A SELECTIVE RECONNAISSANCE-LEVEL SURVEY OF HISTORIC MASONRY DRINKING FOUNTAINS LOCATED ALONG OREGON'S HIGHWAYS DESIGN NA 9405 .067 2018 by LYS M. OPP-BECKMAN A TERMINAL PROJECT Presented to the Historic Preservation Program and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science June 2018 f -----,_---,- -~~- - ..-. .... - ------- ,l LL_IIL_~ J::lll~ _I_J ii ----- I LI_DI_- University of Oregon Historic Preservation Program Terminal Project Approval Page Student: Lys Marie Opp-Beckman Title: This Terminal Project has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Science degree in the Historic Preservation Program by: Comm;ttee Cha;,-pecson, (\~ Date, 25•MAy .2oi~ Committee Member: - ~-----'_,._.,__,~_,,,:v--~--' l~ Committee Member: __l_ .-3_J ,:_:_::_· ____________D ate: r;/z15/16 Degree awarded: Month, Year -------- lraJ_I__I__J ·----- LL_3L_IIIII) © 2018 Lys Opp-Bec)<:man iii TERMINAL PROJECT ABSTRACT Lys Marie Opp-Beckman Master of Science Historic Preservation Department June 2018 Title: A Selective Reconnaissance-Level Survey of Historic Masonry Drinking Fountains Located Along Oregon's Highways The purpose of this project is to locate and assess the more than thirty extant historic masonry drinking fountains located along Oregon's highways. Many of the drinking fountains, some of which are a century old, show marked structural deteriorated. The reconnaissance-level survey and treatment plan will create a complete snapshot of this important part of Oregon's early travel infrastructure and offer maintenance guidelines to help preserve these fountains for future generations. Meanwhile, these resources are becoming scarce due to deferred maintenance and loss of potable water. This makes them redundant and owners often label them as attractive nuisances for vandalism and remove them. The research methodologies for this project include visual observations in the field in the form of a selective reconnaissance-level survey of roadside masonry drinking fountains within the state of Oregon's boundaries. The project was completed using the latest "Guidelines for Conducting Historic Resource Surveys in Oregon" (February 2011) and supplements provided by the Oregon State Historic Preservation Office. Field data collection took place July 2017-November 2017 with guidance from the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Preservation Planning. It also included oral histories and archival research. The primary challenges/limitations for this project are a lack of original documentation and data about the construction of these fountains. Many of them are falling apart; others no longer exist. This research creates a more thorough understanding of one of Oregon's early transportation investments, their value to motorists and what it tells us about the time in which they were created through the assessment of these utilitarian vernacular resources. iv CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Lys Marie Opp-Beckman GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene Parsons The New School of Design DEGREES AWA RDE D: Master of Science, Historic Preservation, 2018, University of Oregon Bachelors of Fine Arts, Industrial Design, 2008, Parsons The New School of Design AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Cultural Landscapes Automotive Era PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Interim Director, Newell Pioneer Village, July 2017- February 2018 Product Designer, Rejuvenation Lighting & Hardware, September 2012- October 2017 Graduate Intern, Cottage Grove City Planning, Summer 2012 Graduate Intern, State Historic Preservation Office, Summer 2012 Education & Outreach Coordinator, The Trust Board ofEbey's Landing National Historical Reserve, May 2011- November 2011 GRANTS, AWA RDS, AND HONORS: Walton, James & Kathryn Fund, 2011 V ------- El)~ PUBLIC A TION S: Opp-Beckman, Lys. National Register of Historic Places Nomination, Cottage Grove Armory, Lane County, Oregon, 2012 (NRlS No. 12000081). https: //npgal lery.nps.gov/NRHP/ AssetDetail?assetl D=3843ab8f-8fb8-404 I -b906- 0044 7c5885b9 Opp-Beckman, Lys. "Kineth Farm, Tower House, 19162 State Route 20 Coupeville Island County WA." Drawings From Survey HABS WA-248 C. Library of Congress, Documentation Compiled After 1933. https: //www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.wa0779.sheet?st=gallery Opp-Beckman, Lys. "Canyon Creek Shelter, 1 Mile East Sol Due River Road Port Angeles, Clallam County, WA." Drawings From Survey HABS WA-270. Library of Congress, 2012. https://www.loc.gov/item/wa0900/ Opp-Beckman, Lys. Down Town Cottage Grove Historic Preservation Plan, City of Cottage Grove, 2011. Opp-Beckman, Lys. Women Teaching Women English. AEI eLearning Projects. Eugene: University of Oregon, 2011. https: //cpb-us- e l .wpmucdn.com/blogs.uoregon.edu/dist/d/14812/files/2017 /07 /WomenTeachingWomen English-textbook20 l 20306-20enpiv.pdf vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express deepest thanks to Chris Bell, Robert Hadlow and Larissa Rudnicki for their help in the crafting of this project. In addition, I would like to thank Christy Sweet for her willingness to share data previously gathered by the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department relating to the fountains. All this reinforcement -- paired with a hearty dose of support from my friends and family -- made this project possible. vii BJI________II___I. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 1 ................. .............................................................................................................. 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 Statement of Objectives ....................................................................................................... 1 Research Methodology ........................................................................................................ 1 CHAPTER2 ............................................................................................................................... 6 HISTORY ............................................................................................................................... 6 Oregon Highway Development ........................................................................................... 6 Auto Tourism ...................................................................................................................... 9 The History of the Fountains and their Relationship to Early Automobile Travel... ............ 11 CHAPTER 3 ............................................................................................................................. 14 DISCUSSION OF THE RESOURCES ................................................................................. 14 Characteristics ................................................................................................................... 14 Survey ............................................................................................................................... 15 Data and Results ............................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER 4 ............................................................................................................................. 22 PRESERVATION ISSUES AND MANAGEMENT STRATAGIES ............................. ....... 22 Masonry Repair ................................................................................................................. 22 Paint and Graffiti Removal ............................................................... ................................. 22 Weatherization .................................................................................................................. 23 Recommendations ............................................................................................................. 24 CHAPTER 5 ............................................................................................................................. 25 CONCLUSION ..................................................................................................................... 25 Appendix A. Oregon City Fountain, OSHD Drawing ................................................................ 27 Appendix B. Fountain Survey Grid ................ ......... ................................................................ .. 28 Appendix C. Treatment Guidelines ........................................................................................... 44 Appendix D. Additional Historic Photos ................................................................................... 46 Appendix E. Additional Maps ................................................................................................... 