95.70 M 2.81 1.16 0.37 1.29
722E GAM FOSSILIZED LONG BONE SEGMENT FBN B08 13 95.70 M 2.79 1. 51 0.43 1. 67
722F GAM FOSSILIZED LONG BONE SEGMENT FBN B08 13 95.70 M 2.73 1. 37 0.47 1. 59
722G GAM FOSSILIZED LONG BONE SEGMENT FBN B08 13 95.70 M 2.66 1.17 0.34 1.13
736 IND BEAM SEGMENT ANT A22 6 96.80-96.50 96.75 F 5.71 2.80 2.17 17.85
920 IND BEVELED EDGE BON B25 4 96.50-96.40 - F 2.87 1.11 0.34 0.71
917 IND BEVELED EDGE OPP. EDGE FLAKED BON B25 4 96.50-96.40 - M 3.24 1.25 0.92 1. 49
217 IND BURNT AND POLISHED BON B28 10 95.99 M 2.43 0.66 0.40 0.49
1548 IND BURNT AND POLISHED BON B26 11 95.80-95.70 - F 1. 50 1.12 0.22 0.27
940 IND BURNT AND SMOOTHED BON B25 12 95.70-95.60 - M 1.52 0.81 0.66 0.74
905 IND BURNT ,POLISHED; SMOOTHED EDGE BON A42 1 97.70-97.60 - F 1. 97 0.57 0.29 0.25
1261 IND CALCINED BON A43 11 96.70-96.60 - M 1. 69 0.95 0.41 0.54
1312 IND CUT? SMOOTHED? ANT A43 12 97.20-97.10 - F 3.02 2.01 0.82 2.79
154 IND CYLIND. FRAG.,CUTMARKS AT END ANT A30 5 97.40-97.30 - M 3.65 1. 44 1. 71 1. 91
1067 IND FLAT, EDGES ROUNDED BON B23 12 95.70-95.60 - M 2.46 0.73 0.30 0.50
1546 IND FLAT, LATERAL FR.. ROUND EDGES BON B04 6 96.60-96.50 - F 1. 94 0.63 0.37 0.49
1262 IND FLAT, PARALLEL SIDES BON A43 11 96.70-96.60 - M 1. 73 1.10 0.34 0.60
VI
.j::-
00
~.'":"••~-,:,.~.:::.....~~:,::.:::-~.:..:~..;.,~,;i')" JP5 ,.,.,_ (.!S;¥ :;J~4.a;± C._...;, :g~~.•m .-.~.~-~J(:~'~"~~ ..~,:;-:::;-""'~":;.,':J:,:::::~,;.~~~"';::~.~~~,,..~~':---::"';' - -'" .~-. _.- __-"':'-"--71' -'-'!l:"~'!<~.:l':~-;..~-itIffi1'IWu:z:oa&1¥ ·eo:
Table 50. (Continued)
Spec. Raw Spec. Sta- Thick-
Num. Type Comments Mat. Unit Lev. Elevation Elev. tus Length Width ness Weight
1291 IND FLAT, PARALLEL SIDES BON A41 11 96.80-96.70 - M 1. 90 1.20 0.26 0.48
1330 IND FLAT, TAPERING BON B24 13 95.60-95.50 - M 0.97 0.38 0.16 0.06
1293 INn FLAT ,PARALL. SIDES; MATCH 1291? BON A41 11 96.80-96.70 - M 2.42 1.38 0.35 0.77
1258 IND FLAT,TAPERING SIDES; RD. EDGES BON B20 4 96.60-96.50 M 2.34 0.91 0.29 0.55
1263 IND INTERIOR DISHED, ROUNDED EDGE BON A43 11 96.70-96.60 - M 2.75 1. 04 0.43 0.90
391 IND LATERAL FRAGMT, END SMOOTHED ANT B02 13 95.56 F 8.65 2.44 0.76 10.33
1547 IND LONGBONE FRAGMT., CHANNELED BON A24 6 97.60-97.50 - M 3.52 1. 33 0.53 2.02
171 IND LONGBONE FRAGMT., CORNER WORN BON B14 13 95.67 F 6.97 1. 66 1. 06 7.89
766 IND ONE END NOTCHED ANT ? ? ? - F 2.91 1. 62 1.16 3.19
I873 IND POLISHED BON B28 11 95.88 M 2.15 1. 03 0.65 1.23
208 IND POLISHED, INCISED OR TOOTHMARKS BON B14 14 95.50 M 5.86 0.92 0.65 3.49
658 IND ROUNDED EDGE BON B04 6 96.60-96.50 - F 2.54 0.72 0.32 0.60
387 IND SCRAPED LONGBONE SEGMENT, CUT BON A53 7 96.62 M 2.88 1. 24 0.41 1. 38
64 IND SCRAPED TINE, POLISHED TIP ANT B06 10 96.10 C 6.18 1. 80 1.46 8.85
586 IND SCRAPED, CUT, POLISHED ,FOSSIL? BON B37 4 96.30-96.20 - F 3.80 1. 03 0.85 2.31
116 IND SLIVER, 4 PARALLEL CUT MARKS BON B06 10 96.00 F 1. 94 0.63 0.45 0.43
1198 IND SMOOTHING, EXTERIOR/INTERIOR? BON B23 12 95.70-95.60 - F 1. 94 1. 50 0.47 0.79
1105 IND SURFACE SMOOTHED BON B27 13 95.70-95.60 M 4.30 1.10 0.57 1. 89
165 ORN BILAT INCISED POLISHED, BURNED BON A30 6 96.30-96.20 - M 1. 55 1. 03 0.66 0.59
472 ORN CYLINDRICAL BEAD BON B14 13 95.70-95.60 - F 1. 40 1. 02 0.30 0.31
113 ORN TUBULAR BEAD BON B06 10 96.02 C 1. 07 0.25 0.25 0.07
1 All measurements in centimeters, weight in grams
~: AWL=awl, FBT=flat bone tool, GAM=gaming piece, IND=indeterminate, ORN=ornament
Raw Material: BON=bone, ANT=antler, FBN=fossilized bone
Status: C=complete, D=distal, M=medial, F=fragment
U1
~
\0
.......
APPENDIX C
REPORTS ON THE FAUNAL ANALYSIS OF 35WH7 AND 35WH14,
BY JOANNE M. MACK
550
551
REPORT ON THE FAUNAL ANALYSIS OF 35WH14 (PINE CREEK VILLAGE)
by
Joanne M. Mack, Ph.D.
Pine Creek Village (35WH14) has a faunal assemblage of over 1,700
examined items, catalog numbers B-1 to B-15441 • The discrepancy between
the number of bones and the catalog numbers results from a catalog
system which in some cases numbers up to 3 different identifiable and as
many as 21 different unidentifiable bones with the same catalog number.
In this analysis, 1341 specimens of this faunal assemblage have been
identified to a taxonomic level of class or below. Of the identifiable
items, only 39 are whole, many of these teeth. The vast majority of the
bone items are not only partial but can only be described as
fragmentary, often the medial section of long bones. This is only
partly due to the extremely poor condition of some of the bone. Much of
these bone pieces seem to have resulted from manual breaking of the
bone, likely to extract marrow. To complicate analysis of the bone from
this site, the original processing of the bone included the application
of shellac on a few of the larger pieces of bone. Shellac alters the
surface of bone, so identification of bone tools becomes impossible on
those pieces. The above limitations result in far less information than
one may normally expect from a faunal assemblage of this size.
The following taxonomic categories are represented in the
collection. The number following each category gives the total number
of bone elements, fragmentary and whole, identified to the particular
category (class, order, family, genus, and species):
Class:
Fish: 8
Reptiles: 3
Family: Testudinidae 2
Genus/Species: Clemmys marmorata: 1
Family: Colubridae 1
Bird: 10
Passarine: 1 (Family unidentifiable)
Family: Scolopacidae 1
Genus/Species: Numenius americanus (Long-billed Curlew): 1
Tetraonidae 2
Genus/Species: Bonasa umbellus (Ruffed Grouse): 2
Mammal: 1235
Order: Lagomorpha: 54
Family: Leporidae: 54
1. Worked specimens are not included in this discussion.
552
Order: Lagomorpha (continued)
Genus/Species: Sylvilagus nuttallii (Nuttall's Cottontail): 47
Lepus sp. (Jackrabbit): 1
Order: Rodentia: 29
Family: Sciuridae: 7
Genus/Species: Spermophilus sp. (Ground Squirrel): 3
Eutamias sp. (Chipmunk): 2
Marmota flaviventris (Yellow-bellied marmot): 2
Geomyidae: 3
Genus/Species: Thomonys talpoides (Northern Pocket Gopher): 3
Zapodidae: 1
Genus/Species: Zapus princeps (Western Jumping Mouse): 1
Cricetidae: 10
Genus/Species: Neotoma cinerea (Bushytail Woodrat): 7
Microtus sp. (Vole): 3
Erethizontidae: 1
Genus/Species: Erethizon dorsatum (Porcupine): 1
Order: Carnivora: 8
Family: Canidae: 3
Genus/Species: Canis sp.: 2
Canis latrans (Coyote): 1
Felidae: 2
Genus/Species: Felis concolor (Cougar): 2
Procyonidae: 1
Genus/Species: Procyon lotor (Raccoon): 1
Order: Artiodactyla: 542
Family: Cervidae: 359
Genus/Species: Cervus canadensis (Elk, Wapiti): 40
Odocoileus hemionus (Mule Deer): 286
Bovidae: 9
Genus/Species: Ovis canadensis (Mountain Sheep): 9
Antilocapridae: 4
Genus/Species: Antilocapra americana (Antelope): 4
Various observations have been made on each bone element in the
assemblage, including an attempt to categorize each piece as to sex and
age, notation as to whether cut or tool marks appear on the elements,
and the identification of bone tools within the assemblage not
previously recognized. All these observations have been limited by the
shellac and the fragmentary condition of the bone. However, 39 bone
fragments show cut marks, most multiple and one long bone fragments.
There are some examples of cut marks on pelvis, scapula, ribs, skull
fragments, and mandibles. Most of the cut marks likely result from
skinning and/or butchering practices. A few tool fragments also exhibit
cut marks, which may result from the tool manufacturing processes. The
identification of the sex of the animals represented by the bone
elements has been determined in only 197 cases. Ninety-two bones from
mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) are from females and 71 are from males.