51 Appendix F. Design & Terminology Guide ............................................................................... 59 viii Terms ..... .. .. ...... .... ..... .. ... .. .. .. ........................ ................. .. .... ................. .. ...... .... ... .. .... .... .. .. 59 Anatomy of a Fountain ...................................................................................................... 63 Plans ................................................................................................................................. 64 Design Styles .. ..... .... .. ... .. ............... .... .... .... ..... .................................... .. ... .. ....................... 65 Mortar Styles ................................................................ ... .. ....... ..... ................. ........... .. ..... 66 ._... Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 67 ix CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Statement of Objectives This terminal project took the form of a selective reconnaissance-level survey of historic masonry drinking fountains located along Oregon's highways. It has three objectives to 1) locate the historic masonry drinking fountains along Oregon's highways; 2) assess their condition and whether they function ; and 3) increase the body ofknowledge surrounding Oregon ' s early days of auto tourism and free public access to water along the state' s roads. In 2015, the Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) identified the need for this survey when an automobile accidentally struck and demolished one of the historic fountains, which by chance was connected to a First Nations ceremonial spring. After the incident, it became apparent to ODOT that there was little or no information about the number of these fountains in the state, where they were located, who was charged with their care, and their significance in relation to the state's early highway system. These objects can be subject to removal without consideration of their function in a current or historic context. This terminal project seeks to both better apprise ODOT and the public about the fountains' function and history, and in doing so, their significance. The survey would not be possible without a partnership with the cultural resources staff of ODOT. Research Methodology Historic preservation is not just for the protection of buildings but also the greater cultural landscape that includes structures, sites, and objects and their stories. The fountains are objects that add richness to the greater story of the development of Oregon's twentieth-century roads and -------~== LI_Z_- highways. Yet, many researchers and writers have overlooked fountains when describing Oregon' s transportation history. This may be because they small in stature and are a small part of the larger designed landscape. Historic roadside fountains are vulnerable historic resources. This is because of changing priorities concerning their ongoing care for and maintenance through variety of organizations including the Oregon Parks and Recreation Department (OPRD) and ODOT. To attempt to form a cohesive understanding of these resources and their significance to our roadways and the history of auto tourism in Oregon, this terminal project created a blended methologoical approach. It is rooted in qualitative research with a multi-phase process that is inherently iterative as often these processes are in evaluating historic resources are, as follows : 1) Identifying and documenting the resources, 2) Archival research related to the resources found and extensive study on the era in which they were created and trends of the era to provide a germane contextual understanding, 3) A field reconnaissance level survey, and 4) A return to the archives and context development based on the results of the field work. These components combined to create the parameters for this research. The first narrowing of the data was choosing to focus simply of Oregon's fountains and not a national lens. Even though fountains exist in other states, the distance to document them would have made the project prohibitive in cost and time. It also did not meet the primary research objective which is to really zero in the resource as it appeared in Oregon. However, a comparative analysis of fountains, either with another state or nationally, would be a next step for someone seeking to see how and where these fountains appeared in other locales, and under what circumstances. The second phase was the reconnaissance level survey of the state that identified, located, and dated fountains. Archival research corroborated construction dates and assumed construction techniques. All of this was combined into Data Table B. The sources and steps in this research can be broken down into two types: primary and secondary sources. Primary Sources Primary sources for this project consisted of field survey work and resources such as the Oregon State Highway Commission's (OSHC) biennial reports. These sources lent perspective to the history of fountains and highway development as well as a close look at the current state of the resources and how they fit into the greater landscape of our highways today. The OSHC's biennial reports from 1922 to 1930 were the most useful in providing information about fountain development. Maps in the reports were Figure I. Driving route map. Base map courtesy ofODOT particularly helpful. Some of them displayed the locations of springs, which often correlated with the presence of fountains. These documents proved invaluable because they helped to uncover fountains that were not obvious. One particularly useful document was an OPRD inventory of fountains in that agency's care. This proved fruitful as it helped aid in discovering the locations of both functioning and non- functioning fountains. Additionally, a web publication called "Find a Spring" provided invaluable information. It is a collaborative website where the public can submit the location of springs of untreated free water sources and compiles that information into an interactive map. These base documents aided in the creation of a Google map that showed the possible locations of the historic fountains, which helped in the planning for driving routes (See Figure 2). Cross referencing old highway maps from the OSHC biennial reports with the modem map confirmed fountain locations. Finally, local USFS offices and historical societies were stops along the routes for possible additional information on known fountains, including locations and maintenance practices, and areas for further exploration. The statewide scale of the research and the timeframe in which it was conducted resulted in only being able to visit a sampling of the sites for in-field observation. This shortcoming was augmented with site visits performed by other ODOT and OPRD staff members. Ya~me Y A A I n I ~ Field data collection took place from 0 ""(JJ R,ATI\, p,,/Jf: 99 July 2017 to December 2017 in 0 Sa~m q 9q Pc Natior compliance with the US Secretary of 8 9 w Euiene the Interior' s Standards for Beo"~RE9 0N Boi: 0 0 Nampa ... Preservation Planning. Figure 1 I t qM«~ q illustrates the routes traveled to collect field data. Staff from OPRD, Figure 2. Fountain Location Map by Lys Opp-Beckman, Published by Google Maps, February 6, 2018, Accessed February 8, 2018. Histori, the National Park Service (NPS) and Overview. 4 the United States Forest Service (USFS) helped develop the data collection routes. Secondary Sources The research for this body of work also included secondary sources such as books and online resources. These additional sources rounded out the story of the fountains along Oregon roads and highways. To name a few of the sources which aided most directly in this study are Lawrence M. Lipin's Workers and the Wild: Conservation, Consumerism, and Labor in Oregon, 1910-30, Warren James Belasco' s Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel, 1910- 1945, and Peter J. Schmitt' s Back to Nature: The Arcadian Myth in Urban America. The online resources included the OPRD website with individual park histories, ODOT's History ofS tate Highways in Oregon, and www.springfinder.com. As it frequently a challenge in the field of vernacular studies wherein the subject is relatively unsung, secondary sources were relative scarcity of literature on the subject of road-side fountains - still, these resources, coupled with the field work and input from an august committee, their story and significance became increasingly less muddy. ---------- LL__:=E_I IIIII CHAPTER2 HISTORY Oregon Highway Development Much like it did for the Western United States, the Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 promoted homestead settlements in the Oregon Territory. It brought thousands of white settlers to the territory to claim free land. This migration resulted in the establishment of fifteen notable trails.1 Figure 3. Oregon Trail being converted into high11'a)', ca. 1928. These trails ended in settlement hubs that led to the development of Oregon's road network and connecting those hubs. Oregon 's formal road system began in 1851 with the creation of the Territorial Roads Act. There were about one hundred formal territorial roads by 1859 when Oregon became the thirty-third 1 Richard Nathe, History ofS tate Highways in Oregon, Right of Way Engineering Group. 20 I 0, 5. http://library.state.or.us/repository/2011/2011 IOI 10824332/ 6 state in the Union.2 In February 1913, Oregon Governor Oswald West signed into law the act creating the original OSHC, composed of the governor, the secretary of state, and the state treasurer, to map out a network of major roads i11 the state and encourage counties to construct them. This expansion began immediately after "Good Roads" promoter Samuel Hill hosted the entire Oregon legislature at his Maryhill ranch, 100 miles east of Portland, where members inspected several miles of hard-surfaced demonstration roads that Hill had constructed at his own expense. Hill's roadbuilding so impressed the lawmakers that it inspired them to move forward the legislation. Figure 4. Groundbreaking/or the Pacific Highway. Oregon Governor Oswald West and Samuel Hill (with the ceremonial shovel). Jackson County, 1913. Photo courtesy of ODOT 2 Nathe, 6. Figure 5. The Building of the Columbia River Highway 1915. Photo Courtesy of ODOT In February 1917, the Oregon legislature placed all state highway system construction and maintenance in the hands of a three-member governor-appointed commission. It also placed on the ballot a $6 million bonding act to finance the Oregon State Highway Department's (OSHD) increased responsibilities. (Voters passed the measure.) With injections of state and federal money, Oregon soon had a growing network of"trunk highways" (major routes) and secondary roads.3 3 Robert W. Had low, "State Highway Engineers and State Bridge Engineers of Oregon, 1913-69," [draft chapter of forthcoming book on historic highway bridges of Oregon], Oregon Department of Transportation, July 2016. Auto Tourism Between 1910 and 1920, the United States went from having only 500,000 passenger cars to over eight million.4 Automobile-based recreational activities boomed in popularity along with the cars increasing accessibility for middle class Americans. Early on the car was a toy for the elite who began car camping and exploring around 1910. This elite camping was done on private property and associated with a romantic notion of the traveling Gypsy. It was at once both rustic and futuristic- a modem machine that allowed for "frontier-like" exploration without boundaries, often written about as filled with adventure and romance. Mass production of the Model T Ford car, beginning in 1913, made the automobile affordable for large segments of the public. Oregon, as early as 1910, began considering the value of designing scenic automobile roads, and failed in its first ambitious attempt to create a scenic highway to Crater Lake. 5 When the Columbia River Highway opened in 1916, it was the first scenic highway in the country and the first rural paved road in the Pacific Northwest.6 Unsurprisingly, fountains were associated with its creation. The Sherwood Campground fountain on Mount Hood is a prime example of this (Figure 6). Note the fountain is located in a pull out on the roadway with the campground at its rear. 4 Warren James Bellasco, Americans on the Road: From Autocamp to Motel 1910-1945 (Johns Hopkins Universi ty Press, 1997): 7. 5 See ODOT archival research on the Crater Lake Highway Historic District, 1910-1925. There is one historic highway in Oregon that stands above the rest: The Columbia River Highway. But years ahead of plans to make this the nation's first planned scenic highway, Oregon had already set in motion to build the "most scenic automobile highway in the world." (Morning Oregonian, January 23, 1910, 2.) 6 ODOT History, The Development of Travel and Tourism in Oregon, http://w,,,, .oregon.gov/odot/about/pages/history.aspx. --------- Ll___:II_- Figure 6. Sherwood Campground Fountain, 2017. "Car camping" became a popular pastime in the 1920s. By 1929, automobile tourism was an $872 million industry.7 Automobile travel and tourism continued to evolve to accommodate varying amounts of time off from work. Many of the local union workers in Portland regularly took anywhere from one to four day long trips to fish and hunt.8 The primary tourist attractions in Oregon were the Columbia River Highway, Crater Lake National Park, the dramatic ocean beaches, and recreation opportunities in the national forests. 7 Belasco, 143. 8 Lawrence Lipin, Workers and the Wild, Conservation, Consumerism and Labor in Oregon, 1910-30 (Urbana: University of Illinois, 2007): 95. ------- ui:1]~ -------- Figure 7. Cars at Bradley Park, west of Portland on US 30, I 926. (Bradley State Scenic Viewpoint today.) The History of the Fountains and their Relationship to Early Automobile Travel Even though it was the prolific use of the automobile that influenced the large-scale construction of roadside fountains, a few have roots traced to early wagon travel, like the one located along the Applegate Trail named the Tub Springs Fountain. Likely a resting point for the weary wagon traveler and their horses, the Tub Springs Fountain is a prime example of what was to become a Figure 8. Tub Springs Historic pholo, ca. 1930. 11 staple along the major highways. In addition to formally establishing an early iteration of the wayside, the fountains also evolved into a utilitarian feature. Many automobiles in the early twentieth century had engine cooling systems that tended to overheat during warm weather or when climbing grades and blow off water through the radiator cap. The fountains offered water for travelers to quench their own thirst and to replenish their automobile cooling systems. Oregon appears to be singular in its very early investment in the concept of automobile travel and tourism and its support of that through the development of roadside fountains. Though other states do have fountains, Oregon's collection is exceptional in its abundance and variation in design. 9 Western Oregon's water-rich climate may account for its large presence of fountains . The OSHC first mentioned the construction of fountains along the state's highways in its biennial report in 1922. The commission noted that it intended to instruct the highway department to build many more fountains along state highways. 10 It wrote that, "Drinking fountains have been erected, some of which are ornamental, at a few places where pure water could be obtained. It is the intention of the commission to construct more of these fountains from time to time." In 1928, with one in just over three Oregonians owning a car, the demand for the infrastructure that supported automobiles was not just driven by the "out-of-towner" but by locals as well. 11 By 1930, the number of fountains had grown to at least thirty. 12 The New Deal's Civilian Conservation Corps constructed fifteen fountains in the state between 1933 and 1941 as part of 9 Based on outreach to other states parks agencies and USFS units, state departments of transportation, and the website "Spring Finder." 10 Oregon State Highway Commission. Fifth Biennial Report. Salem: Oregon Printing Department, 1923, 15. 11 Lipin, 88. 12 C. W. Wanzer to Ernest W. Peterson, November 10, 1930, in "History. 1930," Box 31, 76A-90 [Oregon State Highway Department Records], Oregon State Archives, Salem, Oregon. 12 -- BJ1_____111___l_J its work to improve USFS picnic areas and campgrounds. In the 1950s and 1960s, in anticipation of its fiftieth anniversary in 1966, the NPS built eight fountains in the state. Finally, roadside fountain construction in Oregon did not .end there. New fountains continually appeared along the state's highways as late as 1987. 13 CHAPTER3 DISCUSSION OF THE RESOURCES Characteristics The fountains are typically made of local stone and in varying styles and plans. These fountains often took advantage of free flowing water sources such as natural springs and creeks. The majority have two access points for water: an upper bubbler, or free flowing source, for people to drink from and a lower spigot or pool for larger scale water collection in buckets or other containers to top off vehicle radiators. They also had a seasonal shut-off valve to prevent pipes from freezing in the winter. The drawings shown in Figures 9 & 10, by OSHD architectural designer Carl C. Schneider, beautifully illustrates their basic construction, though this example is of an unusual octagonal configuration. ...~..... , ...... _.-- . Jllr'!""-'• ...... ,.,. .. • .,,_,,,,,..,,,, _.,,,_,~ Figure 9. OSHD elevation of Oregon City Fountain. /936. Figure JO. OSHD section of Oregon City Foumain. 