Some of these are fragments of antler. The identification of adult and
juvenile bones has been somewhat more successful, most bones identified
being adult. Juveniles have been identified by incomplete ossification
of the epiphysis of long bones and b tooth eruption, particularly among
the ungulates. Most juvenile bones are from Artiodactyla, particular
those which can be aged. Two jaws ~rom mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus)
come from animals about two and half years old. One mule deer is 18-20
months old and one is 23-24 months old. An elk (Cervus canadensis)
•553
juvenile ages to 18-20 months old. A big-horn sheep (Ovis canadensis)
ages to between 30 and 32 months old. The remainder of the bones corne
from the juveniles of rodents, with one from a coyote. In total 38
bones can be considered from juvenile individuals.
Though the data available from this collection limits
interpretation, there are some interesting indications of season of use
and diet from this assemblage. Clearly two species are overwhelmingly
part of the diet, mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and rabbit (Sylvilagus
nuttallii). The various rodents are present not as a result of human
activity but through the efforts of the rodents' own burrowing
activities, the only exceptions being the porcupine (Erethizon
dorsatum), and perhaps the chipmunk (Eutamias sp.). Of the birds
present, only the grouse (Bonasa umbellus) and the curlew (Numenius
americanus) may be the result of hunting by human beings. The two
turtle bones may also be from the use of this animal as food, though
turtle-shell rattles may have been its major use. The coyote (Canis
latrans) may be present as an animal hunted for its pelt.
From the faunal material the season of use of this site may be
hypothesized to be at least from late Winter to late Summer and possibly
year round. The juvenile Artiodactyla mandibles and teeth, which can be
accurately aged indicate they were taken in late Winter or early Spring
and late Spring or early Summer. Mule deer fawn are born from April
through June, while both elk and big-horn sheep are born from May to
June. Since the juvenile mule deer and elk age to approximately a year
and an half old and the sheep to two and an half years old, they must
have been killed in late Winter or early Spring. The two-year old deer
would indicate presence in late Spring or early Summer. Since the males
shed their antlers in March or April, the males represented in the
assemblage may have been killed in early Summer, but the larger
specimens likely represent males killed in late Summer or even Fall.
The presence of turtle bone may also point to the Spring, though Summer
may be more likely. Turtles hibernate for part of the year; however,
the season of hibernation varies from region to region. In some areas
they hibernate in the summer, in others they hibernate in the winter. I
expect them to hibernate in the winter along the tributaries of the John
Day, as they do along the Klamath River, but one would need the life
history information for Western Pond Turtles (Clemmys marmorata) for the
southern Columbia Plateau to confirm a winter hibernation.
The faunal evidence available for Pine Creek Village indicates it
is a village, which seems to be occupied from at least late Winter to
late Summer. The inhabitants appear to have hunted primarily mule deer
and rabbits, but other animals have been occasionally hunted
successfully: mammals (particularly other large Artiodactyla), reptiles,
birds, and fish. The season of the year most activity at the site took
place seems to be late Winter into late Summer. The fragmentary nature
of all the bone, even skull and mandibles of large animals, indicates
thorough processing of the bone .
r
554
REPORT ON THE FAUNAL ANALYSIS OF 35WH7 (COVE CREEK II)
by
Joanne M. Mack, Ph.D.
Cove Creek II (35WH7) has a faunal assemblage of over 1900 items,
catalog numbers B-1 to B-264. The discrepancy between the number of
bones and the catalog numbers results from a catalog system which in
some cases numbered up to 15 different bones with the same catalog
number. Forty-one percent (775) of this faunal assemblage are
identifiable to some taxonomic level. Of the identifiable items, only
49 are whole; the vast majority are not only partial but can only be
described as fragmentary, often the medial section of long bones. This
is partly due to the extremely poor condition of much of the bone. To
complicate analysis of the bone from this site, the original processing
of the bone included the application of shellac on most of the larger
pieces of bone. Shellac alters the surface of bone, so identification
of bone tools becomes impossible in this collection in all but a few
cases. The above limitations result in far less information than one
may normally expect from a faunal assemblage of this size.
The following taxonomic categories are represented in the
collection. The number following each category gives the total number
of bone elements, fragmentary and whole, identified to the particular
category (class, order, family, genus, and species):
Class:
Fish: 4
Reptiles: 11
Family: Testudinidae 11
Genus/Species: Clemmys marmorata: 11
Bird: 11
Passarine: 1 (Family unidentifiable)
Family: Tytonidae Z
Genus/Species: Otus asio (Screech Owl): Z
Strigidae 1
Genus/Species: Asio otus (Long-eared Owl): 1
Tetraonidae 1
Genus/Species: Dendragapus obscurus (Blue Grouse): 1
Mammal: 749
Order: Lagomorpha: 47
Family: Leporidae: 46
Genus/Species: Sylvilagus nuttallii (Nuttall's Cottontail): 43
Lepus sp. (Jackrabbit): 3
Order: Rodentia: 48
Family: Sciuridae: 1
Genus/Species: Tamiasciurus douglasii (Chickaree): 1
Geomyidae: 7
Genus/Species: Thomonys talpoides (Northern Pocket Gopher): 7
r
555
Order: Rodentia (continued)
Castoridae: 3
Genus/Species: Castor canadensis (Beaver): 3
Cricetidae: 23
Genus/Species: Neotoma cinerea (Bushytail Woodrat): 7
Microtus sp. (Vole): 16
Erethizontidae: 5
Genus/Species: Erethizon dorsatum (Porcupine): 5
Order: Carnivora: 7
Mustelidae: 3
Genus/Species: Lutra canadensis (River Otter): 2
Felidae: 4
Genus/Species: Felis concolor (Cougar): 1
Lynx rufus (Bobcat): 3
Order: Artiodactyla: 297
Cervidae: 209
Genus/Species: Cervus canadensis (Elk, Wapiti): 25
Odocoileus hemionus (Mule Deer): 166
Odocoileus sp.: 3
Bovidae: 3
Genus/Species: Ovis canadensis (Mountain Sheep): 3
Various observations have been made on each bone element in the
assemblage, including an attempt to categorize each piece as to sex and
age, notation as to whether cut or tool marks appear on the elements,
and the identification of bone tools within the assemblage not
previously recognized. All these observations have been limited by the
shellac and poor condition of the bone. Only two bone fragments show
cut marks, a medial fragment of an antler and the distal end of a
carnivore phalange. The cut mark on the phalange goes around the shaft
of the bone, indicating the phalange is likely the debitage from the
making of bone beads. There are three cut marks on the antler fragment.
these cut marks also may be the result of tool making. The
identifiaction of the sex of the animals represtned by the bone elements
can be determined with confidence in only 44 cases. Twenty-seven bones
from mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) are from females and ten are from
males. A single bone from a big-horn sheep (Ovis canadensis) seems to
be from a male. The identification of adult and juvenile bones has been
somewhat more successful, most bones identified being adult. Juveniles
have been identified by incomplete ossification of the epiphysis of long
bones and by tooth eruption, particularly among the ungulates. Ten
bones from elk (Cervus canadensis) are from juveniles; the teeth
specifically from an animal approximately one and half years old. The
jaw from a mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) also comes from an animal
about eighteen to twenty months old. The remainder of the bones come
from the juveniles of rodents and rabbits, with one from an inidentified
medium-size carnivore and one from a big-horn sheep (Ovis canadensis)
which ages to between 30 and 32 months old. In total 26 bones can be
considered from juvenile individuals.
Though the data available from this collection limits
interpretation, there are some interesting indications of season of use
and diet from this assemblage. Clearly two species are overwhelmingly
-556
part of the diet, mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) and rabbit (Sylvilagus
nuttallii). The various rodents are present not as a result of human
activity but through the efforts of the owls and the rodents' own
burrowing activities, the only exceptions being the beaver (Castor
canadensis), the procupine (Erethizon dorsatum), and the squirrel
(Tamiasciurus douglasii). Of the birds present, only the grouse
(Dendragapus obscurus) may be the result of hunting by human beings.
The few turtle bones may also be from the use of this animal as food,
though trutle-shell rattles may have been its major use. The river
otter (Lutra canadensis) may also not be present as a food source alone
but also for its pelt.
From the faunal material the season of use of this site may be
hypothesized to be during late Winter through late Spring. The juvenile
Artiodactyla mandibles and teeth, which can be accurately aged indicate
they were taken in late Winter or early Spring. Mule deer fawn are born
from April through June, while both elk and big-horn sheep are born from
May to June. Since the juvenile mule deer and elk age to approximately
a year and an half old and the sheep to two and an half years old, they
must have been killed in late Winter or early Spring. This time of the
year is also supported by the much higher number of female deer. Male
mule deer do not travel with females and yearlings after the mating
season in late Fall. Since the males shed their antlers in March or
April, the males represented in the assemblage likely have been killed
in the late Spring or early Summer. The presence of some turtle bone
may also point to the Spring, though Summer may be more likely. Turtles
hibernate for part of the year; however, the season of hibernation
varies from region to region. In some areas they hibernate in the
summer, in others they hibernate in the winter. I expect them to
hibernate in the winter along the tributaries of the John Day, as they
do along the Klamath River, but one would need the life history
information for Western Pond Turtles (Clemmys marmorata) for the
southern Columbia Plateau to confirm a winter hibernation.
The faunal evidence available for Cove Creek II indicates it is a
seasonal camp. The inhabitants appear to have been occasionally hunted
successfully: mammals, reptiles, birds, and fish. The season of the
year most activity at the site took place seems to be late Winter into
Spring. Some bone tool and ornament manufacture has taken place as
evidenced by the cut carnivore phalange and the single antler fragment
exhibiting cut marks. The evidence for bead-making suggests a seasonal
camp with residence of some duration, not simply a hunting camp
inhabited for a few days.
APPENDIX D
REPORTS ON THE MACROBOTANICAL ANALYSIS OF 35WH7 AND 35WH14 ,
BY NANCY A. STENHOLM
557
558
BOTANICAL ANALYSIS OF SITES 35WH7 AND 35WH14
by
Nancy A. Stenholm
Introduction
The study of vegetable materials found in archaeological matrices,
termed archaeobotany or paleoethnobotany, provides valuable information
about the resource base of peoples inhabiting a site. Botanical
material, with lithic and faunal data, gives archaeologists means to
make inferences about patterns of subsistence, to interpret site
features, and to suggest seasonality of site use.
The importance of botanical analysis in the investigation of
hunter-gather subsistence cannot be overstated. The field is new and
rapidly growing. While the proportion of plant to non-plant products in
the subsistence economy cannot be absolutely determined, relative
proportions of plant, lithic, and animal products can be determined by
weight and volume in flotation samples.
Methods
Although vegetable materials utilized by prehistoric people decay
rapidly, evidence of plant gathering preparation, and use is often
preserved as charred, microscopically identifiable particles contained
in soil samples. Because these materials are seldom recovered in situ
or during routine screening, general processing procedures for botanical
samples are different from those used for faunal material and lithics.
Processing soil samples consists of six steps: (1) weighing and
determining the volume of the dried matrix, (2) water separation
(flotation) of the light from the heavy fraction, (3) drying of the two
fractions, (4) chemical separation of the heavy fraction, (5) drying of
the two fractions, and (6) weighing the light and heavy fractions.
Water separation consists of simply submerging a container with a
fine (5.0-0.6 mm) screen in water and working the matrix until clays,
silts, and sands wash out, and light materials float to the surface.
Floating material (the light fraction) is removed from the surface of
the water and both it and the residue at the bottom of the container
(the heavy fraction) are dried.
559
Since some charcoal will not float without additives to increase
water density, the heavy fraction is submerged in liquid with a specific
gravity of 1.2. The light fractions of both flotations are combined
before weighing and subsamples drawn for detailed analysis. The light
fraction is passed through nested screens, and 0.25 g of material caught
between 3.0 and 2.0 mm mesh is completely identified. Experience shows
that most soil samples weighing from 1 to 2 kg (1 to 2 liters) have
charcoal (or other plant material) in this fraction with an array of
several taxa. When samples have so little charcoal that standard
subsamples cannot be drawn, all available charcoal is picked by hand
from the sample and weighed.
Identification is done with the aid of a zoom binocular microscope
with continuous magnification to l50x. Weights are taken in milligrams
rounded to the nearest hundredth of a gram. Tabulation and recording
are made on the botanical scan sheet A primary distinction is made
between charred (or semi-charred) material and non-charred material
since the carbonized material resists decay for considerable periods of
time. The non-charred material is more likely to represent recent
materials incorporated into the sample matrix through bioturbation. The
uncharred floral material is identified and noted.
Microscopic analysis begins with manual separation of charred and
semi-charred botanical materials from all other materials in the
subsample. Both groups are weighed, and the amount of archaeobotanical
charcoal is recorded. This figure aids in estimating the total carbon
or the total uncarbonized flora in the sample (the "carbon/uncarbonized
flora percentage or carbon/flora content"). Both figures are useful in
predicting the presence of certain kinds of features such as occupation
floors, hearths, trash pits, and the like associated with burning. Low
purity figures can indicate bioturbation. A check of the float sample
may confirm the possibility through presence of insect parts, modern
flora or rodent remains.
Analysis proceeds with identification of carbonized material to
taxa. The material is divided into woody material, seeds, surface and
subsurface fruit, root, and stem tissue, and dissociated tissue types.
For the most part, family and genus identifications can be made from
wood and seeds, some bark and certain portions of stem tissue (including
bud, flower, leaf, and fruit fragments). For instance, conifer needles
preserve well, and they are relatively easy to identify compared with
the more fragile leaves of hardwood species. Fern stems are easy to
identify compared with the softer stems of most herbaceous plants.
Species identification is more difficult. Tissues rarely can be
identified taxonomically, but the distinction of general tissue types
can be important in assessing preservation factors as well as presence
of processing and technological activities. Presence of fibers and bark
•560
Table 1. Samples by Weight, Volume, and Carbon Content, 35WH7
Test Trenches Flot Total Total Carbon Carbon
No. (Kg) (L) (G) (%)
TT-l 2 1.3 1.0 29.79 2.36%
TT-2 1 0.5 0.4 0.02 <0.01%
TT-3 3 3.1 2.2 7.48 0.24%
TT-4 3 1.9 1.6 0.46 0.24%
Total 9 6.8 5.2 37.75 0.56%
tissues, for instance, may indicate cordage production. Seed coat
fragments may indicate fruit or seed processing associated with grinding
or pounding. Other tissues may be remnants from processing soft parts
of foods and medicines. Such dissociated tissues can be divided into
groups. A glassy or shiny material may represent plant saps, juices,
or resins. It is amorphous black or dark brown material with bubble or
steam cavities. When it is found with wood cells it is most likely to
be wood pitch or conifer resin. When it is associated with other
softer tissue types, such as starchy parenchymoid or fruity epithelioid
tissues, it may processed edible tissue (PET). At the moment, the PET
category is divided into two groups: tissue which resembles sugar-laden
fruit or berry tissue without the seeds (called PET fruity); and, tissue
with starchy storage cells (PET starchy), likely from edible roots.
Analysis of a flotation sample ends after the remainder of the
light fraction and all of the heavy fraction have been scanned for
diagnostic pieces of charcoal, lithics, bone, shell, and other cultural
material. Diagnostic floral material is added to the data sheet and its
presence in the flot is registered as a trace (less than 0.01 g).
Lithics, bone, and shell are weighed project they may be counted as
well. The presence of burned earth, pigment, and historic materials is
noted. Modern rodent, insect and plant remains are kept in order to
determine species active in the environment influencing bioturbation.
Ancient bioturbation is indicated by charred insect dissemules.
The Study--35WH7
This section concerns 9 flotation samples and 3 spot or special
samples from site 35WH7. Table 1 shows the flotation samples by weight,
volume, carbon and floral content in grams, and as percentages of the
sample weight. The three spot samples (Table 5) have western Juniper
(Juniperus occidentalis ), hackberry (Celtis douglasii), and bitterbrush
561
Table 2. Plant Taxa Yield from Selected Sites in Eastern Oregonl
Site Approximate F10t Carbon No.of No. Taxa
Dates Kg Content Taxa /kg.
John Day River Area,
Pine Creek Basin
35WH7 350-2380 BP 7 0.56% 12 1.7
35WH14 900-2580 BP 2 0.68% 6 3.0
35WH21 300-900 BP 11 0.12% 13 1.2
35GM91 2500-6000 BP 40 0.01% 12 0.3
Ochoco Mountains,
35WH122, all samples 19 0.3% 11 0.6
35WH122 140-200 BP 9 0.2% 8 0.9
35WH122 1430-1020 BP 10 0.5% 7 0.7
Madras Region,
35JE49 4400-8000 BP 22 0.23% 19 0.8
35JE51B TBA 18 0.02% 8 0.4
35JE319 3000-5800 BP 39 0.04% 5 0.1
Paulina Lake Region,
35DS34, all samples 33 0.70% 11 0.3
Modern soil <1300 BP 2 0.13% 1 0.5
Post-Mazama 1300-6500 BP 3 5.05% 2 0.7
Pre-Mazama 6500-9000 BP 28 0.25% 11 0.4
Newberry Caldera
35DS219 <1300 BP 6 1.07% 2 0.3
35DS220 <1300 BP 2 0.60% 2 1.0
35DS486 1300-3500 BP 3 0.70% 3 1.0
1 Adapted from Stenho1m 1987, 1991b, 1992a-b" 1993a-c,e
(antelope brush, Purshia tridentata). All three were probably used as
fuel.
Five flotation samples contained sufficient carbonized remains for
standard subsamp1es. The remainder were largely devoid of carbonized
remains so that standard subsamp1es could not be drawn. The carbon was
removed and weighed by hand.
562
Carbon percentages run from a high of 3.1% in a Test Trench 1
sample, to a low of 0.004% in one sample each from Trenches 2 and 4.
The site average of 0.6% is an average amount for open sites dating to
the last 2000 yrs BP (Table 2).
All samples have a colorful array of lithic flakes (N=339 at 8.34
g). Most are obsidian and CCS flakes. Four samples contained green
flakes!, and four had basalt flakes. In addition, a projectile point
tip was found in Trench 1, and a core, or bifacial tool fragment was
found in Trench 4. All samples had fragments of burned and unburned
mammal bone which weigh 3.90 g. One sample contained 0.01 g of egg-
shell, and one contained bivalve shell (at 0.01 g). Finally 6 samples
contained red pigment, and one contained possible green pigment.
Sixty-eight percent have bits of modern flora, but bioturbation is
only marked in one Test Trench 1 sample. Only three contained modern
insect parts.
Table 2 shows the number of plant taxa identified in flotation
samples in sites investigated recently in eastern Oregon. Note that the
average carbon content of the soil is relatively high in comparison to
that of other sites in the area, and the taxal yield for unit of soil
analyzed is excellent.
The botanical array is shown in Table 3. The array consists of a
minimum of 12 taxa. It has a large amount of hardwood compared to
conifer wood, and at least two species serviceberry (Amelanchier
alnifolia) and mountain mahogany (Cercocarpus ledifolius) are choice
tool woods.
Conifer
Conifer charcoal contributes 20% of the assemblage weight.
Western juniper (Juniperus occidentalis) is the most important conifer
at the site by weight and number of appearances. It appears in is all
but one flotation sample, and in all spot samples. This indicates use
as fuel.
A pine family (Pinaceae) wood which could not be identified
further is found in one sample.
It is noteworthy that conifer needles, bark, and other non-wood
tissue was not found. This suggests that some wood could have been
deliberately divested of these parts before burning (e.g. as in con-
struction material). Even long dead branches retain bark for consider-
able periods of time. It is possible that juniper wood lacking, or
cleaned of bark and twigs may have been carried to the site for purposes
other than firewood. Turner notes that juniper wood had important uses
p563
Table 3. The Botanical Assemblage of site 35WH7 by Flotation
Weight (g) and Number of Appearances (if) .
Specimen Test Test Test Test
Trench 1 Trench 2 Trench 3 Trench 4 TOTAL
(N=2) (N=l) (N=3) (N=3) (N=9)
g if g if g if g if g #
CONIFER (20%)
Juniper 0.03 2 <0.01 1 0.09 3 0.04 2 0.16 8
Pine family 0.01 1 0.01 1
HARDWOOD (73%)
Sage <0.01 1 <0.01 1
Willow/Poplar 0.01 1 0.01 1
Serviceberry 0.02 1 0.02 1
Mountain mahogany <0.01 1 <0.01 1
Bitterbrush 0.18 2 <0.01 1 0.09 3 0.01 2 0.28 8
Hackberry 0.25 2 <0.01 1 0.06 3 0.01 2 0.32 8
Other 0.02 1 0.02 1
EDIBLE TISSUE (1%)
PET, fruity <0.01 2 0.01 1 0.01 3
OTHER TISSUE «1%)
Seeds,
chenopodium, 3 <0.01 1 <0.01 1 <0.01 2
bedstraw, 5 <0.01 2 <0.01 1 <0.01 3
hackberry, 2 <0.01 1 <0.01 1 <0.01 2
Grass <0.01 1 <0.01 1
Herb Stem <0.01 2 <0.01 2
Other <0.01 1 <0.01 2 <0.01 2
TOTAL 0.48 <0.01 0.29 0.06 0.83
in manufactured items, particularly bows. While boughs, bark, and
berries were used for fumigation, purification, and in medicinal washes
by most Interior groups (Turner 1979:72-73; Turner, Bouchard, and
Kennedy 1980:19-20).