1936. Some fountains are round or have multi-pool forms . The shapes, just as with the types of rock used in their construction, vary by region and date. However, their aesthetic styling is typically rustic with roughly hewn stone set around a concrete basin. Some of the earliest examples were a 14 bit more whimsical, referencing European castle architectural elements, such as battlements, in their construction (Figure 11). Survey The survey was conducted in five major sections and identified by geographic regions. The first outing, on August 5, 2017, was in the northeast quadrant of Oregon. Travel was conducted from Interstate 84 onto Oregon 82 searching for fountains in Elgin and Enterprise, as well as the fountain that was previously located at the Wallowa Gate. While the survey found the fountain at Elgin, it did not locate two others in the area. The Wallowa Gate fountain was moved to a transfer station where it was housed but was recently demolished. The survey then back tracked down Interstate 84 onto US 395 and then onto Oregon 74. In Heppner, there is a well-cared for fountain in its original location. An informational sign affixed Figure 4. Elgin Fountain with battlements. to the fountain notes that a French stone mason constructed it. The survey then covered the rest of Oregon 74 through the city of lone and back onto Interstate 84, but found no additional fountains. The remaining fountains in the region, in Heppner and in Elgin, are refined in their construction and have architectural embellishments. The stone is more highly shaped into rectangles and the mortar joints are thinner than those constructed only slightly later. Both are constructed of a dark local gray stone. The Heppner fountain has rounded mortar bead. For more detailed information about each fountains character defining features refer to Appendix B. 15 The second outing, which took place on October 18, 2017, focused on the westernmost strip of Interstate 84 in the Columbia Gorge in addition to a loop around Mount Hood on Oregon 35 and US 26. This section of the survey located four accessible fountains and three that are confirmed extant but are not accessible due to fires earlier that summer. One in the region, at Viento, is confirmed demolished. Oral histories suggest that destructive flooding in 1964 lead to this fountain ' s demise. These fountains are predominantly constructed out of rounded river rock and often round or more organic in plan with the exception being the fountain at Ruthton Park, in Hood River. They are all constructed in a natural and rusti_c style. The fountain at Buzzard Point is particularly compelling; it has high integrity and is free flowing from the mountain side. The third outing started on November 4, 2017. It headed south along Oregon 99 to Eugene before cutting over to US 101 on Oregon 126. It then backtracked north on US 101 to the Muriel 0. Ponsler Wayside to field check on a fountain listed in the OPRD fountain inventory. There were not one, but two fountains at the site. The survey then headed south down US 101 into California to able to travel the entire segment of US 199 in Oregon, northward from the California state line. The survey also head over to Ashland taking Oregon 238 and Oregon 99. It then looped up Oregon 62 to Crater Lake. In total the survey looked at twenty-six sites during this outing for possible fountains and located seven. The California state line fountain was demolished but its foundation was still visible. The fourth outing, which took place on November 12 and 13, 2017, looked for fountains in Central Oregon. It searched for fountains in the vicinity of Sisters, Bend and Redmond, Ochoco, Bandit Springs, Cline Falls and Red Bridge, along US 20, Oregon 126, and Oregon 22. This 16 survey section turned up only two fountains: one in Sisters that is still operational and one at Cline Falls. Both of the fountains were simple, small, and square in plan. The Cline Falls fountain is made from an attractive local red rock, though is sadly no longer operational. The fifth and final outing of the survey focused on the northern section of US 101 and US 26 between the Portland metro area and the Oregon Coast on December 18, 2017. This survey consisted of checking 15 potential sites for fountains . Five fountains were located on this portion, three along US 101 and two along US 26. The two fountains along US 26 are the most heavily trafficked and poorly patched with concrete to the point that almost none or the original stone is visible. The fountains on the norther portion of the coast are all simple and square in plan, and appear to be made from a porous local volcanic rock. Data and Results The survey identified a total of forty two sites in the state of Oregon. In 2017, Lys Opp-Beckman surveyed thirty-six of them, ODOT staff surveyed three fountains, and three were not accessible because of road closures related to forest fires . All the surveyed sites/fountains are classified as objects, as defined by the National Register Bulletin 15 and according to the previous OPRD fountain survey. The previously shown map (Figure 2) shows the locations of the fountains. Blue indicates extant, whereas grey denotes demolished. There are undoubtedly more highway fountains in the state of Oregon, however, the scale of the state as well as seasonal constraints limited the number of highway fountains that researchers could locate. 17 --------- Ll_:IL. ... Fountain Location by County The fountains are located in 18 counties across Oregon. County Number of Fountains Ashland 1 Baker 1 Benton 1 Clackamas 4 Coos 1 Curry 2 Deschutes 1 Hood River 2 Jackson 5 Lane 4 Lincoln 2 Marion 1 Morrow 1 Multnomah 6 Tillamook 2 Union 1 Wallowa 1 18 Construction Dates The majority of the resources surveyed for this project were built in the 1920s. See below grid with breakout by decade. Decade of construction Number of resources from Era 1920 - 1929 14 1930 - 1939 15 1940 - 1949 3 1950 - 1959 1 1960+ 4 For a more detailed breakout of dates refer to Appendix B. Owning Organizations Several national, state and local organizations care for and own the fountains. The primary owner is OPRD through its acquisition of waysides when it was a division of the OSHD until 1989 and the USFS. 13 Demolished resources are not reflected in the data below. See number of holdings by organization below: Organization Number of Resources Managed Oregon Parks and Recreation Department 12 US Forest Service 5 Private Businesses/Organizations 9 ODOT 3 Local Governments 2 Daughters of the American Revolution 2 Lions Club 1 For a more detailed break out of dates refer to Appendix B. Working Status Below is the breakout of functioning vs non-operational fountains. Demolished resources are not represented in this table. Over 50 percent of fountains still standing are operational. 13 [David G. Talbot] "Development of the State Parks and Recreation Program I 962-1989," in Oregon 's Highway Park System, An Administrative Histo,y, Salem: Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, 2008. 19 Functioning Non-Operational Wallowa Fountain Champoeg Elgin Oregon City Heppner Ruthton Highway 20 Sherwood Campground Eagle Creek Wakeenah Ainsworth Carl G. Washburn Buzzard Point Face Rock Sahalie Falls Beckie's US 26 East Cline Falls US 26 West Muriel 0. Ponsler- Round Darlingtonia Muriel 0. Ponsler- Square Battle Rock Ona Beach Prehistoric Gardens Devils Punchbowl Tub Springs Grieves Resort Union Creek Horsetail Falls/ Wahkeena Sisters National Register Eligibility Designation Number of Fountains NRListed 1 ES- Eligible 1 EC- Eligible Contributing 13 NC- Old enough but damaged/ low integrity 11 NP - Not old enough 3 XD - Demolished 7 UN - Undetermined 4 Common Alterations and Issues There are two main threats facing the fountains: 1) decommissioning, and 2) improper patching of cracks and crazing. 14 One or both of these two issues is present in the majority of the forty surveyed sites. 14 Crazing is the process in which moisture penetrates the organic materials in mortar of stone causing expansion and contraction with freeze/thaw cycles. The result is crazing, small hairline web like cracks in mortar or stone. 20 -- B - ~ Decommissioning is caused by a number of factors. These include water becoming undrinkable, lack of seasonal maintenance to protect the pipes, and vandalism by the public. Fifteen of the remaining twenty nine fountains are no longer operable. The second most threatening issue is poor maintenance and repairs. This typically manifests itself in poorly done concrete patches on masonry fountains that have suffered from frequent exposure to flowing water. Concrete is readily available and a familiar patching tool but it ruins the character of the carefully crafted historic masonry. Figure 5. US 26 fountain with bod concrete patch. 21 ---------- L1_311__- CHAPTER4 PRESERVATION ISSUES AND MANAGEMENT STRATA GIES The fountains are special masonry structures that are vulnerable to damage because they are exposed weather extremes and often also suffer from lack of maintenance. Some are also at risk because they are at the edge of roadways and suffer damage from collisions with motor vehicles. Through recognizing their significance and properly implementing practices such as masonry repair , regular paint and graffiti removal, and weatherization in colder areas, there is no reason these significant roadside resources cannot function for indefinitely. Masonry Repair Proper repair of the masonry fountains is critical to their survival. Constant exposure causes the stone and mortar to crack and craze. Often when this happens improper patches are applied with products like quickcrete, which is not appropriate. All repairs to masonry should be done in-kind to match the existing character defining features 15• In this case the repair work would include matching mortar joint shape, color and texture. If stones fall out, they should be placed back into the fountain in their original orientation. If a stone is too damaged to place back in the fountain or is structurally unsound it should be replaced with one of a similar type and color that matches the original and is ideally culled from the local area. Paint and Graffiti Removal Although paint and graffiti were not a commonly seen issue, they do threaten the fountains . Paint and graffiti is not just unsightly but it can also change the way the stone expands and contracts when exposed to moisture of temperature change paint causes a seal and changes the way the 15 In-kind means that patches and repairs should match the existing materials. 22 painted stone and unpainted stone interact causing increased risk of cracking. Paint and graffiti should never attempt to be removed with pressure washing. Historic aggregates in mortar have a high content of organic matter, and so when exposed to pressurized water these organics materials absorb the water and rot causing destabilizing of the joints. Instead it is best to try to scrub the vandalism off with a detergent and non-wire brush. If that does not work consult an expert and select the correct solvent to remove the paint. Never attempt to seal the masonry fountains with a paint or varnish, it will cause cracking. Weatherization The fountains are located in scenic areas that experience a variety of weather including extreme .. cold. Fountains located in areas that experience multiple freezing days in a row or heavy winter .... weather should be winterized and protected from freezing. Before the first freeze, the water .. should be shut off and an insulating cap should be placed over bubbler and spigot openings. The .... town of Sisters and select regions of the Forest Service practice weatherizing their fountains. ...... . ..... . . .. .... tea to to to tia ~ 23 Recommendations This project concludes with the following recommendations: 1. A second survey to explore the central and southeastern corner of Oregon. At the time of this survey, first summer forest fires and then later snowstorms prevented access to those areas. 2. Further intensive level survey and study of the fountains in the Mount Hood National Forest is also recommended. 3. Sherwood Campground Fountain- The architectural rustic style associated with CCC developments and its association with Sherwood Campground on scenic Mount Hood . 4. Buzzard Creek Fountain- candidate for HABS documentation. 5. Sahalie Falls- Association with historic bridge designed by a prominent engineer Angwin. 6. The development of set of guidelines for care and treatment for the remaining functional fountains. See Appendix C. 24 Bl- ~ CHAPTERS CONCLUSION The fountains were built in conjunction with Oregon ' s parks and highways from 1916 to 1987. They are an important part of the state 's early automobile era. These fountains are windows into the past and provide fleeting glimpses of the time when Model T Ford cars were the king of the road in the 1920s, when unemployed masons found work building fountains along state highways in the 1930s, or when families stopped at them for cool drinks of water on their way to campsites in the 1940 and beyond. Fountains capture the spirit and adventure of early automobile travel. The small stone structures embodied a variety of aesthetics and plans brought to life in local stone from the areas in which they were built. Today they melt into landscape, their natural colors and forms make them almost unnoticeable when driving by them at sixty miles per hour. Their diminutive nature compared with the scale of our roads, trees and the speeds at which we travel at make them difficult to spot and an underappreciated part of our travel infrastructure. The need to document and assess the condition of these unique objects was the mission of this project. Well over forty fountains remain in the state of Oregon under the care of OPRD, ODOT, and the USFS. They are threatened by a variety of factors including demolition, improper repair, and neglect. There are no protections for all but one of the fountains today. The Union Creek Resort Fountain is listed as a contributing structure for the Union Creek Resort of the National Register of Historic Places nomination. No others have been listed. In fact, the OPRD has 25 recommended the decommissioning of a number of their fountains due to bad behavior by the public. The decommissioning and demolition of these resources is not just a loss ofa unique architectural resource but also the loss of opportunity to create new and unexpected memories for travelers. The values of Oregon as a state are captured in the fountains, the early investment in automobile tourism, and the belief that the outdoors should be accessible and enjoyed by all. Starting with the Columbia River Highway as a playground for the automobile-owning elite in the 1910s, through the evolution of the accessibility of the car into the 1920s allowing Oregon's many union laborers' access to angling, hunting, and outdoor recreation. The popularity of our wilderness continued into the 1950s and still thrives today. None of these early ventures would have been possible without the fountains to support the cars and the people who boldly drove them. If it were not for the fountains, we may not have the thriving and well established outdoor culture we still enjoy in Oregon today. So, let us, as the preservation community, stand up for fountains today and the opportunities they provided us with. Through proper maintenance and repair, Oregonians and visitors can enjoy a cool refreshing drink of water from a natural spring for generations to come. 26 Appendix A. Oregon City _Fountain, OSHD Drawing ~[ ij 11,ir:: !t ,tt!ftfhi ·i 1~Ixl~~ij , r "'~ ·~1jri fl1 =· h- l!ii~}il ' +f;P,~) ! 1f li I l ..J=-:______J ,-_~if 27 ·L-I_·_-_-.X-_------ Appendix B. Fountain Survey Grid The Fountain Survey Grid represents the forty fountains located in person or in the historical record in the state of Oregon. The grid captures examples constructed from 1916 at Wahkeena Falls to the most recent constructed in 1987 at Battle Rock. The survey grid format is based on the survey done previously by OPRD. It captures the current name of the fountain as well and any historic names, the approximate date of their construction, notes about the fountain taken from the historical records or in field observations, National Register status, and a representational photo. Name/Location Date of Notes NR Representative Photo Construction Eligibility Wallowa Fountain ca. 1922 A simple square XD Originally Located plan fountain with along Oregon 82 patched mortar potentially at what joints made from is now called local stone on a non- "fountain original concrete wayside." It was base. relocated to the Demolished Wallowa Transfer sometime between Station. 2012and2017at Wallowa County the transfer station after being house there for a number of years. Wallowa Fountain 1982 A simple square NP W 4th Stand N plan fountain made Douglas St, from local basalt. Wallowa. Thin squeezed Wallowa County concrete mortar joints. Small step at the base and low spigot on the side opposite the step. A memorial in a rest area. The fountain is dedicated to Herb Knight. 