Hardwood
Hardwoods contribute 73% of the assemblage weight. The most
important species by weight is hackberry (Celtis dou&lasii), followed
closely by bitterbrush (Purshia tridentata). These are the preferred
hardwoods in spot samples as well. In addition, there is a little
willow or poplar, some serviceberry, and mountain mahogany, a trace of
sage (Artemisia sp.), and a small amount of hardwood which cannot be
identified further. Where sage has. been found in f1ots, it has usually
been present as fuel. Bitterbrush probably had this function as well
(Stenho1m 1985:430-431; Turner et a1. 1980:79). It is not particularly
•564
suitable for tool making, and most ethnographies list it as a fuel
species. Serviceberry, (Amelanchier alnifolia), is an important food
species, whose wood can be used for manufactures and toolmaking. It can
be burned, but the stems are small, limiting its utility as fuel.
Members of the willow family such as, poplar, aspen and willow are
common in sites both east and west of the Cascades. Willow is a good
material for flexible, and its bark is useful for cordage and medicine.
Poplar is sometimes burned as a casual fuel, and it has other uses, such
as in hide preparation, or small constructions.
Mountain mahogany is a tough dense wood, often mentioned as a
construction wood (e.g. for digging sticks). It can be burned as fuel.
For instance, it is the most important hardwood by weight at Carlon
Village and Boulder Village, appearing in 41% of the samples. At least
two artifacts were identified from a historic Wickiup at Boulder Village
in contexts which suggest floral food processing (Stenholm, 1993d).
The large amount of hackberry deserves comment. This is the first
large amount of the wood assemblage at any site. Small amounts are
found in eastern Washington sites (Stenholm 1985:431). Hackberry is a
gnarly shrub or small tree of dry canyon-slopes. The fruit, 6-10 rom in
diameter, are technically edible, but they may be considered a marginal
food source because of scant flesh. Charred fruits have been found in a
number of archaeological sites on the Upper Columbia River (e.g,
450K2/2A, 450K18, 450K250, and 450K258 see Stenholm 1985: Table 13-1)
and eastern Oregon (e.g, 35JE49, Stenholm 1992). But there are never
enough to posit human use.
Edible Tissue
PET fruity tissue is found in 3 samples: two from Test Trench 1
and one sample from Test Trench 3. The tissue contains shiny cavities,
indication a high sugar content. There were no other distinguishing
features, other than to note that serviceberry wood is present, suggest-
ing a possible source for the tissue.
Other Tissue
The Other tissue category is represented several seeds: 5 bedstraw
fruits (Galium sp.), fragments from two hackberry seeds, and at least 3
moderately large (1.0 rom in diameter) chenopodium (goosefoot, Chenopodi-
um sp.) achenes. Bedstraw and chenopodium seeds are summer indicators.
Hackberries, by contrast, are not good seasonal indicators because they
are persistent on branches2 • The wood and berries are scarcely men-
tioned in the ethnographic and ethnobotanical literature.
565
The bedstraw fruits are smooth, approximately 1.6-2.0 mm in
diameter--indicating fragrant bedstraw (~ triflorum), or perhaps
northern bedstraw (~boreale). Both species are widely distributed in
open woods and moist thickets. Thus their presence in the samples may
be fortuitous. A flot from 35JE49, for instance contained a single
galium fruit (Stenholm 1992).
It is difficult to find mention of bedstraw fruits in ethnographic
accounts. They do not appear to be edible. Scented bedstraw leaves (Q.
trifolium) have been used cosmetically, and as a hair wash by coastal
people (Gunther 1945: 46).
All chenopodium seeds are fully charred but not popped. This
could suggest preparation; however, it should be noted that some
chenopodium species are weedy and prefer disturbed habitats such as
campsites. Fresh seeds from intrusive plants blown into a hearth could
be charred accidentally].
There are traces of a large grass with solid stems in one sample,
herbaceous stem tissue in two, and a plant terminal and dense blocky
tissue in one sample each. The latter tissue is unusual because there
is no obvious organization: a blocky conglomerate in which most of the
cells are fragmentary and compressed to about 2-3 mm thickness. It
might represent processed floral tissue, but the sample is so small that
more is needed for study. Similar tissue has been seen before (e.g. at
34DS34 in pre-Mazama Levels, and at 35WH2l).
Summary
In summary, the samples contain at least 12 taxa including two
conifers, and at least seven hardwoods. Juniper and bitterbrush and
hackberry were fuel. Some juniper and other hardwoods may have been
present as raw material for tools or manufactures. There is very bark
and other structures (such as leaves, seeds, or twigs) present and this
suggest processing. The edible category is small, not enough to
document purposeful gathering. Two seeds (hackberry and chenopod) are
edible, but they may present as result of accidental inclusion.
Bedstraw fruits may also be intrusive, but the plant has use and their
presence is intriguing. The seeds and the possible fruit tissue point
to summer activity.
The Samples from 35WH7
Table 4 shows the most recent samples in tabular form. Spot
samples are described in Table 5. Comments are added when relevant.
: i
1" I
,"
I ,
•566
Test Trench Samples
When comparing the arrays from the Test Trenches, domestic
activity is best reflected in Trench 1 samples, is relatively good in
Trench 3, and 4 samples, and is poor in Trench 2 sample.
Test Trench 1
Occupational debris is heaviest in Trench 1 (carbon average of
2.4%), and the two samples were probably extracted from areas of dense
activity. Nearly 60% of the plant remains are from this area. The
samples have all 12 plant taxa and the carbon content is very high (it
averages 2.4%). The samples contain about 30% lithics and 80% of the
bone weight. It also contains the only eggshell and bivalve shell. In
addition to a colorful batch of lithic flakes, a projectile point tip is
present.
The chenopodium and bedstraw seeds suggest summer occupation. The
eggshell suggests spring or early summer. If the fruity tissue is
serviceberry, then most likely time of occupation is early summer.
Test Trench 2
The spot sample near a fire pit clearly shows a mixture of the
postulated fuel woods (juniper, bitterbrush, and hackberry), and it is
mirrored by the flot sample. The flotation sample, with a very low
carbon content of 0.004%, a low amount of lithic debitage and bone
(burned), less than 1% of the total assemblage weight. This suggests
the flotation samples are from an area somewhat peripheral to cultural
activity with burned features.
Test Trench 3
The botanical array from Trench 3 is similar to that of Trench 1,
but in less dense form. There are 8 taxa present. The carbon content
of the soil, 0.2% is a little below samples which date in excess of 1 or
a567
Table 4. Flotation Sample Summary including Carbon Content,
Lithic Flakes and Bone, 35WH7.
Unit No. Wgt. L. Carbon Lithics Bone
g g C% 11 g g
TT1A 43 450 0.4 14.09 3.13 25* 0.94@ 1.43+
TT1F 34 810 0.6 15.70 1. 94 8211** 1. 59@ 1. 72++
TT2BC 35 520 0.4 0.02 <0.01 7 0.08@ 0.02
TT3 37 616 0.4 0.14 0.23 15 0.18 0.18
TT3 38 585 0.4 1. 69 0.29 2611 8.32 0.16
TT3F 45 1858 1.4 5.65 0.30 124*,** 0.68@ 0.18
TT4 36 507 0.4 0.07 0.14 9* 0.08 0.03
TT4d 40 846 0.7 0.37 0.43 3611** 0.32@ 0.14
TT4E 39 563 0.5 0.02 <0.01 16*, 7~* 0.19@ 0.04
Total 9 6755 5.2 37.35 0.56 339 8.34 3.90
7~ Basalt flake present.
7h~ Green flakes present.
11 formed artifact present.
+ 0.01 g of bivalve shell in addition.
++ 0.01 g of eggshell in addition. ,I@ pigment present. /:
!j
,
Table 5. Spot Samples from 34WH7.
Unit
TT2H
TT4C
TT4J
No.
41
42
44
Comments
8.70 g of charcoal, approximately 45% each juniper and
hackberry, and 5% bitterbrush.
Sample is associated with a fire pit.
18.60 g of charcoal: approximately 70% hackberry, 23%
bitterbrush, and 2% juniper.
4.53 g of charcoal: 95% juniper, 5% bitterbrush. Un-
burned mammal bone is present.
,i
~ l,
2 millennia. It lacks the mountain mahogany, an excellent tool species,
but has serviceberry wood, another tool species. Otherwise the assem-
blage has the same fuels, PET tissue, and small seed array.
#568
The three samples contain 20% of the carbon, 52% of the lithics,
and 13% of the bone by weight. In short there seems to be less bone and
floral remains. Lithics and pigment are varied (Sample 45 has green as
well as red pigment present and Sample 38 has a fragment of a bifacial
tool).
Chenopodium, bedstraw and fruity tissue suggest an early to mid-
summer occupation.
Test Trench 4
The Study--35WH14. Pine Creek Village
One flotation sample from the Lower Housepit contained sufficient
carbonized remains for a standard subsample. The remainder were largely
devoid of carbonized remains so that standard subsamples could not be
drawn. The carbon was removed and weighed by hand.
Carbon percentages run from a high of slightly over 1% in one
sample from the lower Housepit, to a low of 0.006% in the sample
associated with a grinding stone ("metate"). The site average of 0.7%
is largely a reflection of the large Feature 4 sample. The three
samples with an average carbon content of approximately 0.2% is lower
than average amount for housepit debris.
'j'
;j;
r~.
,
~ ,
r
1
;
00
r
have lithic flakes (N=39 at 0.93 g). Most
One sample contained a basalt flake.
All flotation samples
are obsidian and CCS flakes.
The botanical array of Trench 4 is similar to that of Test Trench
2. The carbon content, 0.2%, identical to Trench 3 suggesting
contermporaneity. Spot samples mirror the fuel species present, but
there is little other floral material to suggest activity other than
hearth-related burning: The samples contain 1% of the floral remains
(similar to Trench 2 sample), 6% of the lithics, and 5% of the bone.
Two samples have red pigment present.