28 Name/Location Date of Notes NR Representative Photo Construction Eligibility Enterprise ca. 1925 A simple square XD plan fountain very similar to the original Wallowa fountain though it appears to have been intact at the time of removal. Now demolished. Elgin 1920, moved A very large square EC In the center of 1992 plan fountain with a Veterans Memorial crenulated top. Thin Park located at the flat concrete mortar intersection of S joints and formed 8th Ave and local stone. Moved Division St., Elgin. from its original Union County location by the fair grounds on old Oregon 82 in 1992 ~ so it could be better ~ cared for and preserved. It serves as the center piece in the Veterans --- Memorial Park. Local rumor has it its basin was formed with a wash tub. Heppner/Goshen' s 1923 Rectangular plan EC Spring low fountain set In its original place against a hill side ~ across from the across from the rodeo grounds in rodeo grounds in its Heppner. original location. Morrow County Built by French stone mason Victor ~ A. Groshens. Who made other stone bui ldings in Heppner. It has wells shaped stoned reminiscent of the Richardsonian style with rounded mortar beads. Victory garden planted around it. 29 Name/Location Date of Notes NR Representative Photo Construction Eligibility Granite Fountain Oral history UN Unconfirmed. documents use of Supposedly located the fountain into the on the old road 1970s. Supposedly, between Sumpter a poorly executed and Granite. roadway Baker County improvement project No photo found caused the domestic water supply pipes to the area to freeze during the winter. Residents had to rely on water from this fountain during the cold months. Rattlesnake ca. 1930 Similar in design to UN Springs Fountain the Elgin fountain. It Durkee, is a large square Baker County plan with. Crenelated and shaped local stone with a thin mortar joint. Possibly demolished during the construction of Interstate 84. Existence not confirmed. Fountain was active and used into the 1960's Oregon City 1937 Octagonal fountain UN r ..... ~~-;o----·s . -- Fountain built on single step . , Oregon 99E at the Octagonal base. It is Willamette Falls surrounded by a ' • - -- I Overlook. wall of matching - - • + Clackamas County stone. Part of a highway improvement project. Has not functioned for many years. It has served as the base for a Blue Star Memorial Highway sign since probably the 1950s/60s. 30 Name/Location Date of Notes NR Representative Photo Construction Eligibility Champoeg ca. 1940 Very simple NC Fountain fountain originally It is located at the in what was intersection of considered French Prairie Rd. Champoeg State and Champoeg Rd. Park at the time of NE. construction. Made Marion County. from large local slightly shaped stone with a thin concrete mortar joint. No longer functional. Cared for by DAR. 10 US 20 Fountain at ca. 1920 The original NP mile marker 212. Rebuilt 2015 fountain was a Deschutes County simple square plan masonry fountain made from a local reddish stone. It had a repaired concrete basin and spigot at the top. Lower spigot present for larger water collection. It was demolished and rebuilt after a car crashed into it. It is a First Nations site with its water source on private property. •· •/• ~I Cared for by ODOT. The new fountain is PVC pipe over a tan concrete water ~ catchment system. It is ADA compliant. 11 Viento Fountain ca. 1920 Demolished during XD Hood River construction of County Interstate 84 in the 1950s. Tourists used to travel by bus to see it. Water sprang from a stone devil ' s mouth. 31 ~ !4 Name/Location Date of Notes NR Representative Photo i4 Construction Eligibility 12 Eagle Creek 1936 A square plan EC It is located at the fountain located at Eagle Creek the start of the eagle Trailhead past the creek trail head. Its fish hatchery. located on a stepped Between large stone platform. Bonneville Dam It is rustic and in and Cascade line with other CCC Locks. styled projects. No Photo Available Multnomah County Managed by USFS. No access until Fall 2018. Possibly constructed by the CCC in 1936 along with other improvements to the trail head and site. Ainsworth State ca. 1920 A small square plan EC 13 Park fountain placed on a Historic Columbia foundation of River Highway. matching stone and Multnomah County surrounded by a wall of matching stone. This piece is made in the rustic style. Roughly hewn square-ish stones are held in place by a thin plain mortar joint. No access until summer 2018. Built by the CCC. It is located over a natural cold water spring and is a contributing resource to the Columbia River Highway National Historic Landmark District. 14 Guy W. Talbot ca. 1935 Simple square EC State Park Fountain fountain on a Historic Columbia concrete pad. The River Highway. pad does not appear Multnomah County original. Itis constructed from roughly shaped rectangular local stone with a plain thin mortar joint. Continue on next a e. 32 Name/Location Date of Notes NR Representative Photo Construction Eligibility No access until spring 2018. Built by the CCC. 15 Ruthton County ca. 1940 Square plan fountain EC Park (formerly with small step on Clifton Park) matching stone pad. Located near the Made from roughly end ofWestcliff shaped square local Dr. west of Hood stone with a concave River. mortar joint that Hood River County approximately ½" thick. Not functioning at time of surve . 16 Sherwood ca. 1930 Low square plan EC Campground fountain with a step fountain is located up to collecting in the center of the basin. Made from campground near local round river the road. It is rock. Water flows located on Oregon from naturally 35. shaped large stone at Hood River County top with a hole bored in it. Not functioning at time of survey. It is a beautiful fountain with a naturally shaped bolder with a hole in it that pools out into a concrete basin. It is owned and operated by the USFS. 17 Buzzard Point ca. 1920 It is a rectangular EC This fountain is plan fountain set located on a feeder against a wooded road off of Oregon hillside. It has a 35. A sign on the small retaining wall highway points you at its back. The towards the water flows from a "Pioneer Woman' s natural boulder at Grave." It is the top. Very similar located along that to Sherwood road on the right Campground. hand side set into a Continue on next hill. page. Clackamas Coun 33 Name/Location Date of Notes NR Representative Photo Construction Eligibility The water then flows into a basin the out onto the ground through a ½ round spout. Associated with the Barlow Road. Not tested for water quality. 18 Sahalie Falls ca. 1928 This is a round plan ES Located off of fountain that sits on Oregon 35 on a a non-original road that parallels concrete par. It is the highway. It can made from natural be accessed from rounded river rocks. Mount Hood It has a concrete Meadows Drive. basin the water Clackamas County pools into out of a natural boulder. The boulder is similar to the fountains at Sherwood Campground and Buzzard Point. Designed by federal engineer H. W. Angwin, US Bureau of Public Roads, who designed dozens of bridges between 1930 and 1950. Ground broke on this project in 1928. This site was restored in 2009. 19 DAR Fountain 1935 No longer NC Wahkeena Falls functioning. Cared Historic Columbia for by DAR. It was River Highway. repaired in 2014 as Multnomah County part of the organization's "State Regents Project." 34 ----- BJ~ Name/Location Date of Notes NR Representative Photo Construction Eligibility 20 Portland Rotary 1916, 1930, The Portland Rotary EC Club Fountain 1985, 2017 Club installed this -~, ~~ .. ~ ~ Wahkeena Falls fountain at -,r .:. -r ,,.,, Historic Columbia Wahkeena Falls-a River Highway. concrete bowl with ~:..__.,,._'" Multnomah County six bubblers on the rim and a bronze ~ .,{ . , Rotary Club wheel 1916 as the centerpiece where water poured out of the hub. A debris flow event in 1930 damaged the bowl. The wheel was relocated to Bonnevi lle Fish Hatchery as artwork, then to Horsetail 2017 Falls in 1985. The wheel was stolen and recovered in 2007. The Forest Service re-erected the wheel at Wahkeena Falls in 20 17. 21 Mirror Lake ca. 1920 Similar to Sahalie XD Trailhead Fountain Falls Fountain. Laurel Hill Round plan and Mt. Hood Highway made from local No. 26 rounded unshaped Clackamas County river rock. Coving at the bottom possible concealing a water spigot. Possibly also by H. W. Angwin. Demolished 1950s for roadway realignment (US 26 toda 22 Sunset Springs ca. 1925 Square plan fountain NC Sunset Springs with basin at the top. Rest Area, Sitting on concrete US 26, mile marker pad. Originally 28 westbound. made from a local Clatsop County dark grey stone. Roughly hewn into square blocks with very thin recessed mortar. Now the original design covered in concrete atches. Hea use. 35 Name/Location Date of Notes NR Representative Photo Construction Eligibility Poor condition. Lots of water damage. 23 Sunset Springs ca. 1925 Square plan fountain NC Sunset Springs with basin at the top. Rest Area, Sitting on original US 26, mile marker stone pad. Slightly 28 eastbound. higher integrity than Clatsop County the fountain on the Westside. Originally made from a local dark grey stone. Roughly hewn into square blocks with very thin recessed mortar. Now the original design covered in concrete patches. Highly trafficked. Really rough. Lots of water damage. Original design covered in concrete. 