This section concerns 4 flotation samples and 7 spot or special
samples from site 35WH14. Table 6 shows the flotation samples by
weight, volume, carbon and floral content in grams, and as percentages
of sample weight. The spot samples (Table 10) have western Juniper
(Juniperus occidentalis ), lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), bitterbrush
(antelope bush, Purshia tridentata), serviceberry (Amelanchier
alnifolia), and buckthorn (cascara, Rhamnus sp.). Juniper, pine and
bitterbrush are probable fuel species.
;~
I
e569
Table 6. Samples by Weight, Volwne, and Carbon Content
Flotation Sample Flot Total Total Carbon Carbon
No. (G) (L) (G) (%)
Upper Housepit:
Feature 3 assoc. 2 372 0.2 0.35 0.94%
Feature 5 assoc. 4 307 0.3 0.07 0.02%
Lower Housepit:
Feature 4 assoc. 9 858 1.0 9.41 1.09%
Grinding stone 46 157 0.1 0.01 0.01%
Total 4 1594 1.71 0.84 0.68%
Three flotation samples had fragments of mammal bone weighing 0.29
g. Those from Features 4 and 5 contained burned and unburned bone.
Feature 4 contained a trace «0.01 g) of shell, and Feature 5 had burned
earth and red pigment.
One sample from Upper Housepit had a few modern seeds present, and
in general, bioturbation is not a problem for these samples.
All in all, the samples show good preservation of the paleobotan-
ical remains.
Table 7 shows the nwnber of plant taxa identified in flotation
samples in sites investigated recently in eastern Oregon.
Note that the average carbon content of the soil is relatively
high in comparison to that of other sites in the region, and the taxal
yield for unit of soil analyzed is excellent4 •
The botanical array is shown in Table 8. The array consists of a
minimwn of 6 taxa. It has a large amount of hardwood compared to
conifer wood, largely due to one flot from the lower housepit. The
array is somewhat skewed because of that sample. The spot samples
(Table 10) indicate lodgepole pine and juniper are more important than
suggested in the table. And that serviceberry, and bitterbrush
are present, and probably important as well.
•-
570
Table 7. Plant Taxa Yield from Selected Sites in Eastern Oregon1
Site Approximate Flot Carbon No.of No. Taxa
Dates Kg Content Taxa /kg.
John Day River
Pine Creek Basin
35WH7 350-2380 BP 7 0.56% 12 1.7
35WH14 900-2580 BP 2 0.68% 6 3.0
35WH2l 300-900 BP 11 0.12% 13 1.2
35GM9l 2500-6000 BP 40 0.01% 12 0.3
Ochoco Mountains,
35WH122, all samples 19 0.30% 11 0.6
35WH122 140-200 BP 9 0.20% 8 0.9
35WH122 1430-1020 BP 10 0.50% 7 0.7
Madras Region,
35JE49 4400-8000 BP 22 0.23% 19 0.8
35JE51B TBA 18 0.02% 8 0.4
35JE3l9 3000-5800 BP 39 0.04% 5 0.1
Paulina Lake Region,
35DS34, all samples 33 0.70% 11 0.3
Modern soil <1300 BP 2 0.13% 1 0.5
Post-Mazama 1300-6500 BP 3 5.05% 2 0.7
Pre-Mazama 6500-9000 BP 28 0.25% 11 0.4
Newberry Caldera
35DS219 <1300 BP 6 1. 07% 2 0.3
35DS220 <1300 BP 2 0.60% 2 1.0
35DS486 1300-3500 BP 3 0.70% 3 1.0
1 Adapted from Stenholm 1987, 1991b, 1992a-b, 1993a-c,e
Conifer
Western (Juniperus occidentalis) is the most important conifer at
the site by weight and number of appearances. It appears in two flot and
four spot samples. This suggests use as fuel. A small amount of juniper
(9 pieces at 0.2 g) from an Upper Housepit flot (#6) appears artifactual
in nature. These are fragments from possibly two incompletely charred
artifacts. The fragments have surviving lengths which vary from 3.5 mm
to 18 mm each. The pieces may represent two skewer-like items with
square to rectangular cross sections (they vary from 3.5 x 3.5 mm to
•-
571
Table 8. The Botanical Assemblage of site 35WH14 by Flotation
Weight (g) and Number of Appearances (/I).
Upper Lower
TAXA Housepit Housepit TOTAL
(N=2) (N=2) (N=4)
g 1f g 1f g /I
CONIFER «1%)
Juniper <0.01 2 <0.01 2
Other <0.01 1 <0.01 1
HARDWOOD (99%)
Poplar/aspen 0.19 1 0.19 1
Buckthorn <0.01 1 <0.01 1
Other <0.01 1 <0.02 1
EDIBLE TISSUE «1%)
Pit, fruity <0.01 <0.01 1
OTHER TISSUE «1%)
Seed coat <0.01 1 <0.01 1
Herb Stem <0.01 1 <0.01 1
TOTAL <0.01 0.19 0.19
3.5-2.5 mm in cross section) and they have a slight curvature at the
tip, The length of the items remains unknown.
Turner notes that juniper wood had important uses in manufactured
items, particularly bows. While boughs, bark, and berries were used for
fumigation, purification, and in medicinal washes by most Interior
groups (Turner 1979:72-73; Turner, Bouchard, and Kennedy 1980:19-20).
The oldest juniper in archaeological f10ts is found at site 35JE49
(Stenho1m 1992a). Juniper artifacts are found in spot and f10t samples
from a historic Wickiup at Boulder Village (Stenho1m 1993d).
Other conifer, probably pine family (Pinaceae) wood is found in
one sample. Spot samples suggest that this may be lodgepole pine,
a good fuel species common in eastern Oregon and Washington f1ots.
•572
Hardwood
Hardwoods contribute 99% of the assemblage weight, nearly all of
it poplar (or aspen, Populus sp.), with a trace of buckthorn. In
addition, two twig fragments were identified from the upper housepit.
Members of the willow family such as, poplar and aspen are common
in sites both east and west of the Cascades. Poplar is sometimes burned
as a casual fuel, and it has other uses, such as in hide preparation, or
in small constructions.
Apart from the bark, buckthorn (or cascara) the wood has
few documented uses. However it is tough and flexible,
and could be used for a variety of construction projects.
Serviceberry is found in one spot sample. Serviceberry wood is
useful for artifact manufactures, such as arrows, digging sticks, spears
and seed beaters (Turner et al. 1980:123). Serviceberry wood is not
mentioned in the ethnobotanical literature as a fuel although it (as
well as any wood) could have been burned whenever dead branches are
present the in the environment.
Finally, bitterbrush is found in flotation and spot samples. When
bitterbrush has been found, it is present as fuel (Stenholm 1985).
Edible Tissue
A trace of dense fruit pit is found in lower Housepit near a
grinding stone (lfmetate lf ). The coat tissue is dense and hard, and at
least 3 mm thick. This suggests a member of the rose family, probably
cherry (Prunus sp.) or hawthorn (Crataegus sp.). We need more samples
for a more complete identification.
Other Tissue
The Other tissue category is represented by a trace of leathery
fruit coat, and a trace of herbaceous stem tissue which cannot be
further identified.
Summary
In summary, the samples contain at least 6 (8 with serviceberry
and bitterbrush from spot samples) taxa including two conifers, 5 hard
!
\
I
I
I
.1
i
I
•573
Table 9. Flotation Sample Summary including Carbon Content,
Lithic Flakes and Bone, 35WH14.
Unit No. Wgt. Carbon Lithics Bone
g g C% if g g
Upper Housepit:
202.90x87.l0y 2 372 0.35 0.94 2 0.01 0.00
202x86y 4 307 0.07 0.02 11* 0.21 0.08**
Lower Housepit:
204.00x76.00y 9 858 9.41 1.09 21 0.49 0.19+
209.29x76.50y 46 157 0.01 <0.01 5 0.22 0.02
Total 4 1594 10.84 0.68 39 0.93 0.29
* Basalt flake present.
** Red pigment and burned earth present.
+ 0.01 g of bivalve shell in addition.
++ pigment present.
woods, a possible edible fruit (pit tissue), and a trace of other
tissue. Juniper and bitterbrush was probably used as fuel. Some
juniper and perhaps hardwoods, such as serviceberry and buckthorn, may
have been present in the samples as raw material for tools and other
manufactures. The seed coat and the possible fruit pit tissue suggest
summer activity.
The Samples from 35WH14
Table 9 shows the flots samples in tabular form. Table 10 de-
scribes the spot samples. Comments are added when relevant.
Contents of three spot samples are given below. Note that one
sample contains remnants of at least two juniper artifacts. All but one
sample contain wood.
Upper Housepit Samples
The samples from Feature 3 contain charred juniper wood and a
little bark, presumably burned as fuel, as well as at least two juniper
•574
Table 10. Spot Samples from 34WH14.
Unit
Upper Housepit:
Lower Housepit:
No.
1
3
5
6
Comments
Associated with Feature 3 date of 890± 20 BP; ap-
proximately 172 g of juniper charcoal. Also sever-
al pieces of uncharred juniper (0.02 g) appear to
be from a two small tabular WMOs with skewer-like
or pointed ends.
Associated with Feature 5 date of l500±25 BP; Ap-
proximately 71 g charcoal: 82% serviceberry, 28%
Juniper, and 1% buckthorn.
0.07 g of yellow pine and bitterbrush charcoal.
2.78 g of unburned juniper in good (surface) to
excellent (interior) condition.
7 1.68 g Juniper, 2.09 g Lodgepole pine (~ Contorta)
8 Associated with a date of 2580±80 BP, 18.5 g of
lodgepole pine branch. Portions are charred and
uncharred.
10 0.01 g of herbaceous tissue.
artifacts. Apart from an obsidian and a CCS flake, no other cultural
materials were encountered.
The samples associated with Feature 5 (a grinding stone),
are mostly woods: juniper, bitterbrush, serviceberry, and buckthorn.
There is a trace of hardwood twigs, a fragment of leathery seed coat,
and epithelial tissue which could not be identified further.
The flot samples have 6 obsidian, four CCS and 1 basalt flake;
calcined and unburned mammal bone burned earth; and, red pigment.
The diversity in the botanical and non-botanical arrays suggests
general purpose midden. It seems to reflect several activities, such as
food (faunal) or possibly tool preparation featuring hardwoods.
'II
1
•575
Lower Housepit Samples
Flotation sample #9 associated with feature 4, contains a large
amount of mature poplar charcoal, CCS and obsidian flakes, burned and
unburned mammal bone (large and small mammal) and a trace of shell.
Flotation sample, #46, with only 0.01 g of carbon present, has a
trace of conifer (judging from spot samples, it is probably lodgepole
pine), and a fragment of a possible edible fruit pit present. The
lithic array consist of 1 obsidian flake, 1 CCS flake, and three CCS
chunks. There is a little uncharred mammal bone present.