24 Darlingtonia ca. 1940 Square plan fountain EC Wayside. Right made from natura lly tum off of US shaped local Route IO I onto volcanic stone. It Mercer Lake Road. features a squeezed It is immediately light mortar joint. on your right. Concrete base Florence, OR. appears non- Lane County original. Spigot at top and bottom. Good drainage. Still functioning. Appears to be maintained by Oregon Parks and Recreation Department ORPD . 36 Name/Location Date of Notes NR Representative Photo Construction Eligibility 25 Muriel 0 . Ponsler 1939 Round plan fountain NC State Wayside- Lot constructed of Fountain massive pieces of Yachats local sandstone with Lane County a commemorative plaque centered on the body. The fountain sits on a stone pad made from roughly flattened local stone. Non-operable. Cared for by OPRD. The land it sits on was donated in 1909 by Jack G. Ponsler. The fountain was constructed to commemorate the wife of the land owner upon her death in 1939. 26 Muriel 0. Ponsler ca. 1950 Small square plan NC State Wayside- founta in constructed Camp Fountain from naturally Yachats, Lane shaped local stone. County Center drinking basin is concrete. Mortar joints are medium grey recessed concrete. Sits on a slightly elevated concrete pad. Non-operable. Cared for by OPRD. The land it sits on was donated in 1909 b Jack G. Ponsler. 27 Alsea Wayside ca. 1935 No original images XD Waldport, Lincoln avai lable. Plan un County known though based ~~~..,. on fountain styles in __.. .. !"'" the area it was most , . likely a square plan. Made from a local sedimentary non- porous rock. Demolished. 37 Name/Location Date of Notes NR Representative Photo Construction Eligibility 28 Ona Beach ca. 1960 A small square NC 8 mi les south or fountain that no Newport, Lincoln longer operates. County Made from local volcanic stone with recessed mortar joints. It is located in the Ona Beach Way Side which was absorbed into the Brian Booth State Park. Land for this park was acquired between 1938 and 1968. 29 Devils Punchbowl ca. 1935 Square plan fountain NC Otter Rock, made from porous Lincoln County medium grey local stone with concrete basin. Thin recessed mortar joints. Sits on a square concrete pad. Spigot were located at top and 2" from ground on side. Non-operable. Cared for by OPRD. A former CCC development site this included the fountain. Land for the park was acquired from 1929 to 1971. 30 Carl G. Washburn ca. 1965 Wide square plan NC State Wayside off fountain made of US Route IO I near local rustically hewn the Heceta Head stone. Concrete Lighthouse. concave drinking Florence, Lane fountain. Spigot at County top and on side just above the ground. Recessed mortar joints. Sits on concrete pad. The wife of Carl G. Washburn, former Oregon state highway commissioner, donated the land in 1962. The fountain not functionin at 38 B)I___II.__LJ Name/Location Date of Notes NR Construction Eligibility time of survey. 31 Face Rock ca. 1935 Wide square plan NC (Formerly Bandon fountain made of Ocean Wayside) local rustically hewn Bandon, Coos stone. Concrete County concave drinking fountain. Spigot at top and on side just above the ground. Recessed mortar joints. Sits on non- ... original concrete ... pad. Not functioning at time of survey. .. The park was .... founded in 1931 and expanded in 1964. It ... is an OPRD facili ... 32 Battle Rock 1987 A unique fountain NP 5208 Jefferson set into an L-shape .. Street 48" wall and ~ Port Orford, Curry constructed of local County agates and beach ... rocks. Highly .. decorative. The fountain is fully .. functional. It was built in 1987 as a .. memorial to Clint .. Freestone. ~ .~. ... . .... .. 39 .. Name/Location Date of Notes NR Representative Photo Construction Eligibility 33 Prehistoric 1962 Round column EC Gardens fountain set into a 36848 US IOI crescent moon wall. Port Orford, Curry Rocks are naturally County shapes with a recessed mortar joint. The rocks are meant to be evocative of the pre- historic theme of the park that owns it. High integrity. Working. Right on highway. Part of the Prehistoric Gardens, rivatel owned. 34 US 199 at the ca. 1930 The fountain was XD California State origina lly Line constructed from small round river rocks. It appeared to be a two pool design similar to tub springs fountain. Mortar joints are almost not visible giving the appearance of simply being stacked stones. Fountain demolished. Only a river rock foundation remains at the back side. 35 Tub Springs ca. 1920 Tub Springs EC Green Springs Ffountain is a three Oregon 66. pool fountain. The Historically ca lled exterior is small Federal Aid Poject- local grey stones 86 with a delicate Ashland, Jackson recessed mortar County. joint. The basins of the fountain are lined with decorative and attractive stones. It was origina lly separated from the parking area by 3 stone posts that matched the fountain. It has been 40 - IBJ____III___L_j ---- Name/Location Date of Notes NR Representative Photo -- Construction Eligibility -- filled in and is now a wall made on non- -- matched stone. -- Original fountain ca. ~ 1850, part ·of -- Applegate Trail. Non-compatible repairs have been -- made. The fountain -- is used by people living nearby in the -- winter as a water -- source. 36 Ashland Fountain ca. 1930 Could not locate. It UN -- Jackson County was referenced in an -~- OSHC biennial report. Most likely it No Photo Available was on the western -- edge of town before the Lithia springs -- somewhere along -- OR99. 37 Klamath Fountain ca. 1930 Demolished. XD -- Appears to have a -- stone similar to the .... California state line -- fountain. Square plan on a stone platform. Located -~- somewhere between Ashland and Klamath Falls exact -- location could not be determined. -- 38 Beckie's Fountain ca. 1935 Round plan fountain NC -- 56484 Oregon 62 made from roughly Prospect, Jackson hewn stone. -- County Severely damaged -~- and non-operational. ~ Part of a recreational site near Beckie's ~ Cafe with many small camping cottages. --- -- -- ------- 41 ----- - -- Name/Location Date of Notes NR Representative Photo Construction Eligibility 39 Union Creek ca. 1935 Pointed oval plan NR Resort Fountain fountain with two 56484 Oregon 62 drinking spigots at East side of the top. Made from road local slightly hewn Prospect, stone in a rustic Jackson County style. Recessed mortar. Small steps are located below the spigots. One spigot still functions. It is listed as a contributing resource on the Union Creek Resort National Register Nomination. 40 Grieves Resort ca. 1925 Oval plan fountain EC Fountain with an upper and Old Crater Lake lower pool. The Highway stones are natural Prospect, and held together by Jackson County a very recessed thin mortar joint. The basins are concrete. The water original flowed from a pipe in the center of the top basing and free flowed down to the second pool. Made by the original owner of the property. The designer intended people to drink from the top and cars and. Animals from the bottom pool according to oral history. It was built by the original owner of the resort and was the final stop for water in an elaborate plumbing system that fed off the nearb creek. 42 .... Name/Location Date of Notes NR Representative Photo Construction Eligibility 41 Sisters Fountain ca. 1940 The Sisters Fountain EC ... The Junction of is situated in the Highways 20 and state park in- 126 between the parking Sisters,OR lot and creek. The .... Deschutes County fountain is simple and square ... constructed from .... roughly hewn local stone. It is still ~ functional and highly used. The .... 41-acre park was .... constructed in 1939. It is owned and .... o erated b OPRD. ... 42 Cline Falls ca. 1950 The fountains is NC Fountain simple and square in ... 7100 OR-126, plane. It is made Redmond, OR from a local red Deschutes County stone. This fountain ... has been ... decommissioned. It is owned by OPRD. ... The park was .... founded in I 936 and expanded in 1956. ......... ... 43 Appendix C. Treatment Guidelines Tools Make sure you have all necessary tools materials and fittings before heading out into the field. Safety Attire - Wear When Cleaning and Maintaining Fountains Protective wear - Vest, Jacket or shirt Gloves - To protect from bacteria, cuts , chemicals etc. Goggles - So debris and detergent do not get in your eyes Traffic Safety When Cleaning or Doing Maintenance Park with flashers on . Use 3-4 cones to mark the area you are working in . Care - Cleaning Protocol 1. Install a non-potable water sign on all fountains found . 2. Remove trash and leaves on a bi-weekly basis during the busy season. 3. Unclog all drains including the grate on the ground. 4 . Remove any graffiti found on fountains . 