The low carbon content, low amount of lithic debitage and bone in
this sample suggests this is an area somewhat peripheral to activities
featuring burning (e.g., hearths), The presence of a dense seed coat
near the grinding stone, points toward food preparation. Thus far, two
domestic dwellings have grinding stones with preserved fruit remains in
direct association: House 2, Playa 9 in the Fort Rock Basin (Stenholm
1993d) and Heath Cliff Hills, site 35JE3l9 (Stenholm 1993b). The oldest
cherry remains are from pre-Mazama matrices at 35DS34 (Stenholm 1993e).
These finds document grinding stones use in processing fruit. They also
show that wild cherries and serviceberries were gathered by Native
Americans in this area for thousands of years.
•576
Sources Cited
Gunther, Erna
1945 Ethnobotany of Western Washington. University of Washington
Publications in Anthropology (10)1.
Stenholm, Nancy
1984 Botanical Assemblage. In Archaeological Investigations at
Sites 45-0K-250 and 45-0K-4. Chief Joseph Dam Project, edited
by S.K. Campbell, pp.l6l-l77. University of Washington, Office
of Public Archaeology.
1985 Botanical Assemblage. In Summary Of Results, Chief Joseph Dam
Cultural Resources, Washington, edited by S.K. Campbell, pp.
421-453. University of Washington Office of Public Archaeology.
1987 Analysis of Botanical Samples. In Archaeology of the Morris
Site (35GM9l) on the John Day River. Gilliam County, Oregon,
edited by Randall F. Schalk, Chapter 8. Office of Public
Archaeology, University of Washington. On File at Portland
District, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
1990 The Botanical Assemblage. In Archaeology of the Dunn Site
(35HAl26l). Harney County, Oregon, by Robert R. Musil, pp. 81-
B5. Heritage Research Associates Report No. 95, Eugene.
1991 The Botanical Assemblage of Feature 3, 35TI57 (Nehalem Bay) and
Additional Spot or Special Samples from Site 35TI57. Report
prepared for Oregon State Museum of Anthropology, University of
Oregon, Eugene. MS. on file Botana Labs.
1992a Botanical Analysis of Site 35-JE-49. Report prepared for
Infotec Research, Inc., Eugene. MS. on file, Botana Labs.
1992b Analysis of Flotation Samples from Site, 35-JE-5lb. Report
prepared for Infotec Research, Inc., Eugene. MS. on file,
Botana Labs.
1993a Botanical Analysis of Newberry Caldera Sites, 35DS2l9, 35DS220,
and 35DS486. Report prepared for the University Museum, Uni-
versity of Oregon, Eugene. MS. on file, Botana Labs.
1993b Botanical Analysis of Heath Cliffs Hills Site, 35JE3l9. Report
prepared for University Museum, University of Oregon, Eugene.
MS. on file, Botana Labs.
1993c Appendix B: Botanical Analy~is of Mitchell Cave. In Archaeolo-
gy of Mitchell Cave (35WH122): A Late Period Hunting Camp in
the Ochoco Mountains, Wheeler County, Oregon. Edited by Thomas
•577
J. Connolly, Dennis L. Jenkins, and Jane Benjamin. University
of Oregon Anthropological Papers 46, Eugene.
1993d Paleoethnobotanical Analysis of Samples Recovered in the Fort
Rock Basin. In Aikens and Jenkins (eds.), Archaeolo~ical Re-
searches in the Northern Great Basin: Fort Rock Archaeolo~y
Since Cressman. University of Oregon (In Preparation).
1993e Botanical Analysis of the Paulina Lake Site, 35DS34. Report
prepared for the Oregon State Museum of Anthropology, Eugene.
MS. on file, Botana Labs.
Turner, Nancy
1978 Food Plants of British Columbia Indians. Part 2: Interior
Peoples. British Columbia Provincial Museum, Handbook 36.
-
1979
Turner,
1980
Plants in British Columbia Indian Technolo~y. British Columbia
Provincial Museum, Handbook 38.
N., Randy Bouchard, and Dorothy Kennedy
Ethnobotany of the Okanagan-Colville Indians of British Colum-
bia and Washington. British Columbia Provincial Museum, Occa-
sional Paper No. 21.
•578
Endnotes
1. Green flakes have been found in flotation samples from three other
Oregon sites: a coastal site, 35TI57 (Stenholm 1991a), a Rogue River
site, 35JA189 (Stenholm 1991b), and the Heath Cliffs Site, 35JE3l9
(Stenholm 1993b). A single green flake appears in 35WH2l. It is hoped a
source may be found for these striking flakes.
2. Three years at Nespelem during the Chief Joseph Dam Project convince
me that hackberries are not eagerly sought by most animals (and not at
all by human beings) when ripe. They become more attractive after
frost, which seems to enhance their texture and flavor. They could be
considered edible by humans then, and perhaps might function as a
starvation food.
3. Much the same way hackberries or juniper berries might become
incorporated in cultural deposits. This is one reason why flots are
checked for fresh or modern seeds. In this case, the samples have a few
modern uncharred chenopodium (and hackberry) seeds in them, and not
much economic importance is placed on their presence here.
But other finds are not so easy to dismiss as fortuitous. Three
thousand year old large chenopodium seeds (g. fremontii) were found with
other edible seeds in a hearth at the Dunn site, 35HA126l and at village
sites in the Fort Rock Basin (Stenholm, 1993d). Many seeds were popped
open, a sign that fresh seeds were toasted together, a practice common
throughout the Great Basin in the past.
4. This figure can give the reader an idea of the potential of housepit
features flots. Housepits have protected areas in which small finds can
survive in the soil.
, I
•APPENDIX E
REPORT ON THE X-RAY FLUORESCENCE ANALYSIS OF
PINE CREEK BASIN OBSIDIAN ARTIFACTS,
BY RICHARD E. HUGHES
579
I :
. (
-580
May 24,1993
Ms. Pamela Endzweig
Department of Anthropology
University of Oregon
Eugene, OR 97403
Dear Pam:
Enclosed with this letter you will find six tables presenting x-ray fluorescence (xrf) data
generated from the analysis of 90 obsidian artifacts from ten archaeological sites (35-WH-2, n=8;
35-WH-7, n=16; 35-WH-13, n=15; 35-WH-14, n= 31; 35-WH-21, n= 10; 35-WH42, n= 3; 35-
WH-46, n= 2; 35-WH-164, n=l; 35-WH-166, n=3; and 35-WH-168, n=l) in the Pine Creek
Basin of Wheeler County, Oregon.
Laboratory investigations were performed on a Spectrace™ 5000 (Tracor X-ray) energy
dispersive x-ray fluorescence spectrometer equipped with a Rh x-ray tube, a 50 kV x-ray
generator, with microprocessor controlled pulse processor (amplifier) and bias/protection
module, a 100 mHz analog to digital converter (ADC) with automated energy calibration, and a
Si(Li) solid state detector with 150 eV resolution (FWHM) at 5.9 keY in a 30 mm2 area. The x-
ray tube was operated at 35.0 kV, .28 rnA, using a .127 mm Rh primary beam filter in an air
path at 200 seconds livetime to generate x-ray intensity data for elements zinc (Zn Ku), gallium
(Ga Ku), rubidium (Rb Ku), strontium (Sr Ku), yttrium (Y Ku), zirconium (Zr Ku), and
niobium (Nb Ku). Barium (Ba Ku) intensities were generated by operating the x-ray tube at 50.0
kV, .35 rnA, with a .63 mm copper (Cu) filter at 300 seconds livetime, while titanium (Ti Ku)
and manganese (Mn Ku) intensities were obtained by operating the x-ray tube at 15.0 kV, .30
rnA with a .127 mm aluminum (AI) filter at 300 seconds livetime. Trace element intensities were
converted to concentration estimates by employing a least-squares calibration line established for
each element from analysis of up to 26 international rock standards certified by the U.S.
Geological Survey, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (formerly National
Bureau of Standards), the Geological Survey of Japan, and the Centre de Recherches
Petrographiques et Geochimiques (France). Further details pertaining to x-ray tube operating
conditions and calibration appear in Hughes (l988a).
Trace element values on the enclosed tables are expressed in quantitative units (i.e. parts per
million [ppm] by weight), and these were compared directly to values for known obsidian
sources that appear in Hughes (l986a-d; 1989; 1993), Jack and Carmichael (1969), Skinner
(1983), and unpublished data in my possession on certain other Oregon and Idaho obsidians
(e.g. data presented in Hughes 1988b, 1989). Artifacts were matched to the profiles of different
geochemical types of obsidian on the basis of correspondences (at the 2-sigma level) in
diagnostic trace element concentration values (i.e., ppm values for Rb, Sr, Y, Zr and, when
necessary, Ba, Ti, and Mn). I consider artifact-to-obsidian source (geochemical type)
correspondences reliable if diagnostic mean measurements for artifacts fall within 2 standard
deviations of mean values for source standards. The term "diagnostic" is used to specify those
trace elements that are well-measured by x-ray fluorescence, and whose concentrations show low
intra-source variability and marked variability across sources. Diagnostic elements, then, are
those whose concentration values allow one to draw the clearest geochemical distinctions
between sources (see Hughes 1990, 1993; Hughes and Lees 1991). Although Ga and Nb ppm
concentrations also were measured and reported for each specimen, they are not considered
"diagnostic" because they don't usually vary significantly across obsidian sources (see Hughes
1982, 1984). This is particularly true of Ga, which occurs in concentrations between 10-30
581
2
ppm in nearly all sources in the study area. Zn ppm values are infrequently diagnostic; they are
always high in Zr-rich, Sr-poor peralkaline volcanic glasses, but otherwise they do not usually
vary significantly between non-peralkaline sources.
Concentration values are reported to the nearest ppm in the accompanying tables to reflect, as
closely as possible, the resolution capabilities of non-destructive energy dispersive x-ray
fluorescence spectrOmetry. The resolution limits of the present x-ray fluorescence system for the
determination of Zn is about 3 ppm; Ga about 2 ppm; for Rb about 5 ppm; for Sr about 3 ppm; Y
about 2 ppm; Zr about 4 ppm; Nb about 3 ppm, and Ba about 13 ppm (see Hughes [1988a] for
other elements). When counting and fitting error uncertainty estimates (the "±" value in the
tables) for a sample are greater than calibration-imposed limits of resolution, the larger number is
a more conservative indicator of composition variation and measurement error due to differences
in sample size, surface and x-ray reflection geometry (Hughes 1988a).
As these tables shows, the vast majority of samples match the trace element signatures of
newly characterized obsidians located about 20 km east of Seneca in Grant County, Oregon
which I've provisionally named Whitewater Ridge, Wolf Creek, and Little Bear Creek. As I've
discussed with you over the telephone, the geochemical contrasts between Whitewater Ridge and
Wolf Creek are comparatively sharp but Whitewater Ridge and Little Bear Creek are considerably
more similar to one another on the basis of the elements I measure by xrf. I cannot be sure at this
juncture whether this apparent similarity monitors a geochemical gradient that may exist between
these two superficially similar, yet subtly distinct, source types. I hope to get back to the area
this summer to make more exhaustive collections to help resolve the issue. Although this
geochemical problem may be remotely interesting to you, from a provenance standpoint it
probably makes little substantive difference in terms of the direction of conveyance into the Pine
Creek Basin sites. Other obsidians from sources much farther south (e.g., Glass Buttes, Brooks
Canyon, Chickahominy, Delintment Creek) east (Obsidian Cliffs) and southeast (Newberry
Volcano, Quartz Mountain) also are represented in the assemblage in fewer numbers. Several
samples have trace element concentrations unlike any of the sources in my regional data file.
I hope this "sourcing" information will help, and complement,your analysis of other
materials from these sites. It will be especially interesting to learn whether or not you can discern
any temporal patterning in source-use when you stratify these artifacts by type. Please contact
me at my laboratory (phone: [916] 364-1074) if I can provide further information or assistance.
Sincerely,
R~~~
Richard E. Hughes, Ph.D.
encl.
582
3
References
Hughes, Richard E.
1982 Age and Exploitation of Obsidian from the Medicine Lake Highland, California.
Journal of Archaeological Science 9: 173-185.
1984 Obsidian Sourcing Studies in the Great Basin: Problems and Prospects. In
Richard E. Hughes (ed.) Obsidian Studies in the Great Basin. Contributions of
the University of California Archaeological Research Facility No. 45:
1-19.
1986a Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Obsidian from Dog Hill and
Burns Butte, Oregon. Northwest Science 60: 73-80.
1986b Diachronic Variability in Obsidian Procurement Patterns in Northeastern California
and Southcentral Oregon. University of California Publications in
Anthropology, Vol. 17.
1986c X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Artifacts from the Rigdon and Detroit Ranger
Districts, Willamette National Forest, Oregon. Letter report submitted to James
Heid, Forest Archaeologist, Willamette National Forest, November 25, 1986.
1986d X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Obsidian Source Specimens and Artifacts from the
Snow Mountain Ranger District, Ochoco National Forest, Oregon. Letter report
submitted to Marge Dryden, District Archaeologist, Ochoco National Forest,
August 27, 1986.
1988a The Coso Volcanic Field Reexamined: Implications for Obsidian Sourcing and
Hydration Dating Research. Geoarchaeology 3: 253-265.
1988b X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Artifacts from 1O-BO-418 and 10-BD-419, Boise
County, Idaho. Letter report submitted to James R. Benson, Olympia, WA, July
5, 1988.
1989 Results of Study Phase I of the Obsidian Sourcing Project, Buffalo Flat
Archaeological Project, Christmas Valley, Oregon. Letter report submitted to Jerry
V. Jermann, U.R.S. Consultants, Long Beach, CA, June 30, 1989.
1990 Obsidian Sources at James Creek Shelter, and Trace Element Geochemistry of
Some Northeastern Nevada Volcanic Glasses. In Robert G. Elston and Elizabeth
E. Budy (eds.), The Archaeology of James Creek Shelter. University of Utah
Anthropological Papers No. 115: 297-305.
1993 Trace Element Geochemistry of Volcanic Glass from the Obsidian Cliffs Flow,
Three Sisters Wilderness, Oregon. Northwest Science 67. In press.
Hughes, Richard E., and William B. Lees
1991 Provenance Analysis of Obsidian from Two Late Prehistoric Archaeological Sites in
Kansas. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science 94 (1&2): 38-
45.
•References (continued)
583
4
Jack, R. N., and I.S.E. Carmichael
1969 The Chemical 'Fingerprinting' of Acid Volcanic Rocks. California Division of
Mines and Geology, Special Report 100: 17-32. San Francisco.
Nelson, Fred W., Jr.
1984 X-ray Fluorescence Analysis of Some Western North American Obsidians. In
Richard E. Hughes (ed.) Obsidian Studies in the Great Basin. Contributions of
the University of California Archaeological Research Facility, No. 45:
27-62.
Skinner, Craig
1983 Obsidian Studies in Oregon: An Introduction to Obsidian and an Investigation of
Selected Methods of Obsidian Characterization Utilizing Obsidian Collected at
Prehistoric Quarry Sites in Oregon. M.A. Thesis in Interdisciplinary Studies,
University of Oregon, Eugene.
c584
5(25/93 Pine Creek Basin, Oregon, Xrf Data
R. E. Hughes Page 1 of 6
Trace Element Concentrations
Specimen Obsidian Source
Number Zn {ill Rb .sr X Zr lli1 ful" TI Mn <Chemical QrQ!w)
35 WH 2, 46 13 115 59 30 110 10 nm run run Little Bear Creek
WH2-16 ±7 ±4 ±5 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH2, 45 16 80 108 16 99 10 nm nm run Obsidian Cliffs
WH2-66 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH2, 53 19 124 56 41 258 16 run run run Newberry Volcano
WH2-112 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35WH2, 35 13 114 72 25 117 9 run 800 330 Whitewater Ridge
WH2-114 ±6 ±4 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3 ±29 ±20
35 WH2, 104 16 128 10 65 477 25 run run run Unknown
WH2-381 ±8 ±4 ±5 ±3 ±2 ±6 ±3
35 WH 2, 39 15 91 58 29 98 5 run 585 280 Little Bear Creek
WH2-932 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3 ±28 ±20
35 WH 2, 60 9 105 75 28 105 6 run run run Whitewater Ridge
WH2-1046 ±7 ±5 ±5 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 2, 40 13 114 70 24 112 8 run run run Whitewater Ridge
WH2-1570 ±7 ±4 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 7, 53 16 104 40 42 145 13 nm nm run Unknown
CC2-66 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 7, 45 12 116 81 23 124 7 nm run run Whitewater Ridge
CC2-79 ±6 ±4 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 7, 48 46 123 85 24 128 10 nm nm run Whitewater Ridge
CC2-95 ±7 ±4 ±5 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 7, 35 16 124 39 27 91 10 nm run nm WolfCreek
CC2-109 ±7 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 7, 36 19 99 78 26 116 6 nm run nm Whitewater Ridge
CC2-199 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 7, 46 20 78 22 48 90 9 nm run nm Glass Buttes
CC2·274 ±5 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 7, 46 17 122 88 25 133 8 run nm nm Whitewater Ridge
CC2-333 ±7 ±4 ±5 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 7, 37 12 111 79 24 122 8 nm run run Whitewater Ridge
CC2-406 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 7, 42 19 107 72 27 111 6 nm nm run Whitewater Ridge
CC2-494 ±8 ±4 ±5 ±4 ±2 ±5 ±3
All trace element values in parts per million (ppm); ± == pooled estimate (in ppm) of x-ray counting uncertainty and regression
fitting error at 200 and 300 (") seconds livetime; nm == not measured.
+585
5/25/93 Pine Creek Basin, Oregon, Xrf Data
R. E. Hughes Page 2 of 6
Trace Element Concentrations
Specimen Obsidian Source
Number Zn ~ Rb Sr y Zr N!l fu* 11 Mn <Chemical QmJ.m)
35 WH 7, 47 9 96 60 28 99 1 nm nm nm Little Bear Creek
CC2-516 ±7 ±5 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 7, 31 12 110 84 23 122 6 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
CC2-601 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 7. 41 12 94 56 24 100 8 nm nm nm Little Bear Creek
CC2-825 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 7. 45 17 119 90 25 132 9 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
CC2-900 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 7. 34 15 110 76 24 118 8 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
CC2-927 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 7. 49 14 119 89 24 132 10 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
CC2-937 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 7. 45 17 111 86 23 128 5 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
CC2-978 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 13. 28 17 93 55 28 100 6 nm nm nm Little Bear Creek
IC2-108 ±8 ±4 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 13. 39 11 112 59 24 97 10 nm nm nm Little Bear Creek
IC2-197 ±8 ±5 ±5 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 13. 91 17 110 10 61 435 22 nm nm nm Unknown
IC2-283 ±7 ±4 ±5 ±3 ±2 ±6 ±3
35 WH 13. 61 14 116 56 40 258 16 nm nm nm Newberry Volcano
IC2-366 ±6 ±4 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 13. 49 17 110 56 25 102 12 nm nm nm Little Bear Creek
IC2-453 ±7 ±4 ±5 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 13. 33 12 112 57 25 100 6 nm nm nm Little Bear Creek
IC2-463 ±6 ±4 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 13. 77 14 108 25 55 276 17 nm nm nm Chickahominy
IC2-484 ±7 ±4 ±5 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 13. 38 13 110 59 27 104 8 nm nrn nm Little Bear Creek
IC2-500 ±7 ±4 ±5 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 13. 37 14 112 63 23 101 9 nrn nm nm Little Bear Creek
IC2-579 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 13. 28 9 105 53 23 90 5 nm nm nm Little Bear Creek
IC2-1030 ±7 ±4 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
All trace element values in parts per million (ppm); ±=pooled estimate (in ppm) of x-ray counting uncertainty and regression
fitting error at 200 and 300 (*) seconds livetime; nm =not measured.