5. In heavy use season (summer) clean bi-weekly. Use non-ionic detergent and scrub with a scrub brush. **DO NOT PRESSURE WASH! ** 6. Keep fountains free of moss and vegetation. 7. In October winterize as necessary. Turn off the water where possible so pipes do not burst. When you cannot access water shutoff, cover with insulating foam and hang sign that says off/closed for season . 44 8. If you feel an area is unsafe, get in and out as quickly as possible. 9 . Represent ODOT or OPRD in a polite and professional manner. Maintenance & Repair If a fountain is hit by a vehicle or severely damaged, do not demolish. Stop the flow of water and tell supervisor to come up with an in-kind repair plan. Repair cracks and holes in masonry only with like materials; do not patch with quickcrete . Repoint masonry joints biennially with matching compound and profile. 45 - ------------ LI______C_ Appendix D. Additional Historic Photos Figure 7. Historic photo oft he Oregon City Fountain, 1937. 46 Figure 8. Historic photo oft he Viento Fountain. Figure 9. Historic photo ofA insworth Fountain. 47 L-L-.-:1-1-_---- Figure JO. Historic photo of US 199 at the California State Line Fountain, 1930. Figure 11. Historic photo of Tub Springs Fountain, 1930. 48 Figure 12. Historic photo ofA shland-Klamath Fountain, ca.1930. Figure 13. Historic photo of Grieves Fountain, ca.1930. 49 - ---------- Ll__:11__ Figure 14. Rattlesnake Springs Fountain, ca. 1930. Figure 22. Rotary Club Fountain, Columbia River Highway, at dedication in 1916 (Oregon Historical Society, bb0l 2472). 50 Appendix E. Additional Maps Figure 15. Report oft he Oregon State Highway Commission Federal Aid Highway System Map, 1922. 51 Figure 16. Report oft he Oregon Highway Commission Federal Aid Highways Map, 1936. 52 _ ____ _, i \ i ------~ \ \ i • 0 . ; . Figure 17. Oregon State Highway Commission Report Federal Aid Interstate Highway Map, 1962. 53 --~------- LI___£___ 55 Figure 20. Survey Driving Route 3. 56 ·1 ~t, T • j I. . ... rJ, . Figure 21. Survey Driving Route 4. 57 Figure 22. Survey Driving Route 5. 58 Appendix F. Design & Terminology Guide Terms Basin- The basin is the primary catch point for the bubbler drinking water. It is typically made of concrete. Bubbler- The bubbler is the water distribution system at the top of the fountain with an on/off lever. CCC- The Civilian Conservation Corps. They were an organization active from 1933 to 1942 for unemployed, unmarried men. It provided unskilled manual labor jobs related to the conservation and development of natural resources in rural lands "CCC boys" constructed some of the fountains and sites where they are located. The CCC fountains are owned by OPRD or the USFS. Drainage Area- Typically made from metal mesh or a vertical metal slat system. It catches and handles the overflow from the lower spigot. It is removable and water shut off valves are often contained in them. Fountains- Masonry drinking fountains built along Oregon's historic highways. Over forty-five of them were constructedt in the state between 1916 and 1987. They are associated with early auto travel in Oregon. They are owned by a variety of federal, state and local organizations. Masonry- Individual stone units that are laid together to form a structure. Often held together by 59 mortar. Masonry Column- The masonry column is the structure that surrounds and buses the water catchment and pooling systems for the fountains. They come in a variety of plan shapes and styles. Mission 66- The mission was launched in 1956 by the National Park Service and ended in 1966, the fiftieth anniversary of the agency. It resulted in later construction of fountains in the 1950s and 1960s by the OSHD, which included the precursor to OPRD. Mission 66 fountains are not rustic in the vocabulary of 1920s and 1930s fountains, but are instead these typically square plan fountains made from larger stones local to the region in the vocabulary of Mid-Century Modern architecture. Mortar- The mortar is a mixture of sand, water, and cement or lime that is used to join bricks or stomes to each other in construction. The mortar found on the fountain comes in a variety of styles. See the below style guide for different mortar forms. Multi-Pool Plan- Multi-Pool fountains are a much less common type. They are comprised of two or more tiered basins. On some designs the water flows freely between them. They are typically made in a vernacular style. ODOT- The Oregon Department of Transportation is a 105 year old state organization that was responsible for the building and care of the majority of the fountains. 60 OPRD- The Oregon Parks and Recreation Department is now the primary owner of the fountains . They separated from ODOT in 1990. Pad- The pad is typically concrete and located at the bottom of the masonry fountain column. It contains the drainage grate and water shut off access . Older fountains typically have platforms not pads. Parking Area/Pullout - The fountains are always located in close proximity to a parking or pullout areas . The fountains area associated with automotive travel. National Park Service Rustic- This is a style of architecture that the National Park Service popularized in the early- and mid-twentieth century . It was an effort to create buildings, structures, and objects that harmonize with the natural environment. Rustic fountains typically feature small rustically-shaped rock or natural stones, and recessed mortar joints. Platform- A platform can also be at the base of the masonry column in lieu of a pad. It is different from a pad. It is typically taller in form and a masonry structure. Not all platforms them contain drainage grates. They are typically found on older resources . Round Plan- Round plan fountains are most commonly found on U.S. Forest Service projects and properties . Their primary decades of construction were 1920s and 1930s. The fountains on Mount Hood are an excellent cluster of this plan . 61 Spigot- The spigot is the lower water dispersal system on the fountain. Travelers used the spigot to fill up buckets or bottles to top off car radiators. Shut-Off Valve- The shut off valve is in located below drainage grates. They start showing up in fountains built starting 1935 onward to cut off the water supply during colder months to prevent pipes from freezing. Square Plan- Square plan fountains are seen throughout all decades of construction. This plan is seen in a range of styles including park rustic (CCC), Mission 66, and vernacular. USFS- The United States Forest Service is an organization that owns several of the best preserved fountains . Many of them are round plan and are associated with the CCC. Vernacular - Vernacular style/ design is based on local needs, construction knowledge and locally sourced and available materials. Wall-Plan - Wall plan fountains are a later style. They appeared in the 1960s and were built into the 1980s. The wall back the fountain column in either a crescent-shape or L-shape. 62 Anatomy of a Fountain Parking Area Bubbler Spigot Pad/Platform Drainage grate 63 Plans mrougnouL au uecaues or commonly found on U.S. Forest construction. This plan is seen Service projects aF1d properties. in a range of styles including Their primary decades of NPS rustic (CCC), Mission 66 , construction were 1920s and and vernacular. 1930s. Multi-Pool Plan Wall Plan Multi-Pool fountains are a Wall plan fountains are a lat much less common type. They style. They appeared in the are comprised of two or more 1960s and were built into th, tiered basins. On some designs I 980s. The wall back the the water flows freely between fountain column in either a them. They are typically made crescent-shape or L-shape. in a vernacular style. 64 Design Styles The mission 66 style fountains The parks/ rustic style is the most were built in the 1950s and 1960s. common found on the fountains. It They are usually square plan. The typically features smaller rustically mission 66 style has recessed or shaped or natural stones, and squished mortar joints. The stones recessed mortar joints. are lar!!er and more ornanic in The CCC style was constructed The vernacular style is typically during the 1930s and 1940s. They found in the earliest and latest are a variety of plans . The stone examples of fountain construction work is more refined that the and are largely regionally dictated. mission _66 sty~e. It i~ t~picaBy le~s The stones are very shaped and 65 Mortar Styles Beaded Mortar Joint Concave Mortar Joint This style is less commonly found . It is This style is the most common and spans present on examples from 1916to 1935. It all decades of construction. is the most decorative joint. Flush Mortar Joint Weeping Mortar Joint This style is less common. It is created This style is very basic. It often denotes when mortar seeps dramatically from repairs. It does not appear to be an between the masonry units. 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