-z-rl
•586
5!25193 Pine Creek Basin, Oregon, Xrf Data
R. E. Hughes Page 3 of 6
Trace Element Concentrations
Specimen Obsidian Source
Number Zn Qa R!2 Sr X. Zx NIl Ba* 11 Mn (Chemical QrQ1m)
35 WH 13, 37 21 112 58 26 109 11 nm nm nm Little Bear Creek
IC2-1274 ±8 ±4 ±5 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 13, 36 13 113 77 23 118 9 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
IC2-6991 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 13, 67 17 120 94 24 135 8 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
IC2-7442 ±7 ±4 ±5 ±4 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 13, 35 19 101 78 27 104 7 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
IC2-7885 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 13, 52 18 128 57 39 262 15 nm nm nm Newbeny Volcano
IC2-8088 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3 :j
~
"35 WH 14, 31 10 109 84 23 120 11 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge "
"WH14-4 ±6 ±4 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3 'iI
35 WH 14, 57 16 87 113 19 100 1 Obsidian Cliffs i.lnm nm nm
WH14-36 ±7 ±4 ±5 ±4 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 14, 37 13 80 23 50 84 8 nm nm nm Glass Buttes
WH14-77 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 14, 40 17 112 54 24 101 7 nm nm nm Little Bear Creek
WH14-122 ±5 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
, ~
35 WH 14, 38 16 76 103 16 92 8 nm nm nm Obsidian Cliffs
WH14-244 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 14, 31 16 108 84 25 123 8 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
WH14-252 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
I
t
35 WH 14, 34 16 103 78 20 118 7 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
!1WH14-261 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
:,i
35 WH 14, 41 14 116 84 24 124 10 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
WH14-328 ±5 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 14, 31 18 113 62 26 108 8 nm nm nm Little Bear Creek
WH14-344 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3 I!J
r
35 WH 14, 163 26 130 0 86 572 52 nm nm nm Horse Mountain ~I
WH14-366 ±8 ±4 ±5 ±3 ±3 ±7 ±4 ' 'I
'" I:I
35 WH 14, 32 12 115 59 24 103 8 nm nm nm Little Bear Creek
WH14-412 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 14, 41 16 110 91 23 137 7 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
WH14-413 ±5 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
All trace element values in parts per million (ppm); ± = pooled estimate (in ppm) of x-ray counting uncertainty and regression
fitting error at 200 and 300 (*) seconds livetime; nm = not measured.
•587
'"'1'1
5/25/93 Pine Creek Basin, Oregon, XrfData
R. E. Hughes Page 4 of 6
Trace Element Concentrations
Specimen Obsidian Source
Number Zn Ga R.!2 Sr y 'll Nb Ba* Ti Mn (Chemical Group)
35 WH 14, 54 20 113 44 27 99 7 nm nm nm WolfCreek
WH14-442 ±6 ±4 ±5 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 14, 32 14 111 85 23 122 8 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
WH14-461 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 14, 54 13 117 72 24 118 8 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
WH14-573 ±6 ±4 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 14, 39 12 75 89 24 128 6 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
WH14-594 ±6 ±4 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 14, 43 11 116 79 23 120 7 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
WH14-606 ±5 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 14, 34 22 107 84 22 127 6 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
WH14-713 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 14, 33 13 109 80 24 123 6 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
WH14-715 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3 ' 'i ~
35 WH 14, 93 20 129 0 107 163 37 nm nm nm Delintrnent Creek
WH14-723 ±7 ±4 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3 :.,.:
580 Quartz Mountain
. 1)
35 WH 14, 75 21 126 62 47 180 8 nm 377
WH14-758 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3 ±27 ±20 :i;
-:".
35 WH 14, 44 14 128 38 28 100 8 nm nm nm WolfCreek ;,1
WH14-779 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3 ,I
35 WH 14, 35 16 119 58 26 104 7 nm 590 290 Little Bear Creek
WH14-785 ±5 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3 ±28 ±20
35 WH 14, 35 15 92 60 26 100 8 nm nm run Little Bear Creek
WH14-804 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 14, 31 15 95 61 26 95 6 nm nm nm Little Bear Creek
WH14-823 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 14, 53 14 116 52 35 241 16 nm nm 413 Bald Butte
WH14-882 ±7 ±4 ±5 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3 ±20
35 WH 14, 31 15 75 19 51 82 10 nm nm nm Glass Buttes
WH14-919 ±7 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 14, 31 16 101 77 23 117 6 nm nm nm Whitewater Ridge
WH14-937 ±7 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 14, 34 13 117 60 22 102 7 nm nm nm Little Bear Creek
WH14-1086 ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
All trace element values in parts per million (ppm); ± =pooled estimate (in ppm) of x-ray counting uncenainty and regression
fining error at 200 and 300 (*) seconds Iivetime; nm =not measured.
•588
•
"
589
J
:/
11
5(l5f)3 Pine Creek Basin, Oregon. Xrf Data ,I
R. E. Hughes Page 6 of 6 :f~~Trace Element Concentrations I~
Specimen Obsidian Source ,
,!
Number Zn Q.!! Rb Sr y. 'il Nb Ba· n Mn <Chemical .QrQlm) "
'i
'.35 WH 164, 38 11 94 73 26 108 9 nm nm run Whitewater Ridge ::1
CI06-3A ±6 ±4 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3 ~I1fl
35 WH 166, 41 15 70 90 16 85 7 nm nm run Obsidian Cliffs :~
C106-5C ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3 i
>
35 WH 166, 32 16 110 79 21 122 8 run run run Whitewater Ridge I.!~
ClO6-5WW ±8 ±4 ±5 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3 ,I
35 WH 166, 31 16 111 36 23 88 7 run nm run WolfCreek
ClO6-5XX ±6 ±3 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
35 WH 168, 27 11 102 78 23 114 7 nm nm run Whitewater Ridge .1
CI06-7A ±6 ±4 ±4 ±3 ±2 ±5 ±3
' Ii:
.i,
AlllJ'ace element values in parts per million (ppm); ±=pooled estimate (in ppm) of x-ray counting uncertainty and regression
fitting error at 200 and 300 (*) seconds livetime; nm = not measured.
c
\'
APPENDIX F
REPORT ON THE BLOOD RESIDUE ANALYSIS OF 35WH14,
BY SHIRLEY BARR WILLIAMS
590
591
Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc.
1034 S.E. 122nd Ave. • Portland. Oregon 97233
F)0{(503) 252·5405
Phone (503) 252-5140
September 7, 1993
Pam Endzweig
Department of Anthropology
University of Oregon
Eugene. Oregon 97403
Re: Blood residue analysis of an artifact from site 35WH14
on the edge of Pine Creek, near Clarno, Oregon.
AINW-RAL Letter Report #93/119
Dear Ms. Endzweig.
Archaeological Investigations Northwest Inc. (AINW) conducted blood
residue analysis for you on a single artifact (35WH14-1294) from a housepit
floor from site 35WH14 on the edge of Pine Creek, a tributary of the John Day
River near Clarno, Oregon. The artifact is a thin. somewhat crescent shaped
biface made from a red cryptocrystalline silicate. The exact purpose of the
artifact is unknown, although its use as a nosepiece has been postulated. At
your request, and due to the unknown purpose of the artifact. we used a broad
range of antisera for the blood residue analysis. The antisera used were: bear.
bovine. cat, chicken. deer. dog, duck, goat, horse, human, rabbit. rat, sheep,
trout, and pigeon. The cross-over electrophoresis tests were conducted during
mid-August 1993. by laboratory technicians Shirley Barr Williams and
Monique Cushing-Fournier. Positive results were checked With repeat analysis.
Enclosed you will find a chart showing the results of our analysis and a brief
report on our laboratory procedures.
The trout and goat antisera are whole-serum antisera from Sigma
Chemical Corporation. Independent studies conducted by the AINW Residue
Analysis Laboratory have shown that the trout antiserum reacts well with
steelhead and chinook salmon, and that it does not cross-react with any of the
non-fish species currently used by AINW as controls. The Sigma goat
antiserum is very cross-reactive and our independent tests have shown that it
will react With most artiodactyls.
The duck and pigeon antisera are from Nordic Immunological. They react
well Within the family groups represented. Without significant cross-reactivity
outside of those families.
The remaining eleven antisera: bear. bovine. cat, chicken. deer, dog,
horse. human. rabbit. rat. and sheep. are Organon Teknika/ Cappel forensic
antisera. None of these react outside of the fiunily of animals represented, but
do react well within those families. For example. the deer antiserum reacts
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September 7. 1993
Pam Endzweig
University of Oregon
Page 2
592
with white-tail deer. mule deer. elk. and moose. but does not react with other
artiodactyl groups.
Standard procedures for our analysis include fIrst testing the specimens
(residues in solution extracted from the artifacts) against a non-immune serum
(NIS). in this case a solution prepared from goat serum and 5% ammonia
solution, to detennine if there are any contaminants or extraneous proteins
which might give false positive results. The NIS is not an antiserum and the
specimen should not react to it. If positives are detected at this step, the
specimens then have an equal volume of a 1% solution of a non-ionic detergent
(1WEEN 80, Sigma Chemical Corp.) added to them to increase specificity and
break the non-specific bonds. and are run again. If the specimens still react to
the NIS after the addition of the non-ionic detergent. any reactions of those
specimens to the antisera must then be discounted. The specimen from the
artifact sent to us tested negative to the NIS. and the additional steps were not
required before testing with the antisera.
There were two positive reactions for this artifact. one to the human
antiserum. and one to the rabbit antiserum. The human antiserum will only
cross-react with other primate speCies. and testing in our laboratory have
shown that the rabbit antiserum reacts only with domestic. cotton-tail. andjack rabbit blood proteins.
The liqUid specimen obtained from this artifact has been frozen for
storage. and will be retained for one year should you wish any additional tests.
If you have any questions about the analysis or the enclosed report. please call
me or Dr. John Fagan.
:;;;;;MwdJk
Shirley Barr Williams
Senior Blood ReSidue Technician
Enclosures
(RAL 2:RAL93119)
BLOOD RESIDUE ANALYSIS RESULTS
University of Oregon - Site Y.lWHI4. Pine Creek
TYPE OF ANTI-SERUM
AINW
IRAUl I bear! bovine! cat I chickcrl deer I dOl! I duck I \load horsel humanI rabbit
Site &
~!JIt'nnJ.p.Nn
DCCimcnNo.
5WH14-1294
ELNC
ELNC
GEL NO.
I
795 795 795 795 795 795 796 795
**797
IEIIMIhC,if II
795 I 795 I 795
**7971 **797
**804
rat I sheen troud DiI!Con I NIS
795 I 795 I 795 I 795 I 791
**797
I§ie)\.~; Mllliquc Cu.bin•.rwmie!
Key: - ~ neptive reaction; + = po!itive reaction; r+ = raint positive reaction;
v+ = very r.int positive reaction; +++ = strong positive reidion: •• :::: repellS.
• :::: relct.ims were positive. however. positive reaction to NIS indicatel
Ihot 1h00e ..,IUI", • .., .purious.
.~~...-=-~..=.=_.= =-=c-:c'-'" .""_~-=-,..;;;.
U1
\0
W
--'TS;-':"'-W-- - ":;",.,: :::-~~..:..-: - "...:..,._·... :-_~~~.......:....,.,_c ~...,.~.;..·:_._,,~ . --, --.r- .•_.~".. • ------- ---. _.-.--,- .-._-
594
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